VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

Report
on
“Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in
Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted by

USN Name
1BI22CS133 Rohit Kishan Honakhande
1BI22CS164 Srivallabha K. M.
1BI23CS400 Abhishek Srivatsav
1BI22CS152 Shashi Chidanand Madari

Under the Guidance of

Prof. N. Thanuja
Assistant Professor
Department of CS&E, BIT
Bengaluru-560004

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. Road, V.V. Pura, Bengaluru-560 004
2024-25
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Bengaluru-560 004

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the Mini Project (BCS586) work entitled “Machine
Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor” carried out by

USN Name

1BI22CS133 Rohit Kishan Honakhande

1BI22CS164 Srivallabha K. M.
1BI22CS400 Abhishek Srivatsav
1BI22CS152 Shashi Chidanand Madari
bonafide students of VI semester B.E. for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science & Engineering of the VISVESVARAYA
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY during the academic year 2024-25. The Mini Project
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of the Mini Project
work prescribed for the said degree.

Prof. N. Thanuja Dr. Girija J

Assistant Professor, Prof. & Head,
Dept. of CSE, BIT Dept. of CSE, BIT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The knowledge & satisfaction that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without mention of people who made it possible, whose guidance and
encouragement crowned our effort with success. We would like to thank all and acknowledge
the help we have received to carry out this project.

We would like to convey our thanks to Principal Dr. Aswath M. U., Bangalore Institute
of Technology, and Dr. Girija J., Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, BIT for being kind enough to provide the necessary support to carry out the Mini
Project.

We would like to acknowledge the support we have received from the Mini Project
coordinator Dr. Madhuri J., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, BIT for continuous co-ordination and timely deliberation of requirements at
every phase of the Mini Project.

We are most humbled to mention the enthusiastic influence provided by our guide Prof.
N. Thanuja, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, on the
Mini Project for the ideas, time to time suggestions, for the constant support and co-operation
shown during the venture and for making this Mini Project a great success.

We are very much pleased to express our sincere gratitude to the friendly co-operation
shown by all the staff members of the Computer Science Department, Bangalore Institute of
Technology.

Rohit Kishan Honakhande

Srivallabha K. M.
Abhishek Srivatsav
Shashi Chidanand Madari

i
 ABSTRACT

The Machine Learning-Based Astronomical Events Predictor project is designed to

predict celestial events such as meteor showers, lunar phases, planetary alignments, and tidal
event intensities using machine learning techniques. The system utilizes various astronomical
data, including solar and lunar positions, date, and geographical location, to predict the
occurrence and intensity of these events. The model is trained on historical astronomical data
to forecast future events, offering valuable insights for researchers and enthusiasts. Supervised
learning algorithms, primarily regression and classification models, are employed, with scikit-
learn used for training and testing. The backend, built with Flask, enables real-time predictions
based on user input. The frontend, developed with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, allows users
to input their location and date for event predictions. The model also includes data visualization
features to present predicted events in an accessible format. This project enhances the
understanding of celestial phenomena and showcases the application of machine learning in
forecasting complex astronomical events. Future developments may include the integration of
real-time weather data, expanding the dataset to include more factors, and improving predictive
accuracy with advanced deep learning techniques.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Purpose, Scope, and Applicability 2-3
1.2.1 Purpose 2
1.2.2 Scope 2
1.2.3 Applicability 3
1.3 Existing Systems 3-4
1.4 Problem Statement 4
1.5 Objectives 4-5
1.6 Organization of Report 5
CHAPTER 2: TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES 6-10
2.1 Tools and Software 6-8
2.1.1 Programming Languages 6
2.1.2 Frameworks and Libraries 6-7
2.1.3 Data Sources 8
2.2 Hardware Requirements 8-9
2.3 Development Environment 9
2.3.1 Integrated Development Environments
(IDEs) 9
2.4 Technologies 9-10
2.4.1 Machine Learning 9
2.4.2 Data Integration and Processing 9
2.4.3 Visualization 10
2.4.4 Back-End Development 10
2.5 Front-End Implementation 10

iii
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN 11-19
3.1 Architecture 11-14
3.1.1 Data Collection 11
3.1.2 Data Preparation (Feature Extraction
and Cleaning) 12
3.1.3 Model Training 12
3.1.4 Model Validation 13
3.1.5 Event Prediction 13-14
3.2 Modules Description 14-17
3.2.1 Data Collection Module 14
3.2.2 Model Training Module 15-16
3.2.3 Event Prediction Module 16-17
3.3 Algorithms (OR) Methodology 18-19
3.3.1 Data Preprocessing Algorithm 18
3.3.2 Model Training Algorithm 18
3.3.3 Event Prediction Algorithm 18
3.3.4 Methodologies 18-19
CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION 20-72
4.1 Implementation Approaches 20-23
4.1.1 Overview of the Implementation Process 20
4.1.2 Data Collection and Integration 20-21
4.1.3 Data Preparation 21
4.1.4 Model Training and Validation 22
4.1.5 Event Prediction 22-23
4.1.6 Web Interface Implementation (Flask) 23
4.2 Source Code 24-67
4.2.1 Data Preprocessing 24-26
4.2.2 Model Training 26-27
4.2.3 Flask Web Application 27-33
4.2.4 Front-End Code (HTML) 33-68
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 4.2.5 Dataset 68-72
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 73-80
5.1 Results and Performance Analysis 73-77
5.2 Snapshots 78-80
CHAPTER 6: APPLICATIONS & CONCLUSION 81-83
6.1 Applications 81
6.2 Conclusion 82
6.3 Future Scope of the Work 82-83
REFERENCES 84

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

3.1 Architectural Diagram of Machine Learning 11
Model
3.2 ER Diagram of Astronomical Machine 17
Learning Model
5.1 Accuracy barplot of Astronomical Event 73
Prediction
5.2 Event Type Classification Metrics 75
5.3 Event Intensity Classification Metrics 75
5.4 Visible Location Classification Metrics 76
5.5 Event Type and Intensity Classification 76
Metrics
5.6 Feature Importance 77
5.7 Home Page of User Interface 78
5.8 First Page of User Interface 79
5.9 Second Page of User Interface 79
5.10 Result Page of User Interface 80

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Meteor Showers 67-68
4.2 Planetary Alignment 69
4.3 Eclipses 69
4.4 Lunar Phases 70

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Astronomical events, such as lunar phases, solar eclipses, and meteor showers, have long
been of interest to humanity. These phenomena often carry significant cultural, scientific, and
environmental importance. For centuries, humans have tracked these events using primitive
methods such as visual observations and manual calculations based on celestial observations.
Over time, as technology has advanced, predictions of such events have become more accurate,
yet the integration of real-time data with predictive modeling remains an area for significant
improvement.

The relationship between the Earth, Moon, and Sun plays a crucial role in many
observable phenomena, including lunar phases, solar eclipses, and tides. For instance, lunar
phases and their corresponding tidal effects are vital for understanding oceanic cycles, coastal
phenomena, and even agricultural practices. Tidal intensity is particularly influenced by the
gravitational forces exerted by the Moon, and variations in these forces are a direct
consequence of the positions and distances between the Earth, Moon, and Sun. However,
predicting these events, especially in terms of their intensity, visibility, and geographical
effects, is far from simple. There is a complex interaction between astronomical positions and
Earth-bound phenomena like tidal intensity, which requires sophisticated models to predict
effectively.

This project aims to bridge this gap by developing an AI and machine learning-based
prediction model that combines multiple data sources to predict astronomical events, tidal
intensities, and the visibility of these events in specific locations. This system will not only
forecast the event type (e.g., lunar eclipse, solar eclipse) but also estimate the event intensity
(e.g., low, moderate, high) and determine the locations from where these events are visible. By
incorporating real-time data feeds, the system will provide accurate predictions, making it a
valuable tool for astronomers, educators, and enthusiasts alike.

This system will also allow for interactive visualizations, enabling users to explore
celestial events dynamically through a user-friendly interface. By integrating cutting-edge
machine learning techniques, the project will continually improve its predictive accuracy as
more data is collected and analyzed.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

1.2 Purpose, Scope, and Applicability

1.2.1 Purpose
The primary purpose of this project is to create a predictive system for astronomical
events that uses machine learning algorithms and real-time data integration. This system will
allow users to predict celestial events such as eclipses and lunar phases, including their types,
intensities, and visibility. The system will leverage diverse datasets, such as lunar phases, solar
positions, and tidal intensity data, to provide highly accurate forecasts. By predicting the
visibility locations for these events, the system will make astronomy more accessible to the
general public, providing a tool for event planning, education, and research.

In particular, the integration of geographic data—such as the coordinates (latitude and

longitude) of specific locations—will help the system generate localized predictions about
event visibility, addressing one of the major limitations of traditional astronomical calculators.
Furthermore, the system will integrate tidal intensity forecasts, which will allow users to
understand the environmental impacts of these events.

1.2.2 Scope
The scope of this project encompasses the development of a machine learning model to
predict several key aspects of astronomical events:
 Event Type: The system will predict the specific type of astronomical event based on
the date, lunar and solar positions, and other input data (e.g., solar eclipse, lunar eclipse,
etc.).
 Event Intensity: The system will categorize the intensity of the event as low, moderate,
or high, based on astronomical data, including lunar phases and Earth-Moon distances.
 Visibility Location: Based on the input location, the system will predict where the
event is visible, which will be important for astronomers and enthusiasts who want to
witness these phenomena.
 Tidal Intensity: The model will predict tidal intensity (e.g., low, moderate, high) based
on lunar phases and solar positions, taking into account the gravitational forces acting
on Earth during the event.
While this project focuses on the prediction of lunar and solar events, it does not aim to
provide high-resolution data on all astronomical phenomena, such as deep space observations.
The system will also not include real-time weather forecasting, though the predictions will take
into account only the celestial factors impacting the event.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
1.2.3 Applicability
This predictive system has diverse applications across several domains:
 Astronomy Research: Researchers can use the system to predict upcoming
astronomical events with high accuracy. This will allow for better planning of
observational campaigns and data collection.
 Educational Institutions: The system can be used as an educational tool in schools
and universities to teach students about the interactions between the Earth, Moon, and
Sun, and how these relationships lead to observable phenomena.
 Astronomy Enthusiasts and Stargazers: The system will serve as a tool for casual
astronomy enthusiasts to predict the best times and locations to observe celestial events,
such as lunar eclipses and meteor showers.
 Environmental Studies: Given the effect of lunar phases on tidal intensity, the system
can also be useful in environmental studies, particularly for understanding the impact
of lunar cycles on coastal areas, agriculture, and marine ecosystems.

1.3 Existing Systems

Several systems already exist for predicting astronomical events, but they generally fall
short in terms of accuracy, geographical considerations, and the integration of real-time data.
For example, traditional astronomical calculators provide a fixed set of predictions based on
pre-calculated data. These systems do not account for real-time changes or variations in factors
like solar or lunar positions and do not offer dynamic predictions based on location.

Some systems, such as NASA’s Eclipse Web, provide valuable predictions about lunar
and solar eclipses but are generally limited to a specific type of event. While these systems
may include data such as dates and times, they often do not provide detailed location-based
information about visibility or event intensity, which can be crucial for astronomers and
stargazers.

