PHOP.

fo Viva
Date Page:
Untt - 1
esplain
AAIER ANAL YSIS

Homdness-I is the soap ConSUmng

Had So£f capociky of wgky.

CrzHasCoONa
fouma
Pkesence of mealic SOap
Salt
CCarbanak haxdacss)
) TempeHQHONy hos dntss kemaued
* Haxdnest cJhich can be aasi
boiliog wak also KoowD_as
2CzHx CaONa t Call byAtkaline handness.
2) PenOnen + Hasdness Coon-c09bondte H)
CCiHas Co0)2 Ca t 2NOcL * Cacl, Mgcl, Ca So4 Mg S09 etc
SCUM * Cannot be AemD¯ed by boilh og
*dz alk Mehod
"b) jonexchange Anion Cahon
C) Soda Cime P4OCeSS

Hot Cold in taned, ak

1) Pants Pea mìllion ~1o5

tis The no. of paat by aeighB of Caco3 eg. haHdness
Phe sent peH milion pauts of aNahco)
4 Pat of Ca co3 ea. Haa dness As pRLSenT
 cinto 23°Fa
74lo5+.2
ppm 109
O.07°C
PP into 74°cl ConveHt .
:mglL PPm
hoadness o£Units between Relaion #
pa4tofwaky.
salH_pacseot
lo in gntHaing Mdness ha
pHesent
in is dness s.Haéq.
(oce)79000
paaks kel cla ee
Dega 3)
fMPL Lppm
Pesen t
in 9dneSSs CHo Cac03 mgof
Miiigkam. 2
Page: Date:
 IDate Page

13°cl (013

HOMdoes only?00t any ome

CaCOs eguiva len t
e i s always.
Ans. Haadoess o ao Calo3 bcoz Maleculo weh
amoutof
of e" So it is Vey Casy
loo.Sotis
of Cal0 iS taactly
OR calcula e the
CompaHe
Amount ofhadness X Lo0
Co Coa C . HaHdness fnehdhng salt
hondoes s
eq- weight of
pHo ducin9 seb s tonce

|oPpm
wakg sample = Calh2
Mg CHCO3)2 =
9.0o9

4EDTA Titaaion. ComplcxometAic TtAaion

* Mateials used Aim - To de emioe Hodoess of wa

sompte 1
1)EDTA
12 Stondasd haad cakH CSHw) - 19m L Ligmg Lne)
S) EtichHOme block -I iodica tot ] [Bluel
Buffn sol^CBosic buffA] -ph=lo
 }s.3 5.3 O.0
S.3 3.
0.0
5.4 0.0 2.
S.6 0.0 lo
)cml) Sumed Cm)
Can Cml)Fingl iniial Cml)
Acid of Vol. ding hea Beffen kA o ofNol. No. S.
Buyee Acìd sation
9fStandomdani
ess) CCol
oao
EDIA t EBI Catt- Co 3)
+EBT -EOTA Cat
compledon colousless coloualess)
[0IA -Catt ’ tEOA Ca 2)
whineRed
Cblue)-ccofoualess)
EBL Co" EB7 +Co* 1)
point End
Blue Colouess
<IiHAa
tàe EDTA +EBT
Watea-EDIA
-19) B8S hed] LWine C'Btue]
2.5nl EBI Watest BI) indicato
CE Wate
Page: Dala:
 Page:
Date :

2-) Unknowp Ja e Somple

S.NO. BuAeHeReading COASumed CmDc
Cmi). Initiol Reoding

2 4-2
0.0 4-2 4.2
4. 2

Calcola Hons

A)_standaxdaki zaton of Acid

tomSHw ConsuMedS.3ml E0TA

We KnQw that
=) LmL of sHW log of Caloa E.H.
loml of sHN

s. 3ml of EDTA lo mg of Caco3 EH

0f EDIA
S.3

8) De tnmine HamdotsS of UwS

tom Con stMRd

Ne Koo4 that
5.3
 Date : Page:

2-) dnknowowa e somple

Vol of ACid
S.No. Vol.of watea BuxeHe Reading Consumed Cm1)c
Cm) Initol Reoding
O.o
4-2
0.0 4-2 4.2
4. 2

CalculaHons

A)_stan daxdaxiza Hon 0f Acid

lomSHw Consuoed5.3m EOTA

We Ko ow thot
=) LmL ofsHW Img of Calo3 E.H.
lo ml 0f SHN

S.3m of EDIA lo m of CaCo3 EH

of CacO3 EH.
5.3

8) De knmine HamdotSs of US

Uws Con sumed -4.2mof EDTA

Ke Ko04 that
m
5.3 S.3
 Page
Dale

HcLd he soln

Q. 0.30 wos dissolved io

in
nade to disfilled sol° the
EDTA
0fAfrboiling/00ml or
the abve sal 30 m
Sample filkhiog and then
Jooml
foefool
Some EDTA Sol. on cooling. socalculat 0f
this houd woey Sompleg EDIA
o
tithaion 9eg 2mlhokdoess
peaman cat temp.
30ml EOr

Uws EP'poM boil)

EQIA>UWS CAfes boill

dadizaHone Acid
Stan
SHw
mofEDTA o0 m of 0f CaC03 EH.
30

30
370. 3 O0
30 IO0
 Dae

O, 3dio0 37)000
3o0 00

To tal H. 370 mg L of Co C0:_fH

3 lo0 of ONS 12 mof ED TA

PeHm 9nent = /20 ng lL

1o fal P- T
370 (20 -temp.
Temp 370L20
: 250 mgl of CaC03

12000 370 o2000

ftmp : 25 d) 20O0

pem 12odl2000
r440000o m
 l03._EH Imlof 25sl2
ng 24
EDIA ml L
l2 25
SAW 25ml EDIA 24m
L29mlL stnengh
20
m le B)CA. Uws
m)50
45ml UNSCB
BJ
24m
26m1
WateA EDTA
plAmaneatha&doess and
indiff of Sol^,
nit iodicato. as ERI Etict
tal,
Calc Alehing and Cooling boiling
Z0IAmp. oto om2 Aeg tithaion
Sample
on hatdanteh wok Same
TA
45.mlof
ED hagd
Somt titaohon
Sample of 1000ml fo dituted dan
%is ofml 2
Sol GJas CaC03 e of 1.29 of
MCL dil. dissolved
in
mg
250
°Cl /7.5 0.07 150 2
B.4CL 20<0.07.20.07
C( 25,9
370d mglL 330
Lmgll
250mglL 2omgl. ,I
lDate
Page
 To tal HaAdness
Som! A UNS 45ml of
0f EDTA
CaCo3 EH
45 R 45 &l. 25 ng of
5
UNS 45alo 25
So
to00 m 0 UhS 45d 25 I000
50

Tolol Ho dh. I25 mg

=

Pesmanent Ho4doess 8
20m EDIA
LOm UN S =
Coco3_EH
20 J 2s mg Of

LmlUNS 208 25 mg 0f Ca(03 H

looom UNS 20d25d1o00 A9

Pemonent H

Tempuay Hasdness 9
Peamanco
emp. : Total-
E|25-500
mp. = 625 mg £caC0a_&H

425 625 O.07 43-75 625 og O.J 62,5°EM

Temp.
500 0.07 35 So
125 0.0 78.15W25d 0. 2.5 EA
In ko, -5 25 NG
 {Date: Page:

EDIA
SHW S00ml :1gm of Coco? (So)
Usc c bb) So lom
UuS CAb) So :

stsens
staeng#hh :2 9ml
13.ml EDTA
Lml EDTA
/3

Petn To tal H.
L3 mtfom uNS =Loml EDIA

50

lo oo m Uws
So

1540 m of CaC03 H

PeHman ent H.
50 ml UNS Tm! EDIA

50

462 mg CaC03 EH
 Date : Page:

* AKalinity
Measute 0f ctbiliy of to nettrali ze tht ACid.
Measute 0f ae to net calize the Acid.

