SECTION 404 - DURABILITY

REQUIREMENTS
404.1 Notation
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete, (MPa).
w/cm = maximum water-cementitious material ratio.
404.2 Definitions
The Section addresses three exposure categories that affect
the requirements for concrete to ensure adequate durability:
Exposure Category S applies to concrete in contact with
soil or water containing deleterious amounts of watersoluble
sulfate ions as defined in Section 404.4.1.
Exposure Category P applies to concrete in contact with
water requiring low permeability.
Exposure Category C applies to reinforced and prestressed
concrete exposed to conditions that require additional
protection against corrosion of reinforcement. Severity of
exposure within each category is defined by classes with
increasing numerical values representing increasingly severe
exposure conditions. A classification of “0” is assigned
when the exposure severity has negligible effect or does not
apply to the structural member.
Exposure Category F is subdivided into four exposure
classes. However only Exposure Class F0 applies to
Philippine condition; Exposure Class F1, Exposure Class
F2, Exposure Class F3 do not apply as it involve concrete
exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing, in continuous
contact with moisture, and where exposure to deicing
chemicals is anticipated:
Exposure Class F0 is assigned to concrete that will not be
exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing.
Exposure Category S is subdivided into four exposure
classes:
Exposure Class S0 is assigned for conditions where the
water-soluble sulfate concentration in contact with concrete
is low and injurious sulfate attack is not a concern.
Exposure Classes S1, S2, and S3 are assigned for
structural concrete members in direct contact with soluble
sulfates in soil or water. The severity of exposure increases
from Exposure Class S1 to S3 based on the more critical
value of measured water-soluble sulfate concentration in
soil or the concentration of dissolved sulfate in water. Sea
water exposure is classified as Exposure Class S1.
Exposure Category P is subdivided into two exposure
classes:
Exposure Class P0 Structural members should be assigned
to when there are no specific permeability requirements.
Exposure Class P1 is assigned on the basis of the need for
concrete to have a low permeability to water when the
permeation of water into concrete might reduce durability or
affect the intended function of the structural member.
Exposure Class P1 should typically be assigned when other
exposure classes do not apply. An example is an interior
water tank.
Exposure Category C is subdivided into three exposure
classes:
Exposure Class C0 is assigned when exposure conditions
do not require additional protection against the initiation of
corrosion of reinforcement.
Exposure Classes C1 and C2 are assigned to reinforced
and prestressed concrete members depending on the degree
of exposure to external sources of moisture and chlorides in
service.
Examples of external sources of chlorides include concrete
in direct contact with deicing chemicals, salt, salt water,
brackish water, seawater, or spray from these sources.
404.3 General
404.3.1 The value of f’c shall be the greatest of the values
required by Section 404.3.1, for durability in Section 404,
and for structural strength requirements and shall apply for
mixture proportioning in Section 405.4 and for evaluation
and acceptance of concrete in Section 405.7. Concrete
mixtures shall be proportioned to comply with the
maximum water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) and
other requirements based on the exposure class assigned to
the concrete structural member. All cementitious materials
specified in Section 403.3.1 and the combinations of these
materials shall be included in calculating the w/cm of the
concrete mixture.
404.3.2 The maximum w/cm limits in Section 404 do not
apply to lightweight concrete.
404.4 Exposure Categories and Classes
404.4.1 The engineer-of-record shall assign exposure
classes based on the severity of the anticipated exposure of
structural concrete members for each exposure category
according to Table 404-1.
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National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1
404.5 Special Exposure Conditions
Concrete that will be subject to the exposure given in Table
404-2 shall conform to the corresponding maximum watercementitious
materials ratios and minimum specified
concrete compressive strength requirements of that table.
404.6 Requirements for Concrete Mixtures
404.6.1 Based on the exposure classes assigned from Table
404-1, concrete mixtures shall comply with the most
restrictive requirements according to Table 404-2.
404.6.2 Calcium chloride as an admixture shall not be used
in concrete to be exposed to severe or very severe sulfatecontaining
solutions, as defined in Table 3.1 of ACI 222R.
404.7 Alternative Cementitious Materials for Sulphate
Exposure
404.7.1 Alternative combinations of cementitious materials
to those listed in Table 404-2 shall be permitted when tested
for sulfate resistance and meeting the criteria in Table 404-
3.