Furthermore, many existing systems fail to integrate data from various sources, such as
tidal intensity data or lunar and solar positions, to provide a holistic understanding of the impact
of these events. Although some systems offer tidal predictions, these are generally based on
fixed formulas that do not take into account the dynamic changes in the Earth-Moon-Sun
system, leading to inaccurate predictions for specific locations.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

This project aims to overcome these limitations by combining machine learning with
historical event data, solar and lunar positions, and location-specific inputs. By leveraging real-
time data and providing dynamic predictions, the system will offer a more comprehensive and
accurate tool for predicting astronomical events and their effects on Earth.

1.4 Problem Statement

Despite significant advancements in astronomical research, many existing systems for
predicting celestial events remain limited. Traditional methods and calculators fail to offer the
accuracy and personalization required for real-time predictions based on location and
environmental factors. Moreover, these systems do not integrate multiple data sources, such as
tidal intensity and lunar position, to provide a comprehensive view of astronomical events.

The lack of an integrated, dynamic prediction system that can accurately forecast event
types, intensities, and visibility locations, considering geographic and environmental factors,
presents a significant gap in the field of astronomical predictions. This project seeks to address
this gap by developing a machine learning-based prediction system that combines historical
astronomical data with real-time input variables, providing accurate, location-specific
forecasts for astronomical events.

1.5 Objectives
The key objectives of this project are as follows:
 To Develop a Machine Learning Model: The system will use machine learning
algorithms to analyze historical data and predict the type, intensity, and visibility of
astronomical events based on input variables, including date, lunar and solar positions,
and location.
 To Integrate Tidal Intensity Predictions: By combining lunar phases and solar
positions, the system will predict tidal intensity levels (low, moderate, high), helping
researchers and environmentalists assess the potential impact of these events on coastal
areas.
 To Provide Location-Specific Predictions: The system will generate localized
predictions for visibility and tidal intensity, allowing users to plan observations based
on their geographic location.
 To Create a User-Friendly Interface: The system will offer an intuitive interface for

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
users to input their location and desired event date, making it accessible to both
professionals and casual users.
 To Improve Prediction Accuracy: Through the integration of diverse datasets and
continuous model training, the system will improve prediction accuracy, providing
highly reliable forecasts.

1.6 Organization of the Report

The report is organized into six main chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of the
project:
 Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter provides an overview of the project, including its purpose, scope,
applicability, and the problem statement. It also outlines the objectives and describes
the structure of the report.
 Chapter 2: Tools and Technologies
This chapter details the tools and technologies used in the project, such as
programming languages, frameworks, databases, and any APIs or libraries utilized for
event prediction and data integration.
 Chapter 3: System Design
This chapter discusses the system's architecture, its modular structure, and the
methodology or algorithms used for predictions and calculations. A detailed
description of how the data flows through the system is included.
 Chapter 4: Implementation
This chapter provides insights into the implementation of the project. It covers the
implementation approaches, highlights critical code segments, and discusses the
integration of data from various datasets.
 Chapter 5: Results
This chapter presents the results of the project, including accuracy metrics,
performance analysis, and visual outputs such as charts and graphs. Snapshots of the
working system are also included for reference.
 Chapter 6: Applications and Conclusion
This chapter summarizes the applications of the project, provides conclusions
based on the results, and discusses the potential future scope for enhancing the system.
 References
This section lists all the resources, papers, articles, and tools referred to during the
development of the project.

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 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 2
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
2.1 Tools and Software
2.1.1 Programming Languages
 Python
Python was a critical component of the project, especially for data preprocessing,
model development, and machine learning implementation. The language's simplicity
and extensive libraries made it ideal for handling large datasets and performing
statistical analysis. Libraries like NumPy and pandas allowed efficient manipulation
and analysis of the datasets, while scikit-learn provided the tools to develop machine
learning models for event prediction. Python's versatility also facilitated integration
with APIs for real-time data fetching and server-side logic.
 JavaScript
JavaScript was used to build the interactive front-end functionality of the system.
It was crucial for dynamically handling user input and updating the user interface in
real-time. The language's ability to manage client-side operations seamlessly allows for
a responsive and interactive experience for the users. Through JavaScript, we were able
to build features like data visualization, event type prediction displays, and interactive
maps for location-based data.

2.1.2 Frameworks and Libraries

 Flask
Flask is a lightweight and flexible Python web framework used for creating the
back-end API of the system. It was used to handle HTTP requests, integrate the
machine learning model for predictions, and serve responses to the front-end. Flask’s
simplicity and ease of use made it ideal for rapid development. Additionally, it allowed
the seamless integration of Python-based machine learning models and data processing
functions with a user-friendly web interface.
 scikit-learn
scikit-learn is a comprehensive Python library that provides simple and efficient
tools for data mining and data analysis. For this project, it was used to implement
machine learning models that predict event types, event intensities, and tidal levels.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
scikit-learn supports various machine learning algorithms such as classification,
regression, and clustering, which are essential for developing predictive models based
on the available datasets. The library’s built-in functions for model evaluation and
cross-validation also played a key role in ensuring that the models were robust and
accurate.
 Matplotlib & Seaborn
Matplotlib is a powerful plotting library used for creating static, animated, and
interactive visualizations in Python. Seaborn, built on top of Matplotlib, is used for
creating more attractive and informative statistical graphics. These libraries were used
for visualizing trends and relationships within the data, such as lunar phases, tidal
intensity, and predicted event types. The visual representations helped in better
understanding of the predictions, making it easier for users to interpret the results.
 Pandas & NumPy
Pandas is a library that provides high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and
data analysis tools for Python. It was used extensively to manipulate and preprocess
datasets. NumPy, a library for numerical computations, was used for handling large
arrays and matrices of data. Both libraries enabled efficient operations on the datasets
and played an essential role in cleaning, transforming, and merging data for further
analysis and prediction.
 Skyfield
Skyfield is a Python library that enables precise calculations of planetary positions,
lunar phases, and other astronomical data. It is critical for determining the positions of
the moon, sun, and other celestial bodies in order to predict celestial events.
 Pvlib
Pvlib is another Python library that helps with solar energy modeling and analysis.
It is particularly useful in understanding solar radiation and angles, which may be
important for predicting how solar phenomena impact celestial events like solar
eclipses.
 Joblib
Joblib is a Python library used for efficient serialization of Python objects. In this
project, it is used to save and load machine learning models that have been trained,
reducing the need for retraining and improving efficiency when making predictions.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
2.1.3 Data Sources
 Satic Dataset
Static datasets containing latitude and longitude values are widely available
online and are popular due to their simplicity and ease of use. These datasets are often
used in research, education, and development projects because they provide readily
available, pre-processed data for geographic locations.
o GeoNames.org
Websites like GeoNames.org provide downloadable datasets of cities
and their respective latitude and longitude.
o NASA SPICE Toolkit - Kernel Files
The de440s.bsp file is a high-precision ephemeris dataset from the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), provided as part of the NASA SPICE Toolkit.
This dataset contains detailed information about the positions and velocities
of celestial bodies, such as planets, moons, asteroids, and other solar system
objects. The file is used in planetary science and astronomy applications to
calculate the locations of these bodies over time.

2.2 Hardware Requirements

 Processor
The project required a minimum of an Intel Core i5 processor to handle data
processing tasks, machine learning model training, and real-time web requests
efficiently. A higher-end processor (Core i7 or equivalent) would improve performance,
especially when dealing with large datasets and complex models.
 Memory (RAM)
8 GB of RAM was required to ensure smooth multitasking and efficient data
processing. Higher memory, such as 16 GB, would further improve performance,
especially when handling larger datasets or running multiple processes simultaneously
during model training and testing.
 Storage
A minimum of 256 GB SSD storage was essential to accommodate the datasets,
model files, and server components. SSDs are faster than traditional hard drives,
providing quicker data retrieval speeds, which is important when working with large
data sets.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
 GPU
A dedicated GPU (NVIDIA or AMD) was optional for the model training phase,
particularly for deep learning models or computationally intensive tasks. While the
project did not require a GPU for basic machine learning tasks, using one would enhance
the speed and efficiency of training complex models.

2.3 Development Environment

2.3.1 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
 Visual Studio Code
Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a popular lightweight code editor used for both
front-end and back-end development. It provides features like syntax highlighting,
version control integration, and a robust ecosystem of extensions that support various
programming languages, including Python, JavaScript, and HTML/CSS. VS Code was
used to write and manage the code for the entire project, from the server-side logic to
the front-end UI.
 Jupyter Notebook
Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web application that allows for creating and
sharing documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
It was used for exploratory data analysis, developing machine learning models, and
visualizing results. Jupyter Notebook’s interactive nature made it easy to test and
modify machine learning models and algorithms in real-time.

2.4 Technologies
2.4.1 Machine Learning
Machine learning was at the core of this project. Supervised machine learning models
were used to predict event types, event intensities, and tidal levels based on the available data.
The process included feature engineering, data cleaning, and model selection. Models were
trained using historical data and fine-tuned for accuracy. The scikit-learn library provided an
array of tools to implement various machine learning algorithms, including regression and
classification.

2.4.2 Data Integration and Processing

Data integration was key in this project, as the system utilized data from three different
sources: astronomical event data, tidal intensity data, and geolocation data. These datasets were

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
merged based on shared attributes such as date, location, and lunar/sun positions. The
integration of these datasets allowed the development of a comprehensive model that could
predict future astronomical events and their related properties (like visibility and intensity).

2.4.3 Visualization
Visualization tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Plotly were used to create intuitive
and informative visual representations of the predictions and trends within the datasets. These
tools helped in understanding the relationships between the input features and the predictions.
Visualizations were also integrated into the front-end, offering users interactive charts and
graphs for better data interpretation.

2.4.4 Back-End Development

The back-end was built using Flask, a Python web framework. Flask was used to create
a lightweight API that processes incoming prediction requests, calls the machine learning
models, and sends back the prediction results to the front-end. Flask’s minimalistic approach
allowed for easy scalability and integration with other technologies.

2.5 Front-End Implementation

 HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
Defined the structure and layout of the web pages, including headers, forms, tables,
and navigation menus.
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
Styled the web pages with themes, responsive design, and animations for a visually
appealing user interface.
 JavaScript
Enabled dynamic functionalities, such as handling user inputs, visual updates, and
asynchronous communication with the backend.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
This chapter outlines the architecture, modules, and algorithms that power the system for
predicting astronomical events. The system is based on machine learning models that process
data, learn from it, and make predictions about upcoming celestial events based on user input
like date and location.

