#Q1

>

>x=1

> while (x < 5) {x = x+1; if (x == 3) break; print(x); }

[1] 2

>

>x=1

> while (x < 5) {x = x+1; if (x == 3) next; print(x); }

[1] 2

[1] 4

[1] 5

>

>

> #Q2 The %% operator returns the modulus (remainder) of a division operation.

> #For instance, 5 %% 2 would return 1, as the remainder of 5 divided by 2 is 1.

>

> for (i in 1:100)

+ {

+ if (i %% 3 == 0 && i %% 5 == 0) { print("ThisThat")}

+ else if (i %% 3 == 0) { print("This") }

+ else if (i %% 5 == 0) { print("That")}

+ else {print(i)}

+}

[1] 1

[1] 2

[1] "This"

[1] 4

[1] "That"
[1] "This"

[1] 7

[1] 8

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

[1] 11

[1] "This"

[1] 13

[1] 14

[1] "ThisThat"

[1] 16

[1] 17

[1] "This"

[1] 19

[1] "That"

[1] "This"

[1] 22

[1] 23

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

[1] 26

[1] "This"

[1] 28

[1] 29

[1] "ThisThat"

[1] 31

[1] 32

[1] "This"
[1] 34

[1] "That"

[1] "This"

[1] 37

[1] 38

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

[1] 41

[1] "This"

[1] 43

[1] 44

[1] "ThisThat"

[1] 46

[1] 47

[1] "This"

[1] 49

[1] "That"

[1] "This"

[1] 52

[1] 53

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

[1] 56

[1] "This"

[1] 58

[1] 59

[1] "ThisThat"

[1] 61
[1] 62

[1] "This"

[1] 64

[1] "That"

[1] "This"

[1] 67

[1] 68

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

[1] 71

[1] "This"

[1] 73

[1] 74

[1] "ThisThat"

[1] 76

[1] 77

[1] "This"

[1] 79

[1] "That"

[1] "This"

[1] 82

[1] 83

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

[1] 86

[1] "This"

[1] 88

[1] 89
[1] "ThisThat"

[1] 91

[1] 92

[1] "This"

[1] 94

[1] "That"

[1] "This"

[1] 97

[1] 98

[1] "This"

[1] "That"

>

> #Q3

>

> # Load the mtcars dataset

> data(mtcars)

>

> # a) Display the columns from mpg to hp

> mtcars[, c("mpg", "cyl", "disp", "hp")]

mpg cyl disp hp

Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110

Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110

Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93

Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110

Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175

Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105

Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245

Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62

Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95

Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123

Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123

Merc 450SE 16.4 8 275.8 180

Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180

Merc 450SLC 15.2 8 275.8 180

Cadillac Fleetwood 10.4 8 472.0 205

Lincoln Continental 10.4 8 460.0 215

Chrysler Imperial 14.7 8 440.0 230

Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66

Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52

Toyota Corolla 33.9 4 71.1 65

Toyota Corona 21.5 4 120.1 97

Dodge Challenger 15.5 8 318.0 150

AMC Javelin 15.2 8 304.0 150

Camaro Z28 13.3 8 350.0 245

Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175

Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66

Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91

Lotus Europa 30.4 4 95.1 113

Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264

Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175

Maserati Bora 15.0 8 301.0 335

Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109

>

> # b) Display those records from “mtcars” dataset whose cylinder is 6

> mtcars[mtcars$cyl == 6, ]

mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb

Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4

Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4

Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1

Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1

Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4

Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4

Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6

>

> # c) Display the records on the basis of ascending order of mpg

> mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg), ]

mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb

Cadillac Fleetwood 10.4 8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98 0 0 3 4

Lincoln Continental 10.4 8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0 0 3 4

Camaro Z28 13.3 8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4

Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4

Chrysler Imperial 14.7 8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42 0 0 3 4

Maserati Bora 15.0 8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60 0 1 5 8

Merc 450SLC 15.2 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00 0 0 3 3

AMC Javelin 15.2 8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0 0 3 2

Dodge Challenger 15.5 8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87 0 0 3 2

Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4

Merc 450SE 16.4 8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3

Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3

Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4

Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1

Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2

Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4

Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2

Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6

Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4

Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4

Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1

Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2

Toyota Corona 21.5 4 120.1 97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1

Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1

Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2

Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4 2

Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2

Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1

Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2

Lotus Europa 30.4 4 95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1 1 5 2

Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1

Toyota Corolla 33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1

>

> # d) Count the number of records based on different categories of cylinder

> table(mtcars$cyl)

4 6 8

11 7 14

>

> # e) Using tapply() function, calculate the mean and sum of hp, respectively for diffe
cylinders

> tapply(mtcars$hp, mtcars$cyl, mean)

4 6 8

82.63636 122.28571 209.21429

> tapply(mtcars$hp, mtcars$cyl, sum)

4 6 8
909 856 2929

>

> #Q4

>

> #a

> cities = c("Pune", "Mumbai", "Indore", "Bhopal", "Agra", "Jaipur", "Chandigarh", "Nag
"Kanpur")

>

> #b

> malepopulation = c(1000000, 2000000, 500000, 3000000, 1500000, 2500000, 1200

4000000, 900000)

>

> #c

> femalepopulation = c(900000, 1800000, 450000, 2800000, 1400000, 2300000, 110

3800000, 850000)

>

> #d

> Data = data.frame(cities, malepopulation, femalepopulation)

> print(Data)

cities malepopulation femalepopulation

1 Pune 1000000 900000

2 Mumbai 2000000 1800000

3 Indore 500000 450000

4 Bhopal 3000000 2800000

5 Agra 1500000 1400000

6 Jaipur 2500000 2300000

7 Chandigarh 1200000 1100000

8 Nagpur 4000000 3800000

9 Kanpur 900000 850000

>

> #e

> e=Data[Data$malepopulation>50,]

> print(e)

cities malepopulation femalepopulation

1 Pune 1000000 900000

2 Mumbai 2000000 1800000

3 Indore 500000 450000

4 Bhopal 3000000 2800000

5 Agra 1500000 1400000

6 Jaipur 2500000 2300000

7 Chandigarh 1200000 1100000

8 Nagpur 4000000 3800000

9 Kanpur 900000 850000

>

>

> #Q5

>

> Name = c("Rashmi", "Khushboo", "Ramya", "Siya", "Devagya", "Hardit", "Puneet", "A
"Ameya", "Diya", "Shekhar", "Rubani")

> Age = c(45, 21, 34, 39, NA, 54, 67, NA, 26, 22, 28, 35)

> Voter_ID = c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes

> Constituency = c("North", "South", "East", "North", "South", "East", "West", "South",
"North", "East", "East")

> Voters=data.frame(Name,Age,Voter_ID,Constituency)

> print(Voters)

Name Age Voter_ID Constituency

1 Rashmi 45 Yes North

2 Khushboo 21 Yes South

3 Ramya 34 No East

4 Siya 39 No North

5 Devagya NA Yes South

6 Hardit 54 No East

7 Puneet 67 Yes West

8 Abeer NA No South

9 Ameya 26 Yes South

10 Diya 22 Yes North

11 Shekhar 28 No East

12 Rubani 35 Yes East

>

> #a

> head(Voters, n = 6)

Name Age Voter_ID Constituency

1 Rashmi 45 Yes North

2 Khushboo 21 Yes South

3 Ramya 34 No East

4 Siya 39 No North

5 Devagya NA Yes South

6 Hardit 54 No East

>

> #b

> North_Voters = Voters[Voters$Constituency == "North" & Voters$Age > 25, ]

> print(Voters)

Name Age Voter_ID Constituency

1 Rashmi 45 Yes North

2 Khushboo 21 Yes South

3 Ramya 34 No East
4 Siya 39 No North

5 Devagya NA Yes South

6 Hardit 54 No East

7 Puneet 67 Yes West

8 Abeer NA No South

9 Ameya 26 Yes South

10 Diya 22 Yes North

11 Shekhar 28 No East

12 Rubani 35 Yes East

>

> #c

> mean_age = mean(Age, na.rm = TRUE)

