Study on Power Flow Improvement Using Static

Compensators and Thyristor Controlled Series

2023 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) | 979-8-3503-4225-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CEECT59667.2023.10420634

Capacitor in Transmission Network

Foqing Cao Lei Hu Jingtao Zhang Reem A. Almenweer
Wuhan Maritime Communication Kunming Branch of XI'AN Wuhan Maritime Communication Faculty of Mechanical and
Research Institute Precision Machinery Research Research Institute Electrical Engineering,
Wuhan, China Institute Wuhan, China Damascus University
[email protected] Kumming, China [email protected] Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
[email protected] reem.almenweer@damascusuniv
ersity.edu.sy

Jamal alnasseir Fadi Almaghout

Faculty of Mechanical and Faculty of Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
Damascus University Damascus University
Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
jamal.nasseir@damascusuniversit [email protected]
y.edu.sy

Abstract—In power systems, the growing load demand causes the field of electronics, FACTS controllers appeared to
highly stressed operating conditions in the transmission lines, increase the system stability margin and power transfer
which leads to voltage instability, power flow and power losses capability, also to enhance system controllability, etc. A
problems. So that, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) various types of FACTS controllers with both analytical and
devices with a suitable control strategy have the potential to solve meta-heuristic optimization methods presented in [1] for the
these issues. Presented in this paper is the effect of Thyristor optimal placement of FACTS controllers and their
Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static Compensators applications. However, [2,3] focused on series compensation,
(SC) in power flow improvement and voltage stability. A study of including series capacitors and series FACTS, and it is been
the load flow before and after inserting the series compensation
concluded that inserting TCSC has contributed to improve
devices using Newton Raphson's method by NEPLAN software
was conducted on two different reference networks (IEEE-9
voltage stability in the system. Moreover, the damping
Buses, IEEE-11 Buses). Consequently, the simulation results oscillation at the real system could be achieved by TCSC and
showed the application of SC and TCSC enhanced the power Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), which in turn
flow by delimiting the accurate values of series compensators and lead to improve voltage stability, small signal stability, and
the optimal location of these devices in the studied networks. transient stability of the system [4]. The static VAR
Notably, the simulation study showed TCSC superiority over SC compensation technologies have been studied in [5]. However,
in improving the transmitted power, due to its control ability and TCSC is one of the most popular FACTS controllers, allows
the structure of thyristor controlled reactor in the TCSC. quick and continual modulation of the transmission line
Moreover, TCSCs have a quick response to the demand changes reactance. In addition, STATCOM, TCSC, and Thyristor
in electrical networks. Series Capacitor (TSC) can enhance power quality at specific
buses with high THD values. The distortion level in real and
Keywords—Static Compensators, Thyristor Controlled Series reactive power are improved by using multi-FACTS,
Capacitor, Transmission Network, Power Flow specifically STATCOM, TCSC, and TSC, to meet load
demand. While the capacitor in STATCOM occasionally
I. INTRODUCTION
serves as a source to ignite the anti-parallel converters, the
Today's power system is becoming increasingly complex capacitor in TSC can serve as a filter to reduce harmonics.
and it is, as it consists of thousands of bus bars and hundreds of However, using the multi-FACTS devices leads to reduce the
electric generating sets. Furthermore, transmission system THD levels at the buses, which have the worst THD
requirements are increasing continuously, which in turn has performance. As a result, it has been demonstrated that the
extra costs. Consequently, to meet the growing energy demand, THD is lower with multi-FACTS devices connected to
the existing transmission lines should be utilized to their transmission lines close to the designated buses than without
maximum capacity. However, with the great development in these devices [6].

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 II. EFFECT OF SERIES COMPENSATION ON POWER FLOW U S .U R (3)
P= sin δ
FACTS are divided according to the structure and XL − XC
installation method into three types: series, parallel and
combination of both. FACTS are a group of electronic-based U S .∆U (4)
Q= cos δ
devices that rely on controlling the parameters of the X L − XC
transmission line to regulate both real and reactive flow of
power in the system. Furthermore, improving the system Power transfer capability depends on the compensation
stability is achieved by power redistribution in congested lines degree, which is calculated as mention in eq.5:
under heavily loaded conditions. Therefore, FACTS devices k = XC / X L (5)
give voltage stability by improving the quality of power and
impedance [7]. The shunt controllers works on consumption Consequently, the transmitted power, after inserting the SC,
the varying reactive power, when the varying current is in is given as follows:
phase quadrature with the voltage line [8,9]. The series
controllers are mainly used to decrease the total impedance of U S .U R (6)
P= sin δ
the line from sending end to receiving end, which leads to X L .(1 − k )
improve the power transfer capability and decrease
transmission losses [10]. To understand the effect of the series Furthermore, the injected reactive power depends on the
compensator on transmitted power compensation, Fig. 1 shows compensation degree as follows [11]:
a single line diagram of a three-phase power system with an U S .U R k
EHV transmission line before and after using the static Q=2 (1 − cos δ ) (7)
compensators. X L (1 − k )2