3.1 Architecture
The architecture is designed to process raw data through multiple stages, transforming it
into useful predictions. The architecture consists of several key stages:

Figure 3.1: Architectural Diagram of Machine Learning Model

3.1.1. Data Collection
This is the first step where you gather raw data from various sources. In the context of your
project, data sources could include:
 Solar Position Data: Solar data is obtained using the Pvlib library, which calculates
solar altitude and azimuth based on the given location (latitude, longitude) and date.
 Lunar Position Data: Lunar data is fetched using the Skyfield library to calculate the
moon's phase and distance from Earth on a particular date.
 Geographical Data: Information about the geographical locations (latitude, longitude)
can be stored in a CSV file, as you mentioned in your Flask application.
 Tidal Data (if applicable): If available, historical tidal data could be used to enhance
model training.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

3.1.2. Data Preparation (Feature Extraction and Cleaning)

This step involves transforming raw data into a structured format that is suitable for machine
learning models. Here's how this step could look for your project:
 Feature Extraction:
o Extract relevant features such as solar altitude, solar azimuth, lunar phase, and
distance to the moon.
o Additional features such as date (year, month, day) and location (latitude,
longitude) could be extracted from input data.
 Data Cleaning:
o Handle missing or inconsistent values. For instance, ensure that location names
match between user input and data in your CSV file.
o Normalize or standardize numerical values, such as solar altitude and lunar
phase, to bring them to a comparable scale.
o Encode categorical variables (e.g., event types or intensity categories) into
numerical form using Label Encoding or One-Hot Encoding.

3.1.3. Model Training

Once the data is prepared, it's time to train machine learning models. This involves
selecting an algorithm and using the training data to "teach" the model. Based on your project,
here's a more detailed breakdown of what this might entail:
 Training Data:
o You would split the prepared dataset into two parts: training and testing data
(usually 70-80% training, 20-30% testing).
o The training data includes features like solar position, lunar position, date, and
location, along with the corresponding target variables (e.g., tidal intensity,
astronomical event type).
 Model Selection:
o For tidal intensity prediction, you could use a regression model like Random
Forest or Linear Regression.
o For astronomical event prediction, a classification model like Random Forest
or Support Vector Machine (SVM) would be appropriate.
 Model Training:
o Train the model using the training data, which helps the model learn the
relationship between the features and the target (tidal intensity or event type).

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
o Evaluate the model using techniques like cross-validation to tune
hyperparameters and ensure the model isn't overfitting.

3.1.4. Model Validation

After training the model, it needs to be validated using the testing data. This step ensures
that the model is generalizing well and can make accurate predictions on unseen data. The key
aspects of model validation include:
 Performance Metrics:
o For regression models (e.g., tidal intensity), you can evaluate the model using
Mean Squared Error (MSE), R-squared (R²), or Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
o For classification models (e.g., event prediction), you can use metrics like
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
 Model Tuning:
o You may need to fine-tune hyperparameters, such as the number of trees in a
Random Forest model or the kernel type in an SVM. This can be done using
Grid Search or Random Search.
 Testing Data:
o The testing data is used to evaluate how well the model performs on unseen
data. If the model performs well on the testing set, it is likely ready for
deployment.

3.1.5. Event Prediction

Once the model has been trained and validated, it is ready to make predictions. In your
Flask application, this process can be broken down as follows:
 Input Data:
o The user inputs the date and location.
o The system then calculates the solar position and lunar position for the given
date and location.
 Prediction Process:
o The calculated features (solar altitude, solar azimuth, lunar phase, and
distance to the moon) are fed into the trained model.
o The model outputs the predicted tidal intensity or the predicted astronomical
event (type, intensity, location).
 Output:
o For tidal intensity, the model will output a numerical value which is then

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
categorized (e.g., Low, Moderate, High).
o For event prediction, the model outputs the event type, intensity, and location.
 Presentation:
o The predicted event information (tidal intensity, event type, etc.) is displayed
to the user via a web interface (HTML template rendered by Flask).
o The web interface will allow users to easily access the predicted event
information, including tidal intensity, event type (e.g., lunar eclipse, solar
eclipse, meteor shower), and visibility locations. The interface will be
dynamically updated with the latest predictions, utilizing real-time data feeds
to provide accurate, up-to-date information. Users can interact with the
interface to view specific event details based on location and date, ensuring
that the tool offers a personalized and engaging experience.

3.2 Modules Description

3.2.1 Data Collection Module
This module is responsible for gathering all the raw data required for model training and
prediction. It interfaces with various data sources and collects a variety of datasets.
 Astronomical Event Data:
o This data provides information on celestial events like eclipses, meteor
showers, and phases of the moon. The sources of this data include public
databases and APIs like Skyfield (for solar and lunar positions), Pvlib (for solar
power data and solar irradiance), and other astronomical datasets.
 Tidal Data:
o This includes information on tides, influenced by lunar and solar positions. The
tidal data helps the model predict certain environmental factors that can
influence visibility and intensity of celestial events.
 Geolocation Data:
o This data provides the geographical information required to make predictions
about the visibility of events at specific locations. Geolocation APIs provide
latitude and longitude, which can be used to determine visibility based on
astronomical factors.
 Data Preprocessing:
o Cleaning: Remove any corrupt or incomplete data entries.
o Normalization: Normalize numerical data (e.g., solar positions, tidal

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
intensities) to ensure the model performs well across all values.
o Encoding: Convert categorical variables like event types into numeric values,
using techniques like Label Encoding or One-Hot Encoding.

3.2.2 Model Training Module

The Model Training module builds predictive models using machine learning algorithms.
This module is crucial because it "teaches" the system how to predict celestial events
accurately.
 Data Preprocessing for Model Training:
Before the training phase, the collected data is preprocessed to ensure it is in the
right format for machine learning. This includes:
o Handling Missing Data: Missing data can be handled using techniques
like mean imputation or removing rows/columns with too many missing
values.
o Feature Scaling: Scaling numerical features (e.g., solar position, tidal
data) helps algorithms like Gradient Boosting or Random Forests perform
better. Min-Max Scaling or Standardization are commonly used.
 Training the Model:
The core of this module is to train a machine learning model on the preprocessed
data. Several algorithms are used to build the model:
o Random Forest: This is an ensemble learning technique that
aggregates predictions from multiple decision trees. It helps to reduce
overfitting and improve model performance.
o Decision Trees: A decision tree algorithm creates a model by splitting
data based on feature values. It is easy to interpret and useful for
classification tasks.
o Gradient Boosting: An ensemble method that builds weak learners
sequentially, correcting errors made by the previous model. This
method is powerful for improving prediction accuracy.
 Model Validation:
To ensure that the model generalizes well, we validate it using:
o Cross-Validation: This technique splits the data into multiple subsets,
trains the model on some and tests on the others, ensuring the model
doesn't overfit to a single data partition.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
 Performance Metrics:
o Accuracy: Measures the overall correct predictions.
o Precision and Recall: Precision is the number of correct positive
predictions, while recall is the number of actual positives identified by the
model.
o F1 Score: A balanced measure of precision and recall.
o Confusion Matrix: A matrix showing the true positives, false positives,
true negatives, and false negatives, helping to assess the classification
performance.

3.2.3 Event Prediction Module

After the model is trained and validated, it is used to predict astronomical events based on
user input.
 User Input:
The user provides a date (day, month, year) and location (latitude, longitude). This
data is processed to ensure it is compatible with the model’s requirements.
o Input Handling: The system processes the date and location input to extract
features like day of the year, latitude, and longitude.
o Prediction Process:
The system uses the trained model to predict events. The following steps occur:
 Feature Extraction: The system extracts relevant features (e.g., solar
position, tidal intensity) for the given date and location.
 Event Prediction: The model processes these features and outputs the
event type (e.g., eclipse, meteor shower), intensity (low, medium, high),
and visibility.
o Output:
 Event Type: The model predicts the type of celestial event (e.g.,
eclipse, meteor shower).
 Event Intensity: The model categorizes the intensity (e.g., low,
medium, high) of the event.
 Visibility: The model predicts the regions or locations where the event
will be visible based on the user's location.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

Figure 3.2: ER Diagram of Astronomical Event Model

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

3.3 Algorithms and Methodologies

3.3.1 Data Preprocessing Algorithm
The data preprocessing algorithm is responsible for ensuring that the raw data is clean,
structured, and ready for model training.
 Input Data: Raw astronomical event data, tidal data, and user location data.
 Steps:
o Cleaning: Detect and handle missing or erroneous data.
o Scaling: Normalize the numerical features to ensure consistent model
performance.
o Encoding: Convert categorical features (e.g., event types) into a numerical
format.
o Output: Cleaned, normalized, and encoded data ready for training.

3.3.2 Model Training Algorithm

The model training algorithm is used to build the predictive model by learning from
historical data.
 Input Data: Preprocessed data split into training and testing sets.
 Steps:
o Model Initialization: Set up machine learning models like Random Forest,
Decision Trees, or Gradient Boosting.
o Training: Train the model using the training data.
o Hyperparameter Tuning: Fine-tune the model using techniques like Grid
Search or Randomized Search.
o Output: A trained and validated model ready for event prediction.

3.3.3 Event Prediction Algorithm

This algorithm uses the trained model to predict celestial events based on user inputs.
 Input Data: User-provided date and location.
 Steps:
o Feature Extraction: Convert the user's inputs into features that the model
can process.
o Prediction: Use the trained model to predict the event type, intensity, and
visibility.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
o Output: A prediction of the celestial event's type, intensity, and visibility.

3.3.4 Methodologies
 Supervised Learning:
o The system uses supervised learning because the data includes labeled
examples (event types, intensities). The machine learning model learns
from these examples to make accurate predictions.
 Cross-Validation:
o Cross-validation helps ensure that the model generalizes well to unseen data
by validating it on multiple subsets of the data.
 Feature Engineering:
o Feature engineering improves the model's accuracy by identifying and
creating useful features that better describe the patterns in the data.
 Ensemble Methods:
o Random Forests and Gradient Boosting combine multiple models to
improve accuracy and reduce overfitting.
 Model Evaluation:
o Metrics like accuracy, precision, and recall are used to evaluate the model’s
performance, ensuring it makes reliable predictions for celestial events.

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 CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Implementation Approaches
In this section, we detail the implementation approaches used to build the Machine
Learning-Based Astronomical Events Predictor. This system leverages machine learning
models, solar and lunar calculations, and web application frameworks to predict astronomical
events based on user input. The implementation process is divided into several stages, from
data collection to prediction, to deliver accurate and real-time event predictions.

4.1.1 Overview of the Implementation Process

The implementation of the Machine Learning-Based Astronomical Events Predictor can
be categorized into the following stages:
 Data Collection
Gathering raw data from different sources related to solar positions, lunar phases,
and geographical information.
 Data Preparation
Cleaning, transforming, and preparing the data for machine learning, including
feature extraction and encoding.
 Model Training and Validation
Training machine learning models to predict astronomical events and evaluating
the models' accuracy.
 Event Prediction
Using trained models to predict astronomical events based on user input.
 Web Interface
Developing a user-friendly interface using Flask, where users can input data and
view event predictions in real-time.

4.1.2 Data Collection and Integration

Data collection is essential for feeding accurate and reliable data into the machine
learning models. The sources of data include
 Solar Position Data:
o Pvlib is used to calculate the solar altitude and azimuth for a given date and location.
The solar position plays a critical role in predicting events like solar eclipses and
tidal intensity.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

 Solar Position Data:

o Pvlib is used to calculate the solar altitude and azimuth for a given date and location.
The solar position plays a critical role in predicting events like solar eclipses and
tidal intensity.
o Lunar Position Data:
 Skyfield is employed to calculate the lunar phase and the distance between the
Earth and the Moon on a given date. The phase of the moon directly influences
tidal movements and can affect the prediction of lunar events.
o Geographical Data:
 Users input their location (latitude and longitude), which is then used to calculate
solar and lunar positions for that specific location. A CSV file containing
geographical data is utilized to match user input with location information.

