All waves can reflect diffract refract and interfere

Diffraction is when a waves spreads out after being shined at a gap

Reflect is when a wave hits an object and it is change direction but with the sane angle it came in
Refract: when ever a wave enters a new medium it’s wave length changes so the speed changes so the
direction changes but it isn’t the same angle
Interfere: when two wave collide they superpose which will lead to interference the two types of
interference are either constructive interference in phase or destructive that’s out of phase

Wave particle duality

Sometimes a particle such as an electrons can have one of these properties which causes us to refer to
them as wave particle duality
An electron could be fired at graphite and as a result we see the same effect known as diffraction which
is not possible if the electron was a particle so we have given it the exception of having wave properties
at certain moments and if electrons are shot into a double split then they could interfere and split and
then they will interfere with them self again and construct back into one particle
So the evidence to electron wave relationships is that there were interference patterns when the waves
where shot on a double split by a electron gun
But we also know that electron are small particles that hold mass due to different ionization test on
atoms so we see that electrons are particles but there are times which it has wave like properties

Now the equation v=F*wavelength isn’t possible due to the wavelength not being present in a particular
so we change wavelength into
Wavelength= h/momentum = h/mv
H= 6.63*10^-34
M= mass of particles
Another values u might need
Speed of light= 3*10^8
Mass of electron=9.109*10^-31

The same could be said about light as we see it hold all of the wave properties such as diffraction
reflection…. But there are occasion in which we see it hold particle properties such as the photo electric
effect we need to know some facts tho

Photons: a particle’s of light

Light and other em waves actually travel as in small wave packets called photons
It is said that the higher the frequency of the wave the higher its energy as there are more small wave
packets of protons being transferred
So from this we got the equation of
Energy = plank’s constant frequency
So by using the equation of v=F*wavelength
And v always being speed of light or c
You get that
E=hc/wavelength of the wave

Here is a page to summarize

example q)
Find the energy in red light (red light frequency is 450Thz)
E=(6.63*10^-34)*(450*10^12)
E=2.9835*10^-19

What is the wave length of an em wave with the energy of 6.03*10^-33

Due to us dealing with large amount of energy sometimes we may need to refer to the energy as
electron volts and to do this converging you use divide by 1.6*10^-19

Line spectra

Excitation: is when electron gain energy from em waves or any other source and electrons move up an
energy shell
Relaxation: is when an electron releases energy that allows it to go down an energy level
Ionization: is when an electron gains so much energy it leaves the atom turning it into an ion
An emissions spectra: is a spectra of lines and waves that each element will produce when it goes
through excitement and relaxation the examples of this are below

The electrons that are excited and relaxed are in energy levels these energy levels are numbered by n
These electron must be at a specific energy level hey cannot be in the middle so if n1 has 2ev and n2 has
10.3ev then the electron must get 10.3ev to move up and for this to happen the electron must gain
energy from a photon in a one to one interaction this means that the photon can only move and be
absorbed by one electron no more and this helps explain why light can work as a partical if a wave come
to an electron with 5ev theoretically it will continually across a period of time send it to an electron but
for an electron to move up it need to gain the specific number of ev and in an instantaneous time which
is why waves must be behaving as a photon as it is a particle being shot and absorbed instantaneous

So what happens in a emission spectra is when relaxation occurs the electron lets out a photon this
photon has the energy equivalent to moving down the energy level and if you use e=hf to find the
photon frequency you could find what color is this
So we see that light behaves as a wave through diffraction refraction reflection and interference
But we also see that light can behave as a particle through photoelectric effect and the emission
spectrum as it must be a photon with with the exact amount of energy as explained above

However the photo electric effect shows that it is little wave packets of photos as it takes a certain
amount of energy to free an electron this is called the work function
This work function could technically be reached if a wave comes continuously transfers energy however
it never happen
It only happened when they increased its frequency which helped show there was this threshold
frequency
This helped tell us that for a electron to ionize there must be enough energy to leave the metal and the
energy must be instant so wave must move in photon packets such as so there are instantaneous energy
transfers so like the emission spectra we have a one to one interaction
The frequency needed can be found by e=hf
So if we know the work function we can find the frequency of photon needed which will lead to known
the color of light needed
So we can say that they are having one to one interaction but the energy doesn’t need to be exact it can
be more
The experiment that shows this effect is this

So here we see repulsion between the metal and

Leaf when if is shined the electron gain it’s
Work function and escape being no longer
Charged therefore falling down

When looking at the metal itself

We see that some electrons are closer to the end
Then the others by the equation of
Work done= force*distance
We see that the particals closer to the end need
Less energy needed as they need to travel less
In the direction of the force

And if you have given the the electron more energy than the work function the reset of it is transferred
into Kent if energy so we see that the energy a photon gives is= to work function+ Kentic energy or
Hf=work function+ Ke
Some more general information

Higher intensity of up means more photons not more

Energy
Lower radiation frequency is less energy so ke relies on
The frequency
So more intensity= more electrons emitted per second
As more photons are hitting the metal surface persecond
Six mark answer explaining why photoelectric proves photons and why intensity doesn’t change ke

The photo electric effect supports the partical theory of light which is that light instead of being a waves
it is small packets of photons and each photon has energy that it stores once this photon collides with a
electron and is absorbed in a one to one interaction it supply’s the electron with all its energy we know
through the equation e=hf that if the frequency of the photon is lower then the energy it transfer to the
electron is lower therefore if it is lower then the energy of work function which is the energy required to
escape the metal then no radiation would occur however if we increase the energy beyond the work
function then the rest of the energy supplied will be stored in the ke energy of the electron causing it to
move quicker while intensity doesn’t change the ke at all as it only increases the number of photons to
have a one on one interaction and not the energy they store that is dependent on there frequency
which is the color of the light however if a wave was shined at the metal we would never see the
electron gain the work function energy as the energy gained must be instantaneous

The main equation for this is

Hf=work funtion+ke
We can rewrite this in the form of y=mx+c in this form
Ke=hf- work function
So the gradient would be h
And the y intercept would be the negative of the work functions

From this we can use this effect to build this circuit all the information is here
To find the energy of the electrons as they move we need to find there energy the way we do it is we
apply stopping voltage that opposes the voltage produced by the photoelectric effect to find the voltage
of the electrons realsed once we find the voltage we will find the energy by
E= voltage* charge of electrons