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OBJECTIVES

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12 views

OBJECTIVES

Uploaded by

tushar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECTIVES

To investigate the relation between the ratio of:–


1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self-made transformer.

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an emf is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the AC voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as
in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
THEORY
When an altering emf is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced emf
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the emf induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and

= rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant.


And then,

-------------- 1

------------ 2

Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.


N s = No. of turns of the secondary coil.
Ep = emf’s induced in the primary coil.
Es = emf’s induced in the secondary coil
From the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 by 1, we get;
Es/Ep = - Ns/Np ------------ 3
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back emf induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back emf further if Rp is the resistance of p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by :
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = I p Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back emf = input emf
Hence equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output emf / input emf = N s / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p


If I p = value of primary current at the same instant
And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep I p and
Output power at the same instant = Es I s
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power Or Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = I p / I s = K

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip i.e. current in secondary is
weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power .i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,
η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best
insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound


relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage


and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through


s1 and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure


voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by


changing the number of turns in primary
and secondary coil.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the voltage.

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
REFERENCES

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