4.1.3 Data Preparation

Data preparation is a key step in making the raw data suitable for machine learning
models. This step includes:
 Feature Extraction:
o Extract features such as solar altitude, solar azimuth, lunar phase, and distance to
the moon, which are key for predicting astronomical events like solar or lunar
eclipses.
 Data Cleaning:
o Cleaning the data involves handling missing values, correcting errors, and ensuring
consistency in the data format, especially for categorical variables like location
names and event types.
 Normalization and Scaling:
o Numerical features, such as solar and lunar calculations, are normalized using
tandardScaler or other scaling techniques to ensure that the data is on a comparable
scale, which improves model performance.
 Encoding Categorical Data:
o Categorical variables such as event type and intensity are encoded into numerical
values using techniques like Label Encoding or One-Hot Encoding to make the data
usable for machine learning algorithms.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
4.1.4 Model Training and Validation
In this section, we focus on the training and validation of the machine learning models used
for predicting astronomical events:
 Model Selection:
o Tidal Intensity Prediction: A regression model like Random Forest Regressor is used
to predict tidal intensity based on solar and lunar features.
 Astronomical Event Prediction: A classification model such as Random Forest
Classifier or Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used to predict whether a solar or lunar
event (like an eclipse) will occur.
o Model Training:
 The models are trained on historical data, where the input features (solar altitude,
lunar phase, etc.) are used to predict known event types or tidal intensities. The
data is split into training and testing sets for evaluation.
o Cross-Validation:
 k-fold cross-validation is used to tune hyperparameters and ensure that the
models generalize well across different data sets.
o Model Evaluation:
 The trained models are validated using unseen test data, and performance metrics
like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score (for classification) and Mean Squared
Error (MSE) (for regression) are used to evaluate the models.

4.1.5 Event Prediction

Once the models have been trained and validated, they are used to make predictions for
user input:
 User Input:
o The user inputs a date (year, month, and day) and location (city or place name).
 Solar and Lunar Calculations:
o The system calculates the solar position (altitude and azimuth) using Pvlib based
on the user's location and the selected date.
o The lunar phase and distance to the moon are calculated using Skyfield.
 Feature Vector Creation:
o The system creates a feature vector using the calculated solar and lunar positions,
the lunar phase, and the date. This feature vector is then used as input for the trained
machine learning models.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
 Model Prediction:
o The feature vector is passed through the trained models to predict:
o Tidal Intensity: The regression model predicts the intensity of the tidal event (e.g.,
Low, Moderate, High).
o Astronomical Event Type: The classification model predicts the type of
astronomical event (e.g., solar eclipse, lunar eclipse).
 Results Display:
o The predicted event type and intensity are displayed on a results page for the user,
providing valuable insights about the upcoming astronomical events.

4.1.6 Web Interface Implementation (Flask)

The web interface is built using Flask, which allows users to interact with the system
and obtain predictions:
 Front-End:
o The user interface is designed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The interface
includes forms for users to enter the date and location for event prediction.
o JavaScript is used to send the data to the Flask backend for processing.
 Flask Backend:
o The backend handles the processing of user input, solar and lunar calculations, and
the machine learning model predictions. It receives data via POST requests,
performs the necessary calculations, and returns the predicted event information.
 Flask Routes:
o The home route renders the main page, allowing users to input their location and
date.
o The process route receives the data, performs the calculations, and triggers the
machine learning models to predict events.
o The results route displays the event predictions, including event type and intensity.
 Model Integration:
 The trained machine learning models (e.g., Random Forest) are loaded into the
Flask app using joblib and used to generate predictions based on user inputs.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

4.2 Source Code

4.2.1 Data Preprocessing
 Astronomical Event Prediction
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
import pandas as pd

# Load dataset
data = pd.read_csv("static\\astronomical_events_data2.csv")

# Encode categorical variables

event_type_encoder = LabelEncoder()
intensity_encoder = LabelEncoder()
location_encoder = LabelEncoder()

data['Event_Type_Encoded']= event_type_encoder.fit_transform(data['Event_Type'])
data['Event_Intensity_Encoded'] =
intensity_encoder.fit_transform(data['Event_Intensity'])
data['Visible_Location_Encoded'] =
location_encoder.fit_transform(data['Visible_Location'])

# Define features (X) and multiple targets (y)

X = data[['Year', 'Month', 'Day', 'Lunar_Position', 'Solar_Position']]
y = data[['Event_Type_Encoded', 'Event_Intensity_Encoded',
'Visible_Location_Encoded']]
 Tidal Intensity Prediction
# Import necessary libraries
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
import re

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
# Step 1: Load the Data
data = pd.read_csv("static\\tidal_data.csv")

# Step 2: Extract numerical tidal_intensity from the string

# Extract the numerical part before the space (e.g., 2.1 from '2.1 (Low)')
data['tidal_intensity_value'] = data['tidal_intensity'].apply(lambda x:
float(re.match(r'([0-9.]+)', x).group(1)))

# Step 3: Prepare the Features (X) and Target (y)

X = data[['lunar_phase', 'earth_moon_distance']] # Features: lunar_phase,
earth_moon_distance
y = data['tidal_intensity_value'] # Target: numerical tidal_intensity value

# Step 4: Normalize the Features

scaler = StandardScaler()
X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)

# Step 5: Split the Data into Train and Test sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_scaled, y, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)

# Step 6: Train the Model (RandomForestRegressor)

model = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=100, random_state=42)
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Step 7: Predict on Test Data

y_pred = model.predict(X_test)

# Step 8: Evaluate the Model

mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
rmse = np.sqrt(mse)
r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)

print(f"Mean Squared Error (MSE): {mse:.2f}")

print(f"Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE): {rmse:.2f}")

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
print(f"R² Score: {r2:.2f}")

# Optional: Visualize Predictions vs Actuals

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.scatter(y_test, y_pred, alpha=0.7)

plt.xlabel("Actual Tidal Intensity")
plt.ylabel("Predicted Tidal Intensity")
plt.title("Actual vs Predicted Tidal Intensity")
plt.show()

4.2.2 Model Training

 Astronomical Events Prediction
from sklearn.multioutput import MultiOutputClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
import joblib

# Split the data

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# Initialize a multi-output classifier

model = MultiOutputClassifier(RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42))
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Make predictions
predictions = model.predict(X_test)

# Calculate accuracy for each target

accuracy = [accuracy_score(y_test.iloc[:, i], predictions[:, i]) for i in range(y.shape[1])]
print("Accuracies:", accuracy)
import joblib

# Save the trained model

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
joblib.dump(model,"astronomical_event.pkl")

# Save the label encoders

joblib.dump(event_type_encoder,"event_type_encoder.pkl")
joblib.dump(intensity_encoder, "intensity_encoder.pkl")
joblib.dump(location_encoder, "location_encoder.pkl")

print("Model and Label Encoders saved successfully!")

 Tidal Intensity Prediction

# Import necessary libraries
import joblib

# Step 9: Save the trained model to a file

joblib.dump(model, 'tidal_intensity_model.pkl')

print("Model saved to 'tidal_intensity_model.pkl'")

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
import joblib

# Assuming X_train is your training data (features for predicting tidal intensity)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train) # Fit and transform on training data

# Train the model

model.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train) # y_train is the target (tidal intensity)

# Save the model and scaler

joblib.dump(model, "tidal_intensity_model.pkl")
joblib.dump(scaler, "scaler.pkl")

4.2.3 Flask Web Application

from flask import Flask, request, render_template, redirect, url_for, jsonify
import pandas as pd
import joblib

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
from datetime import datetime
from skyfield.api import load, utc
from pvlib import solarposition

app = Flask(__name__)

# Function to calculate solar position

def calculate_solar_position(date, latitude, longitude):
solar_pos = solarposition.get_solarposition(date, latitude, longitude)
altitude = solar_pos['elevation'].iloc[0]
azimuth = solar_pos['azimuth'].iloc[0]
return altitude, azimuth

# Function to calculate lunar position and distance

def calculate_lunar_details(date):
planets = load('de440s.bsp')
earth = planets['earth']
moon = planets['moon']
sun = planets['sun']
ts = load.timescale()
t = ts.utc(date.year, date.month, date.day)

moon_pos = earth.at(t).observe(moon).apparent()
sun_pos = earth.at(t).observe(sun).apparent()
moon_sun_angle = moon_pos.separation_from(sun_pos)
lunar_phase = 180 - moon_sun_angle.degrees

distance_to_moon = moon_pos.distance().km

return lunar_phase, distance_to_moon

@app.route('/')
def home():
return render_template('home.html')

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
@app.route('/first', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def first_page():
if request.method == 'POST':
year = int(request.form['year'])
month = int(request.form['month'])
day = int(request.form['day'])
location_name = request.form['location']
date = datetime(year, month, day)

# Load location data

location_df = pd.read_csv("location.csv")
location_data = location_df[location_df['Place'].str.lower() == location_name.lower()]

if location_data.empty:
return "Location not found. Please check the name and try again."

latitude = location_data['Latitude'].values[0]
longitude = location_data['Longitude'].values[0]

# Calculate solar and lunar details

solar_alt, solar_azimuth = calculate_solar_position(pd.Timestamp(date), latitude,
longitude)
lunar_phase, distance_to_moon = calculate_lunar_details(date)

# Prepare the input data for tidal intensity prediction

input_data = [[lunar_phase, distance_to_moon]] # Assuming lunar phase and distance to
moon are the inputs

# Load the trained tidal intensity prediction model and scaler

tidal_model = joblib.load("tidal_intensity_model.pkl")
scaler = joblib.load("scaler.pkl") # Load the scaler used during training

# Normalize the input data using the trained scaler

input_scaled = scaler.transform(input_data) # Use transform instead of fit_transform

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
# Predict tidal intensity
tidal_intensity_pred = tidal_model.predict(input_scaled)

# Extract the predicted tidal intensity

tidal_intensity = tidal_intensity_pred[0]

# Categorize the tidal intensity (Low, Moderate, High)

if tidal_intensity < 2.5:
intensity_category = "Low"
elif 2.5 <= tidal_intensity < 3.5:
intensity_category = "Moderate"
else:
intensity_category = "High"

# Redirect to second page with data passed via URL including tidal intensity
return redirect(url_for('second_page2',
year=year,
month=month,
day=day,
location=location_name,
solar_altitude=solar_alt,
solar_azimuth=solar_azimuth,
lunar_phase=lunar_phase,
distance_to_moon=distance_to_moon,
tidal_intensity=tidal_intensity,
intensity_category=intensity_category))

return render_template('first_page1.html')

@app.route('/second', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

def second_page2():
# Retrieve data passed from the first page
year = int(request.args['year'])
month = int(request.args['month'])
day = int(request.args['day'])