Bus A Bus B However, let’s present here TCSC, a power electronics-

based example of series compensation, which consists of a
IS
X L series capacitor shunted by a Thyristor-Controlled Reactor
US ∠ θS UR ∠ θR (TCR), as illustrated in Fig. 2. The TCSC's structure
Z< demonstrates how thyristors are linked in anti-parallel with an
inductor and in complete parallel with a capacitor. According
P, Q
to the TCSC's construction, the inductor and capacitor work
(a) together to filter out the harmonics.
Bus A Bus B
IS
XC X L
Varistor
US ∠ θS UR ∠ θR Xc
IC(t)
Z<
P, Q XL
I(t)
(b)
IL(t)
Fig. 1. A single line diagram of a three- phase power system with an EHV
transmission line: (a) before inserting SC and (b) after inserting SC.

The following equations give the active and reactive Fig. 2.Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) basic scheme
transmitted power in the transmission line without SC as
follows: III. SIMULATION STUDY

U S .U R As mentioned previously, the series compensation

P= sin δ (1) controllers increase transmission capacity, improve system
XL stability and control voltage regulation. However, in order to
investigate the effect of the series compensation devices, a
U S .∆U
Q= cos δ (2) study of the load flow before and after inserting the series
XL compensation devices using Newton Raphson's method by
Where: US and UR are the voltage magnitudes of buses A NEPLAN was conducted on two different reference networks
and B; XL: is the impedance of the transmission line, XC is the (IEEE-9 Buses, IEEE-11 Buses).
reactance of the series capacitor; (δ=θS-θR) is the angular A. Load Flow Analysis of IEEE 9-Bus System
difference of the busbar voltages.
a) Before Adding the SC: The flow analysis is carried
The active and reactive transmitted power in the out on the IEEE-9 Bus system consisting of nine buses, three
transmission line with SC are as follows: generators, three loads and six transmission lines. Fig. 3 shows
the IEEE-9 Bus network and its model in the NEPLAN
software.

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 Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS 7-8 LI 7-8 62.008 -0.334

It is obvious noted from tables (1 and 2) increase the power

transfer, as well as the improvement voltage control compared
to the case before connecting the SC, owing to the higher
synchronizing power. Moreover, the results of the load flow
after inserting the SC in series with line (7-5) and
corresponding to k=46% (P2= 160.375 [MW]) are shown in
Table 3.

TABLE 3. THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-9 BUS SYSTEM WITH SC AT K=46%

Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS-1 GEN-1 78.363 19.830

BUS -2 GEN-2 -163.00 27.983

Fig. 3. Single line diagram of an IEEE-9 Bus network
BUS-3 GEN-3 - 85.00 13.623
Table 1 illustrates the load flow results before inserting the
BUS 7-5 LI 7-5 160.375 -62.878
static compensators by NEPLAN:
BUS 7-8 LI 7-8 2.625 18.624
TABLE 1. THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-9 BUS SYSTEM
Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS -1 GEN-1 -71.641 -27.046 However, Fig. 4 shows the effect of different values of SC
on the maximum power transfer capability at different
BUS -2 GEN-2 -163.00 -6.654 compensation degree values on line (7-5).
BUS -3 GEN-3 - 85.00 10.860