> Age = replace(Age,is.na(Age),mean_age)

> print(Voters)

Name Age Voter_ID Constituency

1 Rashmi 45 Yes North

2 Khushboo 21 Yes South

3 Ramya 34 No East

4 Siya 39 No North

5 Devagya NA Yes South

6 Hardit 54 No East

7 Puneet 67 Yes West

8 Abeer NA No South

9 Ameya 26 Yes South

10 Diya 22 Yes North

11 Shekhar 28 No East

12 Rubani 35 Yes East

>
> #d

> subset = Voters[c(3, 5), c(1, 3)]

> print(subset)

Name Voter_ID

3 Ramya No

5 Devagya Yes

>

> #e

> Age_2030 = Age+7

> print(Age_2030)

[1] 52.0 28.0 41.0 46.0 44.1 61.0 74.0 44.1 33.0 29.0 35.0 42.0

> Voters_1=cbind(Voters,Age_2030)

> print(Voters_1)

Name Age Voter_ID Constituency Age_2030

1 Rashmi 45 Yes North 52.0

2 Khushboo 21 Yes South 28.0

3 Ramya 34 No East 41.0

4 Siya 39 No North 46.0

5 Devagya NA Yes South 44.1

6 Hardit 54 No East 61.0

7 Puneet 67 Yes West 74.0

8 Abeer NA No South 44.1

9 Ameya 26 Yes South 33.0

10 Diya 22 Yes North 29.0

11 Shekhar 28 No East 35.0

12 Rubani 35 Yes East 42.0

>

> #f Count the number of records based on “Constituency”.

> constituency_counts = table(Voters$Constituency)

> print(constituency_counts)

East North South West

4 3 4 1

>

> #g Delete the column “Age_2030” by assigning NULL to it

>

> Voters_1$Age_2030 = NULL

> print(Voters_1)

Name Age Voter_ID Constituency

1 Rashmi 45 Yes North

2 Khushboo 21 Yes South

3 Ramya 34 No East

4 Siya 39 No North

5 Devagya NA Yes South

6 Hardit 54 No East

7 Puneet 67 Yes West

8 Abeer NA No South

9 Ameya 26 Yes South

10 Diya 22 Yes North

11 Shekhar 28 No East

12 Rubani 35 Yes East

>

> #Q6

>

> grade_calculator = function(percentage)

+ {
+ if (percentage >= 90) {return("A")}

+ else if (percentage >= 80) {return("B")}

+ else if (percentage >= 60) {return("C")}

+ else if (percentage >= 33) {return("D")}

+ else {return("E")}

+}

>

> grade = grade_calculator(95)

> print(grade)

[1] "A"

>

> #Q7 (DON'T USE X HEREE AS ALREADY USED)

> #a

> switch(2,"red","green","blue");

[1] "green"

>x

[1] 5

>

> #b

> switch(4,"red","green","blue");

> x

[1] 5

> #c

> x = switch(0,"red","green","blue");

>x

NULL

>

> #d
> x = switch(1,"red","green","blue");

> x

[1] "red"

>

>

>

> #Q8 USING A,B,C INSTEAD OF X,Y,Z

>a=1

>b=2

>c=3

>

> greatest = a

>{

+ if (b > greatest) { greatest = b}

+ if (c > greatest) { greatest = c}

+}

> print(greatest)

[1] 3

>

> #Q9

>

> number = 5

> for (u in 1:10) { print(number * u)}

[1] 5

[1] 10

[1] 15

[1] 20

[1] 25
[1] 30

[1] 35

[1] 40

[1] 45

[1] 50

>

> #Q10

>

> even=0

>

> for (o in 1:30)

+{

+ if (o%%2==0) {even=even+o}

+}

> print(even)

[1] 240