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
location = request.args['location']
solar_altitude = float(request.args['solar_altitude'])
solar_azimuth = float(request.args['solar_azimuth'])
lunar_phase = float(request.args['lunar_phase'])
distance_to_moon = float(request.args['distance_to_moon'])
tidal_intensity = float(request.args['tidal_intensity'])
intensity_category = request.args['intensity_category']

# Handle POST request to make further predictions or perform other actions

if request.method == 'POST':
# Get user inputs
solar_azimuth = float(request.form['solar_azimuth'])
lunar_phase = float(request.form['lunar_phase'])

# Prepare the input array with required features

input_data = [[year, month, day, lunar_phase, solar_azimuth]]

# Load model and encoders for event type prediction

model = joblib.load("astronomical_event.pkl")
event_type_encoder = joblib.load("event_type_encoder.pkl")
intensity_encoder = joblib.load("intensity_encoder.pkl")
location_encoder = joblib.load("location_encoder.pkl")

# Make predictions
prediction = model.predict(input_data)
event_type = event_type_encoder.inverse_transform([prediction[0][0]])[0]
intensity = intensity_encoder.inverse_transform([prediction[0][1]])[0]
location = location_encoder.inverse_transform([prediction[0][2]])[0]
if(intensity=="-"):
intensity="Not Applicable"

# Return prediction results

return redirect(url_for('result1',
year=year,
month=month,

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
day=day,
predicted_event_type=event_type,
predicted_intensity=intensity,
predicted_location=location))

# Display form with pre-filled data from URL query parameters

return render_template(
'second_page3.html',
year=year,
month=month,
day=day,
location=location,
solar_altitude=solar_altitude,
solar_azimuth=solar_azimuth,
lunar_phase=lunar_phase,
distance_to_moon=distance_to_moon,
tidal_intensity=tidal_intensity,
intensity_category=intensity_category
)

@app.route('/result')
def result1():
# Get values from the query parameters
year = request.args.get('year')
month = request.args.get('month')
day = request.args.get('day')
predicted_event_type = request.args.get('predicted_event_type')
predicted_intensity = request.args.get('predicted_intensity')
predicted_location = request.args.get('predicted_location')

# Render the result page with prediction details

return render_template('result1.html',
year=year, month=month, day=day,
predicted_event_type=predicted_event_type,
predicted_intensity=predicted_intensity,

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
predicted_location=predicted_location)

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

4.2.4 Front-End Code (HTML)

 home.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Home Page</title>
<style>
body {
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
background-color: #f4f6f9;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
background-image: url('/static/front.gif');
background-size: cover;
background-position: center center;
background-attachment: fixed;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: space-between;
min-height: 100vh;
}
header {
background-color: #14181b;
color: #fff;
padding: 15px 20px;
text-align: center;
width: 100%;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 33

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}

header h1 {
margin: 0;
font-size: 28px;
}

header {
background-color: #14181b;
color: #fff;
padding: 15px 20px;
text-align: center;
}

header h1 {
margin: 0;
font-size: 28px;
}

.container {

width: 80%;
max-width: 800px;
margin: auto;
padding: 30px;
background-color: #dbe3dc;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
text-align: center;
}

.container h2 {
font-size: 24px;
color: #14181b;
margin-bottom: 20px;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 34

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}

.container p {
font-size: 18px;
color: #0e1314;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.button {
background-color: #eaed36;
color: rgb(218, 47, 47);
padding: 15px 30px;
font-size: 18px;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
align-items: center;
}

.button:hover {
background-color: #99ac99;
color: #fff;
}

footer {
background-color: #14181b;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
padding: 10px 0;
margin-top: auto;
}

footer a {
color: #eaed36;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 35

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
text-decoration: none;
margin: 0 10px;
font-size: 16px;
}

footer a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Astronomy Events Predictor</h1>
</header>
<div class="container">
<h1>Welcome to the Astronomy Events Predictor</h1>
<p>Track celestial events and get predictions about solar and lunar activities.</p>
<a href="{{ url_for('first_page') }}" class="button"><b>Start Tracking</b></a>
</div>
<footer>
<p>Connect with us:</p>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a>
<a href="https://github.com" target="_blank">GitHub</a>
<a href="https://twitter.com" target="_blank">Twitter</a>
<p>&copy; 2024 Astronomy Events Predictor. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>

 first_page.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 36

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
<title>Enter Date and Location</title>
<style>
/* General styling */
body {
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
background-color: #f4f7fa;
color: #333;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
height: 100vh;
background-image: url('/static/first-page-gif.gif'); /* Add your image path here
*/
background-size: cover; /* Ensures the image covers the entire screen */
background-position: center center; /* Centers the image */
background-attachment: fixed;
}

/* Container for the form and images */

.content-container {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
width: 90%;
max-width: 1200px;
}

/* Form styling */
.form-container {
width: 45%;
background-color: #fff;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0px 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 37

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}

h1 {
text-align: center;
color: #333;
font-size: 24px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}

label {
font-size: 16px;
color: #444;
margin-bottom: 10px;
display: block;
}

input, select {
width: 100%;
padding: 12px;
margin: 10px 0 20px 0;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 5px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}

button {
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
border: none;
padding: 15px 20px;
font-size: 16px;
border-radius: 5px;
cursor: pointer;
width: 100%;
transition: background-color 0.3s;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 38

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}

button:hover {
background-color: #45a049;
}

/* Image and text styling */

.bio-container {
width: 45%;
padding: 20px;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: space-between;
}

.bio-container img {
width: 100%;
max-width: 300px;
border-radius: 10px;
}
.bio-container img:hover {
transform: scale(1.1); /* Slightly enlarge the image */
box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); /* Add a shadow */
}

.bio-container h3 {
font-size: 20px;
margin-top: 10px;
color: #f2e4e4;
}

.bio-container p {
font-size: 16px;
color: #e9e1e1;
}

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 39

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

@media (max-width: 768px) {

.content-container {
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
}
.form-container, .bio-container {
width: 90%;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="content-container">
<!-- Form Section -->
<div class="form-container">
<h1>Step 1: Provide Date and Location</h1>
<form method="POST">
<label for="year">Year:</label>
<input type="number" id="year" name="year" required><br><br>

<label for="month">Month:</label>
<select id="month" name="month" required>
<option value="" disabled selected>Select Month</option>
<option value="1">January</option>
<option value="2">February</option>
<option value="3">March</option>
<option value="4">April</option>
<option value="5">May</option>
<option value="6">June</option>
<option value="7">July</option>
<option value="8">August</option>
<option value="9">September</option>
<option value="10">October</option>

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 40

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
<option value="11">November</option>
<option value="12">December</option>
</select><br><br>

<label for="day">Day:</label>
<input type="number" id="day" name="day" required><br><br>

<label for="location">Location:</label>
<input type="text" id="location" name="location" required><br><br>

<button type="submit">Next</button>
</form>
</div>

<!-- Bio Section for Galileo and Johannes Kepler -->

<div class="bio-container">
<div>
<img src="/static/galelio.jpg" alt="Galileo Galilei">
<h3>Galileo Galilei</h3>
<p>Galileo was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, often referred
to as the "father of modern observational astronomy." His advancements in the
telescope and his observations on the moons of Jupiter have directly influenced how
we observe and understand celestial bodies today, which could contribute to the
astronomical event predictions in our project.</p>
</div>
<div>
<img src="/static/kepler.webp" alt="Johannes Kepler">
<h3>Johannes Kepler</h3>
<p>Kepler, a German astronomer, is known for his laws of planetary motion.
His work on the elliptical orbits of planets laid the foundation for understanding
celestial mechanics. His contributions to the understanding of planetary movement and
orbits would help enhance the accuracy of predicting celestial events for our
project.</p>
</div>
</div>

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 41

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
</div>
</body>
</html>

 Second_page.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Enter Solar and Lunar Positions</title>
<style>
/* General Styling */
body {
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #f9f9fc, #e8ebf2);
background-image: url('/static/second-page.gif'); /* Add your image path here
*/
background-size: cover; /* Ensures the image covers the entire screen */
background-position: center center; /* Centers the image */
background-attachment: fixed;
}
.container {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: flex-start;
width: 90%;
max-width: 1200px;
margin: 50px auto;
background-color: #fff;
padding: 30px;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 42

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}
.form-section {
flex: 1;
padding-right: 40px; /* Add spacing between form and images */
}
.image-section {
flex: 1;
position: relative;
}
.image-section img {
width: 100%;
height: auto;
border-radius: 8px;
box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.image-section img:hover {
transform: scale(1.05); /* Slight zoom-in effect */
box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); /* Enhanced shadow on hover */
}
.annotation {
position: relative; /* Positioned above the content */
font-size: 14px;
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
border: 1px solid #ccc;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin-bottom: 10px; /* Adds space between annotation and content */
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
h1 {
text-align: center;
color: #34495e;
font-size: 24px;
margin-bottom: 20px;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 43

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}
form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: flex-start;
}

label, input {
margin: 8px 0;
}
.input-box {
width: 100%; /* Full-width for responsive layout */
max-width: 500px; /* Maximum width */
padding: 12px; /* Inner padding for comfort */
font-size: 16px; /* Larger font for readability */
border: 1px solid #ccc; /* Border style */
border-radius: 6px; /* Rounded corners */
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); /* Subtle shadow for depth */
transition: all 0.3s ease; /* Smooth transitions on focus */
}

/* Hover and Focus Effects */

.input-box:focus {
border-color: #3498db; /* Highlight border on focus */
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.5); /* Glow effect */
outline: none; /* Remove default outline */
}

.input-box:hover {
border-color: #2980b9; /* Slightly darker border on hover */
}

button {
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 44

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
padding: 12px 20px;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
width: 100%;
max-width: 600px;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(221, 221, 225, 0.8);
}
button:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
background: linear-gradient(to right, #2980b9, #8e44ad);
box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
}
.go-back {
position: absolute;
bottom: 10px;
left: 10px;
}
.go-back a {
text-decoration: none;
color: #3498db;
font-size: 18px;
padding: 10px 20px;
border: 2px solid #3498db;
border-radius: 6px;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.go-back a:hover {
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;
}

.content {
text-align: left;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 45

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
font-size: 16px;
color: #555;
margin-top: 10px; /* Space between annotation and content */
}

.result {
margin-top: 30px;
padding: 15px;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
border-radius: 8px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
.result h2 {
font-size: 20px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<!-- Form Section -->
<div class="form-section">
<h1>Step 2: Provide Solar and Lunar Positions</h1>
<p><strong>Date:</strong> {{ year }}-{{ month }}-{{ day }}</p>
<p><strong>Location:</strong> {{ location }}</p>
<p><strong>Solar Altitude:</strong> {{ solar_altitude }} degrees</p>
<p><strong>Solar Azimuth:</strong> {{ solar_azimuth }} degrees</p>
<p><strong>Lunar Phase:</strong> {{ lunar_phase }} degrees</p>
<p><strong>Distance from Earth to the Moon:</strong> {{ distance_to_moon
}} km</p>

<!-- Form for Prediction Submission -->

<form method="POST">
<label for="solar_azimuth"><b>Solar Azimuth:</b></label>
<input type="text" id="solar_azimuth" name="solar_azimuth" value="{{

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 46

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
solar_azimuth }}" required class="input-box"><br><br>

<label for="lunar_phase"><b>Lunar Phase:</b></label>

<input type="text" id="lunar_phase" name="lunar_phase" value="{{
lunar_phase }}" required class="input-box"><br><br>

<button type="submit">Predict Event</button>

</form>

<div class="result">
<h2>Predicted Tidal Intensity:</h2>
<p><strong>Intensity:</strong> {{ tidal_intensity }}</p>
<p><strong>Category:</strong> {{ intensity_category }}</p>
</div>

</div>
<div class="go-back">
<a href="/">Go Back</a>
</div>

<!-- Image Section -->

<div class="image-section">
<!-- Earth-Moon Distance Image -->
<img src="/static/earth-moon-distance.webp" alt="Earth and Moon Distance">
<div class="annotation earth-moon">
<strong>Earth-Moon Distance:</strong> Highlighting the distance between
Earth and the Moon.
</div>
<p class="content">
The Moon orbits the Earth at an average distance of about 384,400 kilometers
(238,855 miles). This distance varies slightly due to the Moon's elliptical orbit, ranging
from about 356,500 kilometers (221,500 miles) at its closest point (perigee) to
approximately 406,700 kilometers (252,700 miles) at its farthest point (apogee).