BUS 7-5 LI 7-5 86.620 -8.381

BUS 7-8 LI 7-8 76.380 -0.797

It is essential to note from the information retrieved from

the load flow data of the 9-Bus system that line (7-5) has faced
an overloading. Therefore, the optimal placement of SC is line
(7-5).
b) After Inserting the SC: The capacitance of connected
SC to the line (7-5) is calculated (C = 312 [μF]) based on the
Fig. 4. The maximum power transfer capability of IEEE-9 Bus system at
reactance of the line (XL) (The capacitor impedance (XC) different k values with SC: (red) compensation degree %, (gray) maximum
results from the reactance of transmission line, and then the transmitted power (MW) on line (7-5), (blue) capacitor value (μF).
capacitance of SC is calculated. Lower value than the
calculated value is chosen to avoid the phenomenon of c) After Inserting the TCSC:Let’s choose the value of
electrical resonance on electric power transmission lines). TCSC reactance XC=90 [Ω/km], C=29.4 [μF] (Corresponding
However, let us choose C = 52.21 [μF], the power transmitted to less capacitance values than those, which the phenomenon
on line (7-5) in this case is P2= 100.992 [MW], and therefore of electrical resonance occurs, where XL = 85.19 [Ω/km]).
the compensation degree is 15% due to P1=86.6 [MW]. The Then, the transmitted power on line (7-5) in this case is
results of the load flow after inserting the SC in series with the P2=110.319 [MW], and therefore the compensation degree is
line (7-5) and corresponding to k=15% are shown in Table 2. 21.5% due to P1= 86.6 [MW]. The results of the load flow
after inserting the TCSC in series with line (7-5) and
TABLE 2. THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-9 BUS SYSTEM WITH SC AT K=15% corresponding to k=21.5% are illustrated in Table 4.
Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
TABLE 4.THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-9 BUS SYSTEM WITH SC AT K=21.5%
BUS-1 GEN-1 -71.871 -19.042
Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS -2 GEN-2 -163.00 - 6.642
BUS-1 GEN-1 - 76.524 - 32.665
BUS-3 GEN-3 - 85.00 11.980
BUS -2 GEN-2 -163.00 36.873
BUS 7-5 LI 7-5 100.992 -8.856
BUS-3 GEN-3 - 85.00 20.163

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 Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR) B. Load Flow Analysis of IEEE 11-Bus System
BUS 7-5 LI 7-5 110.319 60.252 a) Before Adding the SC: This analysis is carried out on
BUS 7-8 LI 7-8 52.681 12.764 the IEEE-11 Bus system consisting of 11 buses, 4 generators
(20kV, 900 MVA), two loads, two capacitors and eight
transmission lines. Fig. 6 shows the IEEE-11 Bus network and
The results of the load flow after inserting the TCSC in its model in the NEPLAN software.
series with line (7-5) and corresponding to k=47% (P2=
161.255 [MW]) are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5. THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-9 BUS SYSTEM WITH SC AT K=47%.

Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS-1 GEN-1 - 79.001 - 30.116

BUS -2 GEN-2 - 163.00 38.043

BUS-3 GEN-3 - 85.00 -14.299

BUS 7-5 LI 7-5 161.255 -76.896

BUS 7-8 LI 7-8 1.745 22.186

Fig. 6. Single line diagram of an IEEE-11 Bus network

Moreover, Fig. 5 shows the effect of different values of Table 6 illustrates the load flow results before inserting the
TCSC on the maximum power transfer capability at different series compensators by NEPLAN:
compensation degree values on line (7-5).
TABLE 6.THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-11 BUS SYSTEM
Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS-1 GEN-1 -700 -181.2

BUS -2 GEN-2 -700 -226.2

BUS-3 GEN-3 -718.7 -171.9

BUS-4 GEN-4 -700 -193

BUS-10 LI 10-11 -705.446 37.649

BUS-10 LI 9-10 1405.8 69.3

Fig. 5. The maximum power transfer capability of IEEE 9-Bus system at

different k values with TCSC: (red) compensation degree %, (gray) maximum Notably, however, Table 6 shows that line (9-10) has faced
transmitted power (MW) on line (7-5), (blue) capacitor value (μF). an overloading. Therefore, the optimal placement of SC is line
(9-10).
d) Discussion: It is obvious from Fig. 4 that, when the
capacitance of SC decreases, the transmitted power increases. b) After Inserting the SC: The capacitance of SC
Notably, inserting a SC with a 15 [μF], (i.e. k= 46%) leads to connected to line (9-10) is calculated (C = 500 [μF]) based on
a negative effect on voltage magnitude and network stability the reactance of the line (XL). However, let us choose C = 300
(U%=110). Moreover, over-voltages have been noticed at the [μF], the transmitted power on line (9-10) in this case is P2=
node at which the SC connected to the transmission line. 1452 [MW], and therefore the compensation degree is 3.2%
Therefore, we consider that the optimal compensation degree due to P1= 1406 [MW]. The results of the load flow after
for the studied network is 30%. On the other hand, it can be inserting the SC in series with line (9-10) and corresponding
illustrated from Fig. 5, that no matter how much the to k=3.2% are shown in Table 7.
capacitance of TCSC is reduced less than C=14.7 [μF], the
value of the transmitted power on the line will not increase, TABLE 7. THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-11 BUS SYSTEM WITH SC AT K=3.2%
due to the structure of thyristor controlled reactor in the TCSC Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
compared to the series capacitor. It can be inferred (see Fig. BUS-1 GEN-1 -700 -173.73
4,5) that the power transmission capacity can be improved by
BUS -2 GEN-2 -700 -208.1
using SC and TCSC, but this procedure could have a negative
effect at some stage in the compensation degree on the voltage BUS-3 GEN-3 -766.5 -82.2
stability, which in turn effect on the network stability. BUS-4 GEN-4 -700 50.3
Therefore, in order to connect this type of compensators, it is
necessary to select the compensation degree accurately. BUS-9 LI 9-10 -1431.7 482.2

