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Geological Processes

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Geological Processes

Uploaded by

s8t66v48x8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chemical Weathering

Geological Processes on Earth - is the weakening or disintegration of rocks


and the formation of new compounds or
What causes the rock cycle and the new substances cause by chemical
continuous alteration of Earth? reactions.
- The dynamism of Earth is attributed to its a. Oxidation is a process in which oxygen
never-ending geologic processes driven reacts with the rocks and changes its
by internal and external forces. mineral composition.
b. Carbonation is the process involving the
Exogenic Processes formation of various types of carbonates in
- refers to activities or phenomena that rocks.
occur on the Earth’s surface. c. Hydration is the result of the absorption
- Rocks are naturally exposed to different or combination of water and a particular
forces that affect their physical substance on the rock, leading to a
characteristics. change in shape.
- Weathering, mass wasting and erosion. d. Dissolution is the process in which some
of minerals in rocks are directly dissolved
Weathering in water
The breaking or crumbling of rocks by:
- physical
- chemical, or
- biological
- This process, known as weathering, reduces
the size of rocks and prepare materials for
transport.
- Different climate conditions, temperature
fluctuations, and even the location of the rocks
affect the weathering process.

Physical Weathering
- happens whenever rocks are broken up
without any change in their chemical
composition.
a. Block disintegration is caused by
successive heating and cooling that Biotic Weathering
causes the expansion and contraction of - is the weathering or disintegration of rocks
rocks. caused by living organisms
b. Exfoliation refers to the stripping of outer
layers of rocks due to intense heating
c. Frost weathering refers to alternate
freezing and thawing of water inside the
joints of the rocks causing them to split
into small particles.
Mass Wasting Erosion
it’s a process by which masses of - is the separation and removal of
rock, regolith and soil move weathered and unweathered rocks and
downhill under the influence of soil from its substance due to gravity or
gravity. transporting agents like wind, ice, or
water.
Three classification of mass wasting based on - erosion is the process of transporting
the type of motion weathered sediments by agents of erosion
1. FALL - free-fall of detached particles. to different places.
2. SLIDE - materials remains cohesive and
moves along a well-defined surface. Endogenic Processes
3. FLOW - materials moves downslope as a - are internal processes that occur beneath
viscous flow. the Earth.
- Volcanism, crustal deformation, and
Classifications of mass wasting based on earthquake.
saturation and speed of flow.
1. Debris flow – happens when a large Volcanism
amount of sediments, usually rocks of
various sizes, falls down the slope. Debris
flow does not need water to flow down.

2. Mud flow – happens when combined soil


and water flow down a slope. This usually
happens near rivers or streams where soil Crustal Deformation (Continental Drift Theory)
and sand is always moist /has been
soaked in water for a long time. Alfred Wegener
- Often called as mud slides. - states that all landmasses were once
together and separated from each other
over time.
Evidences
- Fit of the Continents
- Fossil Evidences
- Geological Evidences
- Past Climate Evidences
- Glacial Evidences
3. Slump – is a slow movement of soil along
a curved surface. Glaciers
- A large body of ice that moves slowly
down a slope or valley or over a wide area
of land.

Wegener’s Book
- With the evidences, Wegener published
his book entitled, “The origin of continents
and oceans”
Earthquakes
- is the shaking of the ground caused by the
sudden release of energy from the Earth's
crust.
Folding
- is a type of earth movement resulting from
the horizontal compression of rock layers
by internal forces of the Earth along plate
boundaries. A fold is a bend in the rock
strata

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