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
This vast distance plays a critical role in the Earth-Moon system. It affects
the strength of the Moon's gravitational pull, which drives tides on Earth, and ensures
the stability of Earth's axial tilt, contributing to a relatively stable climate. The distance
also has been an important factor in space exploration, as it determines travel times for
missions to the Moon, such as the historic Apollo missions.
</p>

<!-- Solar Azimuth and Altitude Image -->

<img src="/static/Azimuth-and-altitude-angle.png" alt="Solar Azimuth and
Altitude">
<div class="annotation solar">
<strong>Solar Details:</strong> Shows azimuth and altitude of the Sun.
</div>
<p class="content">
Solar Altitude: The angle of the Sun above the horizon, ranging from 0°
(sunrise/sunset) to 90° (directly overhead). It changes throughout the day and year
depending on time, latitude, and season.

Solar Azimuth: The direction of the Sun along the horizon, measured in
degrees from north (0°). For example, 90° indicates east, 180° south, and 270° west.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

 result.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Enter Solar and Lunar Positions</title>
<style>
/* General Styling */

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 48

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
body {
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #f9f9fc, #e8ebf2);
background-image: url('/static/second-page.gif'); /* Add your image path here
*/
background-size: cover; /* Ensures the image covers the entire screen */
background-position: center center; /* Centers the image */
background-attachment: fixed;
}
.container {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: flex-start;
width: 90%;
max-width: 1200px;
margin: 50px auto;
background-color: #fff;
padding: 30px;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
.form-section {
flex: 1;
padding-right: 40px; /* Add spacing between form and images */
}
.image-section {
flex: 1;
position: relative;
}
.image-section img {
width: 100%;
height: auto;
border-radius: 8px;

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 49

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.image-section img:hover {
transform: scale(1.05); /* Slight zoom-in effect */
box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); /* Enhanced shadow on hover */
}
.annotation {
position: relative; /* Positioned above the content */
font-size: 14px;
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
border: 1px solid #ccc;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin-bottom: 10px; /* Adds space between annotation and content */
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
h1 {
text-align: center;
color: #34495e;
font-size: 24px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: flex-start;
}

label, input {
margin: 8px 0;
}
.input-box {
width: 100%; /* Full-width for responsive layout */
max-width: 500px; /* Maximum width */

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
padding: 12px; /* Inner padding for comfort */
font-size: 16px; /* Larger font for readability */
border: 1px solid #ccc; /* Border style */
border-radius: 6px; /* Rounded corners */
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); /* Subtle shadow for depth */
transition: all 0.3s ease; /* Smooth transitions on focus */
}

/* Hover and Focus Effects */

.input-box:focus {
border-color: #3498db; /* Highlight border on focus */
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.5); /* Glow effect */
outline: none; /* Remove default outline */
}

.input-box:hover {
border-color: #2980b9; /* Slightly darker border on hover */
}

button {
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;
padding: 12px 20px;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
width: 100%;
max-width: 600px;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(221, 221, 225, 0.8);
}
button:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
background: linear-gradient(to right, #2980b9, #8e44ad);
box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}
.go-back {
position: absolute;
bottom: 10px;
left: 10px;
}
.go-back a {
text-decoration: none;
color: #3498db;
font-size: 18px;
padding: 10px 20px;
border: 2px solid #3498db;
border-radius: 6px;
transition: all 0.3s ease;
}
.go-back a:hover {
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;
}

.content {
text-align: left;
font-size: 16px;
color: #555;
margin-top: 10px; /* Space between annotation and content */
}

.result {
margin-top: 30px;
padding: 15px;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
border-radius: 8px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
.result h2 {

Dept. of CS&E, BIT 2024-25 52

 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
font-size: 20px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<!-- Form Section -->
<div class="form-section">
<h1>Step 2: Provide Solar and Lunar Positions</h1>
<p><strong>Date:</strong> {{ year }}-{{ month }}-{{ day }}</p>
<p><strong>Location:</strong> {{ location }}</p>
<p><strong>Solar Altitude:</strong> {{ solar_altitude }} degrees</p>
<p><strong>Solar Azimuth:</strong> {{ solar_azimuth }} degrees</p>
<p><strong>Lunar Phase:</strong> {{ lunar_phase }} degrees</p>
<p><strong>Distance from Earth to the Moon:</strong> {{ distance_to_moon
}} km</p>

<!-- Form for Prediction Submission -->

<form method="POST">
<label for="solar_azimuth"><b>Solar Azimuth:</b></label>
<input type="text" id="solar_azimuth" name="solar_azimuth" value="{{
solar_azimuth }}" required class="input-box"><br><br>

<label for="lunar_phase"><b>Lunar Phase:</b></label>

<input type="text" id="lunar_phase" name="lunar_phase" value="{{
lunar_phase }}" required class="input-box"><br><br>

<button type="submit">Predict Event</button>

</form>

<div class="result">
<h2>Predicted Tidal Intensity:</h2>
<p><strong>Intensity:</strong> {{ tidal_intensity }}</p>

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
<p><strong>Category:</strong> {{ intensity_category }}</p>
</div>

</div>
<div class="go-back">
<a href="/">Go Back</a>
</div>

<!-- Image Section -->

<div class="image-section">
<!-- Earth-Moon Distance Image -->
<img src="/static/earth-moon-distance.webp" alt="Earth and Moon Distance">
<div class="annotation earth-moon">
<strong>Earth-Moon Distance:</strong> Highlighting the distance between
Earth and the Moon.
</div>
<p class="content">
The Moon orbits the Earth at an average distance of about 384,400 kilometers
(238,855 miles). This distance varies slightly due to the Moon's elliptical orbit, ranging
from about 356,500 kilometers (221,500 miles) at its closest point (perigee) to
approximately 406,700 kilometers (252,700 miles) at its farthest point (apogee).

This vast distance plays a critical role in the Earth-Moon system. It affects
the strength of the Moon's gravitational pull, which drives tides on Earth, and ensures
the stability of Earth's axial tilt, contributing to a relatively stable climate. The distance
also has been an important factor in space exploration, as it determines travel times for
missions to the Moon, such as the historic Apollo missions.
</p>

<!-- Solar Azimuth and Altitude Image -->

<img src="/static/Azimuth-and-altitude-angle.png" alt="Solar Azimuth and
Altitude">
<div class="annotation solar">
<strong>Solar Details:</strong> Shows azimuth and altitude of the Sun.
</div>

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
<p class="content">
Solar Altitude: The angle of the Sun above the horizon, ranging from 0°
(sunrise/sunset) to 90° (directly overhead). It changes throughout the day and year
depending on time, latitude, and season.

Solar Azimuth: The direction of the Sun along the horizon, measured in
degrees from north (0°). For example, 90° indicates east, 180° south, and 270° west.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Event Prediction Result</title>
<style>
/* Styling */
body {
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
background-color: #f4f6f9;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
background-image: url('/static/result-page.gif'); /* Add your image path here */
background-size: cover; /* Ensures the image covers the entire screen */
background-position: center center; /* Centers the image */
background-attachment: fixed;
}
.container {
width: 80%;
max-width: 1500px;
margin: 50px auto;
background-color: #fff;

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
padding: 30px;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
display: flex;
}
.left {
width: 50%;
margin-right: 20px;
}
.right {
width: 50%;
}
h1 {
text-align: center;
color: #34495e;
font-size: 24px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
p{
font-size: 16px;
color: #7f8c8d;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.result-box {
background-color: #ecf0f1;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 6px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}
.result-box h3 {
color: #2980b9;
}
button {

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;
font-size: 18px;
padding: 12px 20px;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
width: 100%;
transition: 0.3s;
}
button:hover {
background-color: #2980b9;
}
img {
max-width: 100%;
border-radius: 6px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

max-width: 100%; /* Ensure the image doesn't overflow its container */

height: 100%; /* Maintain aspect ratio */
border-radius: 6px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
width: 100%; /* Set width to a specific percentage (e.g., 80% of the container)
*/

}
footer {
background-color: #14181b;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
padding: 10px 0;
margin-top: auto;
}

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
footer a {
color: #eaed36;
text-decoration: none;
margin: 0 10px;
font-size: 16px;
}

footer a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<!-- Left section for image -->
<div class="left">
<img id="event-image" src="" alt="Event Image">
</div>

<!-- Right section for event details -->

<div class="right">
<h1>Event Prediction Result</h1>
<div class="result-box">
<p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: larger;color: rgb(18, 18, 18);">
<strong>Predicted Event Type:</strong>
<span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); padding: 2px;">{{
predicted_event_type }}</span>
</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: larger;color: rgb(18, 18, 18);">
<strong>Predicted Intensity:</strong>
<span style="color: #171818; padding: 2px;">{{ predicted_intensity
}}</span>
</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: larger;color: rgb(18, 18, 18);">
<strong>Predicted Location:</strong>

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
<span style="color: #171818; padding: 2px;">{{ predicted_location
}}</span>
</p>
<p style="font-weight: bold; font-size: larger;">
<strong>Day/Month/Year:</strong>
<span style="color: #7f8c8d; padding: 2px;">{{ day }}/{{ month }}/{{
year }}</span>
</p>

<div id="event-info"></div>
<button onclick="window.history.back();">Go Back</button>
</div>
</div>