# Types of Alkalinity ¥ Phepofhclin s

sightly acidic
) CausHc alkatiniky
2) Tempa hay ol kolinity ’ HCO3

Na 0 4 t HcL * Methyl o 4ange

1S slighhly bas

ph.is insuficient to
*TilyaHon
idenify al 3 ions, thots why
USe MO

Wo e hhef. finK -> Acid -s colooaless

End point c)
(oH; co; CoH)
Me hyl o1an;
Yello w- Red t-yeot Acid Vetlow
End point a) Cwak)
LOH, co;, HCO
Final Vol.
AuueHe Reading Consumed
S.NO Vot: of
Zoito Ph. E Pnl. MO, EPml Ph.M EPal MOEP
(A) CB)
to.3 I2.4

2 0.0 IQ-2 |2.1

)0. 120 I0.1 |2.0
to O.0
t2-0
 lDate: Page:

* Calcula ion o£ ph.EP

watee Acid
Ni N2 V2
50

50

e9- weight of CacO3

OfMo
Wae Acid
NaV =NyuCA+B)
N3_LO N /a-o tI2)
50

50

22lo

Type ond Ed tent of AlRaloiy

S.No. Result of itaahon Alkalioity due to
OH Co3 HCO3
NiL Nil M
2
NiL Ni
3
2P
C2p-M)2(M-p)
Ni! 2p
 Dae: Page:

0f allRoline Co;, HCO:

MO 2210, MI05
M

0£ alka lineo n.

CO: 2 HCO M- 2

2020 mgle 19omglL

M: 0m
z) P: 400. MO1900,
Colc, - Ph End point ½M 950
Ad
P<iM
N 9
TyPe ofion -COz, HCo
Ne N_ 9_5o JO00
50 C.W.Ca (0:
Np

Colc S_M.0. End pOint

2 HCO3 = M-2P
N/CA +B) 51900- 1200
N3 100 mg IL
50
 pate : Page:

M 3,

2) Fo9 M.0.
@fo1 Ph

ypesof ion
Ph 700
P M

ions OH CO3
Iy pej
OH 2P-M 2 CM- P)
= 2 Co o0 - 7oo)
2 o 300
400 mg lL
 Dale : Page:

VMo = A+B fo4 hese type

foM
ph, as weilas M.O,
Q.) If awat sampBe is AlRoine fo boh
Nate Sample t titHO hion with
200m of
9.5m Acid to bh cnd pt wh
HCL same so/^
fea dh0ps of MO 09e odded to the Some
and the Con tio. The yellocw
additon
Colou So just tuned
ano the sol". ColC. the ype L
21ML ACid
of AlKoliniy in the Jot4 Sample
Sol - MO 21 Mso Ioo ml

Fo M0,

N V N2 V2
NM 200- AN « (9-5t 2
Ne &200 4.5
50
NMN 30.5 d5oI
Nd 9.5 &So 000
So
So 200
2 L525 m
2
2

M 152. 5 M= 76. 25
p<2 M

Iypl 0f ions Co3M-2P

Co:: 2P HCO3: M-2P

:2d4t.5
 Date: Page:

ne add nai hogq, Vmo.

Q. I00 mt of aJotes sgmple tit with Nso HCl eg.
2. Sml acid to þh ep. and 9.2 ml of Acid to
MO eP. Calc.
p4esent

t00 ml of watA
Sol MO 9. 2

fo Mo,
Fot ph.
N 8.5 dSoNOO0 So

92 mg

M 92 ½M 46
p M

Iy pes OH Co3

co2CM- P)
0H C2P-M)
: 2 C 92-85)
:2e8S - 92
|70- 92 - 2 C 7)

that's
Case. and of Uled out
the42 e 5 Ce Coses 9 nly