English language techniques

Things to work on
1. Avoid generalization
2. Perceptive
3. Make the purpose clear (question 8)
4. Ensure each paragraph has a clear main idea and flows logically to the next
5. Richer use of vocabularies + linguistic device (question 9)
6. Less descriptive

TAP
Type
- Article- Articles aim to inform or persuade by providing clear evidence and facts to back up their argument.
Style: objective, clear, factual, structured
- Blog- Blogs are personal and conversational, aiming to connect with readers emotionally by sharing personal
experiences/ advices
Style: informal, conversational, personal anecdotes/opinions to connect with the audience
- Letter- Style: polite, structured, conversational

- Formal (usually written to entertain)

- Informal (usually with the purpose in writer’s intention)

Audience
- General audience
- A specific interest group
Specific terminology that readers will understand
Tone to be more focused on the group’s interest
Assume readers has prior knowledge on topic

Purpsose
- Entertain
- Inform
- Advise
- Persuade
- Argue

Language techniques
If - E.g. ‘If we don’t… then…’
- Appeal to reason by predicting a consequence if an action is not taken.
- Creates a sense of urgency, encouraging readers to act or consider their point of view.
Personal pronoun - Address readers create a sense of connection and trust.
- Makes the writer’s text feel conversational and engages readers on a personal level.
- Sense of inclusivity, making the message more impactful.
Anecdotes - Makes writer’s point feel more real and relatable
- Creates a picture in reader’s mind.
- Shows contrast between personal memory and present situation
Repetition/Anaphora - Highlight the most important part of argument by making what reader say more powerful
- Reinforces writer’s thoughts and strong opinions…
Rule of 3 - Short, clear and easy to remember
- Create a rhythm that makes the idea feels important
Hyperbole - It makes frustration or excitement stand out and helps connect the audience to the
writer’s feelings.
Onomatopeia - Helps readers connect with the scene. It draws readers into the experience and makes it
feel more real.
Antithesis - Contrasts two opposite ideas to make an argument clearer and more persuasive
- Show both sides of a situation, encouraging readers to think more deeply rather than
seeing an issue in black and white.
Statistics - This makes the argument more trustworthy because readers are more likely to believe
facts
- It also shows the writer’s effort as he has researched their point.
Imperatives/ - Imperatives forces readers to take action, while suggestions encourage them without
suggestions putting pressure
Rhetorical question - This challenges readers to reflect on their role in the issue and its potential
 consequences.
- It makes the audience engage personally with the idea, as they begin to consider their
own actions and choices.
Alliteration - Makes phrase more memorable which draws reader’s attention
Listing - Organizes information clearly and makes arguments easier for readers to follow.
- Breaks down multiple actions into clear, digestible points. It allows readers to process
each idea step-by-step, emphasizing how many solutions can lead to positive change.
Cluster of three - Creates a strong, persuasive rhythm that is easy to remember
- Sticks in reader’s mind, emphasizes the importance of message

Figurative language
Simile - Strong visual image
- Makes descriptions more engaging and allows readers to visualize reader’s emotions
Pathetic fallacy - Gives human emotions to weather or natural elements, creating a connection between
mood and environment.
Symbolism - Allow readers to connect text to their own experiences, making it more impactful
Metaphor - By linking to something familiar, writer allows readers to connect with the idea
Personification - Adds a sense of humorous tone
Emotive language - Evoke sympathy and sadness, creating an emotional connection with the reader.
- This deepens engagement by allowing readers to empathize with the writer’s or
character’s experience.

Tone (urgent, anxious, relaxed, excited)

Confide - Shows how passionate the writer is
nt - It shows that the writer truly believes in the solution, which makes them sound sincere and
trustworthy. This encourages the audience to share in the same optimism.
Humour - Gives an appropriate pause to the passage
- Lightens the tones and keep readers interested in the text and want to continue read on
Colloqu - Friendly and conversational style
al - Makes write seems friendly and approachable
(chatty) - Encouraging readers to relate to writer --> builds trust and makes readers feel connected to writer’s
experience

Narrative voice
First-person - Allows readers to experience the events through the writer’s eyes
- Making the story feel more real and emotional.
- It helps readers connect with the writer’s thoughts and feelings because they’re seeing
everything from their personal perspective.
Second - Makes the reader feel like they’re part of the action, as if they’re experiencing the events
person themselves.
- This creates a strong sense of engagement
Third person - Third person allows readers to understand what’s happening in the story but from a neutral point
of view

Structure
Contrast - Allow readers to see writer’s different perspectives
Time-shift - Allow readers to understand characte’s memories and emotions
- Creates reflective tone and builds suspense by showing how the past and present are linked
Linear - Clear and easy for readers to follow
- Allow readers to understand the progression of ideas clearly
Chronologic - In date or time order
al
Subheading - Breaks up large text and guide readers through the text
s - Organise information in clear sections so readers can digest information easier

Punctuations
Ellipsis - Could be a hint of hesitation. Sense of ambiguity
- Wide range of possibilities
Exclamati - Passionate or strong emotion
on mark - Make writer’s feelings clear to readers, making the tone more engaging

Sentence type
Long - Provides readers with lots of information and description
 - Strengthens their argument with well supported reasoning
Short - Stands out to readers and grabs their attention
- Indicates a change in viewpoint or significant point in the text that writer offer a counter argument
- Emphasise writer’s urgency
Compoun - Connected two related ideas, make arguments easier to follow and understand
d - Shows a balance of ideas, make arguments more persuasive and logical to readers
Simple - Keeps reader focused on writer’s key points without distaction
Complex - Make sentence more reasoned by adding more detail

Point of view
Narrator’s point of view
Different points of view

Point
- In my opinion
- Arguably

Evidence
- This is evident in…
- This is shown when…

Explain
- This is effective because…
- From this we can infer…

Comparing words
- In contrast
- Whereas
- Furthermore
- On the other hand
- Alternatively
- Similarly

Synonyms for show

- Reveals
- Implies
- Exemplifies
- Indicates
- Infers
- Portrays
- Conveys
- Demonstrates