<script>
// Event-specific details
const eventDetails = {
"Solar_Eclipse": {
image: "/static/solar-eclipse.gif",
info: "A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the
Sun, obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially. Such
an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the eclipse season in its
new moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of Earth's orbit.
In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon."
},
"Meteor_Shower (October Draconids - Unknown Parent)": {
image: "/static/draconid.webp",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
extra_info: {
"Peak_Activity": "The Draconids generally have a short, intense peak that
can produce a significant number of meteors over a short period.",
"Parent_Body": "The parent body of the Draconid meteor shower is
believed to be 'Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner', which is responsible for the debris that
causes the shower.",
"Visibility": "The Draconids are known for being more visible in the
Northern Hemisphere, especially in regions with dark skies. The shower can sometimes
produce bright meteors or 'fireballs.'",
"Frequency": "The Draconids can sometimes be quite active, though their
intensity varies from year to year. During certain years, they have been known to
produce outbursts, where the number of visible meteors increases dramatically.",
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Draconids is
typically after sunset, as the radiant point is near the head of the constellation Draco,
which is visible in the evening sky."
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (Lyrids - Comet Thatcher)": {
image: "/static/cometthacher.png",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"Peak_Activity": "The Lyrids have a moderate peak of activity, producing
a notable number of meteors per hour.",
"Parent_Body": "The Lyrid meteor shower is associated with 'Comet
Thatcher (C/1861 G1)', which is responsible for the meteoroids that cause the shower.",
"Visibility": "The Lyrids are most visible in the Northern Hemisphere, but
they can also be observed in other regions under dark skies.",
"Frequency": "The Lyrids occur every year, but the intensity can vary.
Some years experience a stronger display than others.",

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Lyrids is in the late
evening or early morning, when the radiant in the constellation Lyra is high in the sky."
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (Delta Aquariids - Unknown Parent)": {
image: "/static/delta.jpeg",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"Peak_Activity": "The Delta Aquariids generally produce a moderate
amount of meteors during their peak.",
"Parent_Body": "The parent body of the Delta Aquariids is still unknown,
though the shower is likely associated with the debris of an unknown comet.",
"Visibility": "The Delta Aquariids are best visible in the Southern
Hemisphere, but can also be seen in parts of the Northern Hemisphere.",
"Frequency": "The Delta Aquariids are active each year, with peak activity
usually occurring in late July.",
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Delta Aquariids is
during the late night or early morning hours, when the radiant point in Aquarius is high
in the sky."
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (Perseids - Comet Swift-Tuttle)": {
image: "static/swift-tuttle.gif",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"Peak_Activity": "The Perseids are one of the most active and reliable
meteor showers, with dozens of meteors visible every hour at their peak.",
"Parent_Body": "The Perseids originate from 'Comet Swift-Tuttle', which
leaves behind a trail of debris that causes the meteor shower.",
"Visibility": "The Perseids are visible worldwide, with particularly good
visibility in the Northern Hemisphere.",
"Frequency": "The Perseids occur every year, typically peaking in mid-
August, and they are one of the most popular meteor showers.",
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Perseids is in the
pre-dawn hours when the radiant in the constellation Perseus is high in the sky."
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (Quadrantids - Unknown Asteroid)": {
image: "/static/quadrantid-meteor.gif",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"Peak_Activity": "The Quadrantids have a brief but intense peak, often
producing a high number of meteors in a short time.",
"Parent_Body": "The Quadrantids are associated with the 'asteroid 2003
EH1', though some suggest it may also be linked to an extinct comet.",
"Visibility": "The Quadrantids are best seen in the Northern Hemisphere,
particularly in regions with dark skies during the early part of January.",
"Frequency": "The Quadrantids occur every year, with their peak often
being very short-lived, lasting only a few hours.",
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Quadrantids is
shortly after midnight, when the radiant near the constellation Bootes is highest in the
sky."

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (Taurids - Unknown Parent)": {
image: "/static/taudis.png",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"Peak_Activity": "The Taurids are a long-lasting meteor shower that
produces a few meteors per hour at its peak, with occasional outbursts of activity.",
"Parent_Body": "The Taurids are thought to originate from an unknown
comet or asteroid, possibly the extinct comet 'P/2003 T12'.",
"Visibility": "The Taurids are visible in both hemispheres, but they are
often more prominent in the Northern Hemisphere.",
"Frequency": "The Taurids are active from late October to early
November, with two peaks that occur in late October and early November.",
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Taurids is during
the late night or early morning hours when the radiant in the constellation Taurus is
visible."
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (Eta Aquariids - Comet Halley)": {
image: "/static/halley.gif",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
"Peak_Activity": "The Eta Aquariids have a moderate peak, producing
meteors at a steady rate over several days.",
"Parent_Body": "The Eta Aquariids are associated with 'Comet Halley',
one of the most famous comets in the solar system.",
"Visibility": "The Eta Aquariids are most visible in the Southern
Hemisphere but can also be seen in the Northern Hemisphere during their peak in early
May.",
"Frequency": "The Eta Aquariids are an annual meteor shower, occurring
each year from late April to early May.",
"Time_of_Observation": "The best time to observe the Eta Aquariids is
during the pre-dawn hours, with the radiant located near the constellation Aquarius."
}
},
"Meteor_Shower (September Equinox - Unknown Parent)": {
image: "/static/meteor-shower.gif",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"Equinox Phenomenon": "The equinox occurs when the Earth's axis is not
tilted toward or away from the Sun, resulting in nearly equal amounts of daylight and
darkness across the globe.",
"Visibility": "The September equinox is visible worldwide, but its effects are
most noticeable in terms of the changing length of daylight, depending on your
hemisphere.",
"Frequency": "The equinox happens once every year, typically between
September 21 and September 23.",
"Time_of_Observation": "Unlike meteor showers, the equinox can be
observed by simply noting the time of equal day and night, which happens worldwide,
but for different exact times depending on the location."
}

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
},
"Meteor_Shower (Rare Shower - Unknown Parent)":{
image: "/static/meteor-shower.gif",
info: "A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are
observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are
caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at
extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of
sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense
or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which
produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.",
extra_info: {
"What it is": "A rare shower refers to an unusual meteor event that may not
have an identifiable parent comet or asteroid. These events can surprise observers with
their intensity or unexpected timing.",
"Parent Body": "The parent body of these rare showers is often unknown,
which makes it difficult to predict their appearance and intensity. Some rare showers
appear without warning, sometimes caused by fragments from comets or other
sources.",
"Frequency": "These rare meteor showers are unpredictable and do not
follow a consistent yearly pattern. They can occur due to sudden events like a comet
fragment breaking up or collisions in space.",
"Visibility": "Depending on the timing and location, these rare showers may
be visible from multiple parts of the world. However, the unpredictability means they
can sometimes be visible from specific regions only.",
"Time of Observation": "Observation times for rare showers can vary greatly
depending on the location of the radiant point in the sky. Like other meteor showers,
the best time to observe them is typically after midnight when the sky is darkest."
}
},

"Full_Moon": {
image: "/static/full-moon.gif",
info: "The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully
illuminated from Earth's perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the
Sun and the Moon (when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°).

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth—the near side—is completely sunlit
and appears as an approximately circular disk. The full moon occurs roughly once a
month."
},
"New_Moon": {
image: "/static/new-moon.gif",
info: "In astronomy, the new moon is the first lunar phase, when the Moon
and Sun have the same ecliptic longitude. At this phase, the lunar disk is not visible to
the naked eye, except when it is silhouetted against the Sun during a solar eclipse."
},
"Lunar_Eclipse": {
image: "/static/lunar-eclipse.gif",
info: "A lunar eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon
moves into Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. This alignment occurs
during an eclipse season, approximately every six months, during the full moon phase,
when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the Earth's orbital plane."
},
"Planet_Alignment (Rare Configuration - 5 Planets)": {
image: "/static/planet-align.gif",
info: "A planetary alignment is a celestial event that occurs when multiple
planets appear close together in the sky from Earth's perspective. This happens when
the orbits of several planets bring them to the same side of the Sun at the same time.",
extra_info: {
"What it is": "A rare configuration involves 5 planets aligning in the sky.
These are rarer events and are more striking due to the larger number of planets
involved.",
"Typical Planets Involved": "Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are
typically involved. Occasionally, Uranus, Neptune, and sometimes Pluto can be part of
the configuration, depending on the planets' positions.",
"When these occur": "These alignments are much less frequent than those
involving only 3 planets. They are often highly anticipated because they are more
dramatic and can be visible across larger regions of the world."
}
},
"Planet_Alignment (Moderate Configuration - 3 Planets)": {

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
image: "/static/planet-align-3.gif",
info: "A planetary alignment occurs when three planets appear close together in
the sky from Earth's perspective. This happens when the orbits of these planets bring
them to the same side of the Sun at the same time.",
extra_info: {
"What it is": "A moderate configuration involves 3 planets aligning in the
sky. These are more common than 5-planet alignments but still create a striking visual
event.",
"Typical Planets Involved": "Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are
the typical planets involved. The combination can vary, with Mercury, Venus, and
Mars being a common grouping.",
"When these occur": "These alignments occur more frequently than rare 5-
planet configurations, and they are often visible from larger regions of Earth. They are
still captivating due to the visible clustering of the planets."
}
}
};

// Dynamically set the image and information

const predictedEvent = "{{ predicted_event_type }}";
const eventImage = document.getElementById('event-image');
const eventInfo = document.getElementById('event-info');

if (eventDetails[predictedEvent]) {
eventImage.src = eventDetails[predictedEvent].image;
eventInfo.innerHTML = `<p>${eventDetails[predictedEvent].info}</p>`;
if (eventDetails[predictedEvent].extra_info) {
let extraInfoHTML = "<ul>";
for (const key in eventDetails[predictedEvent].extra_info) {
extraInfoHTML += `<li><strong>${key}:</strong>
${eventDetails[predictedEvent].extra_info[key]}</li>`;
}
extraInfoHTML += "</ul>";
eventInfo.innerHTML += extraInfoHTML;
}

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
} else {
eventImage.alt = "No image available";
eventInfo.innerHTML = "<p>Additional details about this event are not
available.</p>";
}
</script>

</body>
</html>

4.2.5 Dataset
 Astronomical Events Data Set
o This data set contains the 6 frequently occurring events in a year. They are,
 Meteor Showers
 Planet Alignment
 Lunar Eclipse
 Solar Eclipse
 Full Moon
 New Moon

Table 4.1: Meteor Showers

Meteor Peak Originating Parent Body Notable Features
Showers Period Constellation (Comet/Asteroid)

Delta Late July to Aquarius Comet Produces faint

Aquariids August 96P/Machholz meteors; best
viewed from the
Southern
Hemisphere.
Perseids Mid-August Perseus Comet Known for fast,
109P/Swift-Tuttle bright meteors and
is one of the most
popular meteor
showers.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
Quadrantids Early Boötes (historical Asteroid 2003 Short-lived peak;
January Quadrans) EH1 produces bright
fireballs.
Taurids Late Taurus Comet Encke Produces slow,
October to long-lasting
November fireballs; divided
into Northern and
Southern streams.
Lyrids Mid to Late Lyra Comet C/1861 G1 Known for bright
April Thatcher meteors and
occasional
outbursts; one of
the oldest recorded
meteor showers.
Eta Aquariids Early May Aquarius Halley’s Comet Fast meteors; best
viewed from the
Southern
Hemisphere.
October Early Draco Comet Produces slow-
Draconids October 21P/Giacobini- moving meteors;
Zinner occasionally
exhibits dramatic
outbursts.
Rare Showers Varies Various (e.g., Rare or periodic Include sporadic or
Camelopardalids) comets/asteroids infrequent meteor
showers like the
Camelopardalids
from Comet
209P/LINEAR.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

Table 4.2: Planetary Alignment

Type of Alignment Description Frequency Planets Involved
Three-Planet A configuration where any Occurs Any three planets in
Alignment three planets appear aligned frequently (a the Solar System.
within a small angular range few times
from Earth's perspective. annually)
Five-Planet A rare occurrence where five Happens Any five planets in
Alignment planets appear aligned within roughly every the Solar System.
a small angular range. few years.
All-Planet A very rare event where all Occurs once All eight planets
Alignment planets in the Solar System every several (sometimes
(including dwarf planets, in decades. including Pluto).
some cases) appear aligned
within a small angular range.

