BIOLOGY - HYAT – Ch: 1,2,3,4

Worksheet Prepared by:

SK M RAHMAN MUEID
Name: ROWNAD NEROB
Answer the following questions:

Ch-1:
1. List the 8 different characteristics/life processes of living organisms
2. State 3 differences between the animal and plant cells

Ch-2:
1. What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Ch-3:
1. List the processes that take place during inhalation and exhalation
2. State three adaptations of the lungs for gas exchange?
3. What are the gases involved in ventilation?

Ch-4:
1. List the stages of digestion
2. What are the organs involved in the process of digestion?
3. What enzymes break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, and what forms when these molecules are broken
down?
4. Define: Ingestion, Peristalsis, Mechanical Digestion, Absorption, Excretion and Egestion.
5. How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?
6. What is the role of bile in digestion?
 BIOLOGY - HYAT – Ch: 1,2,3,4
Worksheet

ANSWERS:
Ch-1:
Q1.

Q2.

Ch-2:
Q1.

Ch-3:
Q1.
 BIOLOGY - HYAT – Ch: 1,2,3,4
Worksheet

Q2. Three adaptations are:

1. Large number of alveoli which increases surface area for absorption

2. Alveoli wall and capillary wall are only one cell thick, providing a short diffusion distance
3. Extensive network of capillaries maintains concentration gradient for gas exchange.

Q3. Oxygen (Inhaled) and Carbon dioxide (Exhaled).

Ch-4:
Q1.

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking food into the mouth and chewing it. Chewing breaks down food into smaller
pieces and mixes it with saliva, which contains enzymes that start to digest starches.
2. Swallowing: This is the process of moving food from the mouth to the esophagus, which is a muscular tube that
connects the mouth to the stomach.
3. Peristalsis: This is the process of rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles that line the digestive tract.
Peristalsis moves food along the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
4. Gastric digestion: This is the process of breaking down food in the stomach. The stomach secretes gastric juice,
which contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that digest proteins and fats. The stomach also churns and mixes
food with gastric juice.
5. Intestinal digestion: This is the process of further breaking down food in the small intestine. The small intestine
receives bile from the liver and gallbladder, which helps digest fats, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas, which
contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The small intestine also has its own enzymes that
complete the digestion of food molecules.
6. Absorption: This is the process of transferring nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream. Absorption
mainly occurs in the small intestine, where tiny finger-like projections called villi and microvilli increase the surface
area for nutrient uptake. Some water and minerals are also absorbed in the large intestine.
7. Egestion: This is the process of removing undigested food and waste products from the body. The large intestine
compacts and dehydrates faeces, which are stored in the rectum until they are expelled through the anus.

Q2.
 BIOLOGY - HYAT – Ch: 1,2,3,4
Worksheet

Q3.

Q4.

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking food into the mouth and chewing it. Chewing breaks down food into smaller
pieces and mixes it with saliva, which contains enzymes that start to digest starches.
2. Peristalsis: This is the process of rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles that line the digestive tract.
Peristalsis moves food along the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
3. Mechanical digestion: The stomach also churns and mixes food with gastric juice
4. Absorption: This is the process of transferring nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream. Absorption
mainly occurs in the small intestine, where tiny finger-like projections called villi and microvilli increase the surface
area for nutrient uptake. Some water and minerals are also absorbed in the large intestine.
5. Excretion: Excretion is the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter from an organism. Excretion occurs
through different organs and systems, depending on the type of organism. For example, in humans, excretion
involves the lungs, kidneys, skin, and digestive system
6. Egestion: This is the process of removing undigested food and waste products from the body. The large intestine
compacts and dehydrates faeces, which are stored in the rectum until they are expelled through the anus.

Q5. Three adaptations are:

1. Length: The small intestine is very long. This gives it a large surface area for absorption and allows more time for
the digested food to come in contact with the intestinal wall.
2. Villi: The folds of the small intestine have tiny finger-like projections called villi. These villi further increase the
surface area of the intestine and also contain blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels called lacteals. The blood
capillaries transport glucose and amino acids from the food to the bloodstream, while the lacteals transport fatty
acids and glycerol to the lymphatic system.
3. Microvilli: The surface of each villus is covered with even smaller projections called microvilli. These microvilli form
a brush border that contains enzymes that help to complete the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Q6. Bile breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for the action of lipase,
an enzyme that digests fats