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 Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS-10 LI 9-10 1452.5 -276.4

It is obvious noted from tables (6 and 7) increase the power

transfer, as well as the improvement in voltage control
compared to the case before connecting the SC. Fig. 7 shows
the effect of different values of SC on the maximum power
transfer capability at different compensation degree values on
line (9-10).

Fig. 8. The maximum power transfer capability of IEEE-11 Bus system at

different k values with TCSC: (red) compensation degree %, (gray) maximum
transmitted power (MW) on line (9-10), (blue) capacitor value (μF).

d) Discussion: It is obvious from Fig. 7 that, when the

capacitance of SC decreases, the transmitted power increases,
with an insignificant percentage of compensation. Notably,
however, the transmitted power on line (9-10) at C = 250 [μF]
becomes less than its predecessor value. Therefore, we
consider that the optimal compensation degree for the studied
network is 3.2%. On the other hand, it can be illustrated from
Fig. 7. The maximum power transfer capability of IEEE-11 Bus system at
different k values with SC: (red) compensation degree %, (gray) maximum
Fig. 8 that the transmitted power increases after connecting the
transmitted power (MW) on line (9-10), (blue) capacitor value (μF). TCSC with an insignificant percentage of compensation.
However, it was observed when XC= 9 [Ω/km] (i.e. C = 294
c) After inserting the TCSC: Let’s choose the value of [μF]), the transmitted power on line (9-10) becomes less than
TCSC reactance XC=6 [Ω/km] (Corresponding to higher its predecessor value. Therefore, we consider that the optimal
reactance values than those which the phenomenon of compensation degree for the studied network is considered at
electrical resonance occurs, where XL = 5.29 [Ω/km]). Then, XC = 8 [Ω/km] (i.e. C = 331 [μF]). However, this research is
the transmitted power on line (9-10) in this case is P2= 1449.3 regarded as a first step in examining the advantages and
[MW], and therefore the compensation ratio is 2.9% due to P1= drawbacks of how series FACTS affect the electrical network's
1407.3 [MW]. The results of the load flow after inserting the performance, and then study their impact with the presence of
TCSC in series with line (9-10) and corresponding to k=2.9% distributed generation (DG), which we seek to develop in our
are shown in Table 8. upcoming work. FACTS also offer financial advantages by
reducing fuel costs and costs associated with losses.
TABLE 8. THE LOAD FLOW OF IEEE-11 BUS SYSTEM WITH SC AT K=2.9%
IV. CONCLUSION
Node no. Element P(MW) Q(MVAR)
BUS-1 GEN-1 -700 -174.2
The simulation study confirmed that SC and TCSC provide
improvement to the power flow in the transmission line
BUS -2 GEN-2 -700 -209.3 system. In consideration of FACTS devices are so costly, that
BUS-3 GEN-3 -763.3 21.2 it is not possible to put FACTS devices in every line or at
buses. So that, the optimal placement of inserting series
BUS-4 GEN-4 -700 -114.8 compensation devices is at the overloaded lines. The emphasis
BUS-10 LI 10-11 749.28 113.88 of this study is on the significance of selecting the precise
values for series compensators in order to improve the power
BUS-10 LI 9-10 1449.3 -164.482 flow and to avoid sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), which in
turn could cause torsional vibrations of the turbine-generator
shaft. Consequently, the strengthening of the system by
Fig. 8 shows the effect of different values of TCSC on the incorporating TCSC has helped to improve the voltage stability
maximum power transfer capability at different compensation in the transmission systems.
degree values on line (9-10).
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