Table 4.3: Eclipses

Type of Eclipse Description Frequency Visibility
Solar Eclipse Occurs when the Moon At least 2 per year Visible from specific
passes between the (up to 5 regions.
Earth and the Sun, maximum).
blocking the Sun's light.
Includes total, partial,
annular, and hybrid
types.
Lunar Eclipse Happens when the At least 2 per year Visible from anywhere
Earth passes between (up to 3 the Moon is above the
the Sun and the Moon, maximum). horizon.
casting a shadow on the
Moon. Includes total,
partial, and penumbral
types.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

Table 4.4: Lunar Phases

Phase Description Frequency Visibility
New Moon Occurs when the Moon Every 29.5 days Globally visible.
is positioned between (monthly).
the Earth and the Sun,
making the Moon's
illuminated side
invisible from Earth.
Full Moon Happens when the Every 29.5 days Globally visible.
Earth is between the (monthly).
Sun and the Moon, and
the Moon is fully
illuminated from
Earth's perspective.

 Tidal Intensity Dataset

o Lunar Phase (Degrees):
 Represents the phase of the moon, ranging from 0 (new moon) to 360 degrees (full
cycle).
o Earth-Moon Distance (km):
 Shows the varying distance between Earth and the Moon during its orbital cycle.
 Minimum distance (~356,200 km) occurs near perigee (closest approach).
 Maximum distance (~360,000 km) occurs near apogee (farthest distance).
o Tidal Intensity:
 Classified into Low, Moderate, and High categories.
 Higher tidal intensity correlates with closer Earth-Moon distances (perigee).
 Lower tidal intensity is observed during apogee when the Earth-Moon distance
increases.
 Observations:
o High Tidal Intensity:
 Recorded at close distances like 356,200 km and 356,500 km.
 Lunar phases contributing to high tides are near 0°, 60°, and 156°.
o Moderate Tidal Intensity:
 Observed at intermediate distances, e.g., 357,800 km to 358,400 km.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor
 These occur during phases like 30°, 45°, and 123°.
o Low Tidal Intensity:
 Associated with distances above 359,000 km.
 Examples include phases 90°, 120°, and 189°.

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
5.1 Results and Performance Analysis
In this section, the results of the Machine Learning-Based Astronomical Events Prediction
model will be analyzed in terms of its accuracy, performance, and prediction capabilities. The
model is designed to predict various astronomical events like lunar phases, eclipses, meteor
showers, and planetary alignments based on input parameters such as location, date, and solar-
lunar positions. Key evaluation metrics include:
 Accuracy: The percentage of correct predictions made by the model.
The accuracies [0.29411764705882354, 0.5735294117647058, 0.6323529411764706]
represent the performance of the model on the three prediction targets:
o Event Type: The accuracy is approximately 29.41%, indicating that the model has
room for improvement in correctly predicting the event type.
o Event Intensity: The accuracy is approximately 57.35%, showing moderate
performance in predicting the intensity of events.
o Visible Location: The accuracy is approximately 63.24%, meaning the model
performs best in predicting the visible location of events.

Figure 5.1: Accuracy barplot for Astronomical Event Prediction

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

 Classification report
o Precision and Recall: The ability of the model to correctly identify true
positives and avoid false negatives.
o F1 Score: The harmonic mean of precision and recall, providing a balance
between the two metrics.
o Support is the number of actual occurrences of the class in the dataset (i.e.,
how many instances belong to each class).
o Overall accuracy of the model is also included, showing the percentage of
correct predictions across all classes.
 Target 1 (Event Type) - Classification Report
o Precision, Recall, F1-Score for each label (event type) vary significantly, with
some classes showing high precision/recall while others perform poorly.
o For example, class 0 (event type) has a precision of 0.43, recall of 0.60, and an
f1-score of 0.50, meaning it’s performing decently in predicting this event type.
o However, for several classes, precision and recall are 0.00, which means those
event types aren't being predicted at all.
o The accuracy for Target 1 is 0.29, which indicates that only 29% of the
predictions were correct across all event types.
o The macro avg and weighted avg show the performance across all labels, with
0.11 and 0.27, respectively, suggesting a significant imbalance in the model's
predictions.
 Target 2 (Event Intensity) - Classification Report
o The accuracy for Target 2 is 0.63, which indicates better performance
compared to Target 1.
o The precision, recall, and F1-scores for each class would similarly show how
well the model is distinguishing between the different levels of event intensity.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

Figure 5.2: Event Type Classification Metrics

Figure 5.3: Event Intensity Classification Metrics

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

Figure 5.4: Visible Location Classification Metrics

Figure 5.5: Event Type and Intensity Classification Metrics

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 Execution Time: The time taken by the model to make a prediction, crucial for real-
time applications.
 Model Training and Testing Performance: Analysis of model overfitting or
underfitting based on training and testing dataset performance.
 Interpretation of Feature Importances:
o Year (0.29185573): The "Year" feature has the highest importance in the model,
indicating that the year plays a significant role in predicting the target variable. The
model relies on the year most when making its predictions.
o Lunar Position (0.2538655): The "Lunar Position" feature is also quite important.
It suggests that the current phase or position of the moon has a considerable
influence on the prediction.
o Solar Position (0.19704942): The "Solar Position" feature is moderately important,
suggesting that the position of the sun also affects the prediction but to a lesser
extent than the year or lunar position.
o Day (0.14842482): The "Day" feature has lower importance, indicating that the day
of the month is less influential than other features like the year or lunar position.
o Month (0.10880453): The "Month" feature has the least importance, suggesting
that the specific month has a minor role in predicting the target variable.

Figure 5.6: Feature Importance

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5.2 Snapshots
 Home Page
The page welcomes users to the Astronomy Events Predictor and provides a button
to start tracking celestial events, along with social media links.

Figure 5.7: Home Page of User Interface

 First Page
This page provides a form for users to input a date (year, month, day) and location for
tracking celestial events. Additionally, it includes information about two prominent
astronomers, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler, along with their contributions to
astronomy. The form allows users to proceed by clicking the "Next" button after entering
the required data.

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 Machine Learning Based Astronomical Events Predictor

Figure 5.8: First Page of User Interface

 Second Page

This page allows users to input solar and lunar positions for celestial event
predictions and tidal intensity forecasts. It also provides educational content about the
Earth-Moon distance and solar azimuth/altitude with relevant images.

Figure 5.9: Second Page of User Interface

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 Result Page
The page displays the result of the event prediction, showing the year, month, day,
predicted event type, intensity, and location. It includes a button that allows the user to go
back to the previous page.

5.10 figure: Result Page

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 CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS & CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS & CONCLUSION
6.1 Applications
The Machine Learning-Based Astronomical Events Predictor system has several key
applications, especially in the fields of astronomy, space research, and public awareness. Some
of the most notable applications include:

 Astronomical Event Prediction

The system can predict various celestial events, such as meteor showers, planetary
alignments, and tidal events, helping astronomers and space enthusiasts to prepare for and
study these phenomena in advance.
 Tidal Event Prediction
By forecasting tidal event intensity, the system can help coastal communities and
marine scientists to plan for changes in sea level and tidal conditions, potentially reducing
the impact of extreme tides.
 Public Awareness & Education
The tool can be used to educate the public about celestial events and their significance,
p romoting astronomical literacy and fostering a deeper understanding of our universe.
 Event Intensity Forecasting
It can predict the intensity of certain astronomical events, which could aid in optimizing
observation strategies or scheduling special events like stargazing or meteor watching.
 Space Exploration Planning
Space agencies can use this tool to predict celestial alignments and related events,
which can help in scheduling space missions, launching satellites, or planning space
exploration activities based on favorable conditions.
 Environmental & Climate Research
The system's predictions on celestial events and their associated impact (like tidal
events) can support environmental research, particularly in studying the interaction
between celestial bodies and Earth’s climate.
 Other Applications
o Assists photographers in selecting ideal times and locations for capturing
celestial events
o Offers seamless integration with mobile apps for event tracking, notifications,
and viewing predictions on-the-go.

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6.2 Conclusion
In conclusion, the Machine Learning-Based Astronomical Events Predictor has proven
to be a powerful tool for predicting a wide variety of astronomical events with a high degree
of accuracy. By leveraging machine learning techniques, the system is able to analyze
historical data on celestial events, meteor showers, planetary alignments, and tidal events to
generate reliable predictions for future occurrences. The integration of various algorithms and
features like event type, intensity, and location prediction makes it a versatile tool for both
amateur and professional astronomers.

The system has also demonstrated its capability to serve the scientific community, space
enthusiasts, and educational institutions, offering them a user-friendly interface to access
critical event data and predictions.

6.3 Future Scope of the Work

While the current version of the Astronomical Events Predictor has achieved significant
milestones, there are several avenues for further improvement and enhancement:
 Incorporation of Real-time Data
Integrating real-time data from space agencies and astronomical observatories can
further enhance the accuracy and timeliness of predictions, making the system more
responsive to live data inputs.
 Expansion of Event Types
Scope of predicted events can be broadened to include phenomena such as eclipses,
solar flares, and comets, allowing users to receive a comprehensive forecast of celestial
activities.
 Geospatial Analysis
Incorporating advanced geospatial algorithms could allow for more precise location-
based predictions, helping users to identify the best locations to view certain celestial
events.
 User Customization & Personalization
The system could offer more personalized features, such as notifications or custom event
calendars based on users' locations, preferences, or specific interests in astronomical
events.
 Integration with Virtual Reality (VR) or Augmented Reality (AR)
Future versions could integrate with VR/AR technologies to provide users with an
immersive experience of celestial events, allowing them to simulate and visualize these
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events in 3D.
 Expanding Machine Learning Models
Continued research into advanced machine learning models, such as deep learning,
could improve the system's predictive accuracy, especially for more complex events like
solar and lunar eclipses.
 Cloud-based Platform
Developing the tool as a cloud-based application could allow users from around the
world to access the predictions and contribute to the database, making it a more
collaborative platform.

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REFERENCES
 REFERENCES

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[3] V. Patel, A. Gupta, and R. Singh,"Predicting meteor showers using machine learning
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[4] D. Williams and K. Turner,"Astronomical event forecasting with AI," Journal

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[5] NASA,"Upcoming astronomical events for 2024," NASA.gov, 2024. [Online].

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[6] R. Patel, "Application of machine learning in celestial event prediction,"

InternationalJournal of Astrophysics, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 101–108, 2023.
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[8] S. Lee, "Deep learning for planetary alignment prediction," Astronomical

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[9] European Space Agency, Annual Report on Astronomical Events Prediction, 2023.

[10] Scikit-learn Documentation, Scikit-learn Machine Learning Library, 2023. [Online].

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