404.8 Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio
The water-cementitious materials ratios specified in Tables
404-1 and 404-2 shall be calculated using the weight of
cement meeting ASTM C 150, C 595M, C 845 or C 1157
plus the weight of fly ash and other pozzolans meeting
ASTM C 618, slag meeting ASTM C 989, and silica fume
meeting ASTM C 1240, if any.
404.9 Corrosion Protection of Reinforcement
404.9.1 For corrosion protection of reinforcement in
concrete, maximum water soluble chloride ion
concentrations in hardened concrete at ages from 28 to 42
days contributed from the ingredients, including water,
aggregates, cementitious materials and admixtures shall not
exceed the limits of Table 404-2. When testing is performed
to determine water soluble chloride ion content, test
procedures shall conform to ASTM C 1218.
404.9.2 If concrete with reinforcement will be exposed to
chlorides from salt, salt water, brackish water, sea water or
spray from these sources, requirements of Table 404-2 for
water- water-cementitious materials ratio and concrete
strength and the minimum concrete cover requirements of
Section 407.8 shall be satisfied. In addition, see Section
418.15 for unbonded prestressed tendons.
Table 404-1 Exposure Categories And Classes
Category
Severity
Class
Condition
S
SULFATE
Water-soluble
sulfate (SO4) in
soil, percent by
weight
Dissolved
sulfate
(SO4) in
water, ppm
N/A
S0
SO4 < 0.10
SO4 < 150
Moderate
S1 0.10 ≤ SO4 < 0.20 150 ≤ SO4 <1500
Seawater
Severe
S2
0.20 ≤ SO4 ≤ 2.00 1500 ≤ SO4 ≤
10,000
Very
Severe
S3 SO4 > 2.00 SO4 > 10,000
P -Requiring
Low
permeability
N/A
P0
In contact with water where
permeability is not required.
Required
P1
In contact with water where
permeability is not required.
C - Corrosion
Protection of
reinforcement
N/A
C0
Concrete dry or protected
from moisture
Moderate
C1
Concrete exposed to moisture
but not to external sources of
chloride.
Severe
C2
Concrete exposed to moisture and
an external source of chloride from
salt, brackish water, seawater, or
spray from these sources.
Table 404-2 Requirements for Concrete by Exposure Class
Expo
sure
Class
Max.
w/cm*
Min.
fc’
MPa
Additional Minimum Requirements
Air Content
Limits on
Cementitious
Materials
F0 N/A 17 N/A N/A
F1 0.45 31 N/A N/A
F2 0.45 31 N/A N/A
F3 0.45 31 N/A N/A
Cementitious Materials + Types
Calcium
Chloride
Admixture
ASTM
C150
ASTM
C595
ASTM
C1157
N/A 17 No Type
restriction
No Type
restriction
No Type
restriction
No
Restriction
S1 0.50 28 II ‡ IP(MS),
IS (<70)
(MS)
MS No
Restriction
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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
S2 0.45 31 V § IP (HS)
IS (<70)
(HS)
HS Not
Permitted
S3
0.45
31
V+
Pozzolan
or Slag ||
IP (HS) +
pozzolan or
slag|| or IS
(<70)
(HS) +
pozzolan or
slag ||
HS+
Pozzolan
or Slag
Not
Permitted
P0 N/A 17 None
P1 0.50 28 None
Maximum water-soluble
chloride ion (Cl–) content in
concrete, percent by weight
of cement #
Related Provisions
Reinforced
Concrete
Prestressed
Concrete
C0 N/A 17 1.00 0.06
C1 N/A 17 0.30 0.06 None
C2 0.40 35 0.15 0.06 Section 407.8.5,
Section 418.17**
* For lightweight concrete, see Section 404.3.2.
†Alternative combinations of cementitious materials of those listed in Table 404-2
shall be permitted when tested for sulfate resistance and meeting the criteria in
Section 404.7.1.
‡ For seawater exposure, other types of portland cements with tricalcium aluminate
(C3A) contents up to 10 percent are permitted is the w/cm does not exceed 0.40.
§ Other available types of cement such as Type III or Type I are permitted in
Exposure
Classes S1 or S2 if the C3A contents are less than 8 or 5 percent, respectively.
|| The amount of the specific source of the pozzolan or slag to be used shall not be
less
than the amount that has been determined by service record to improve sulfate
resistance when used in concrete containing Type V cement. Alternatively, the
amount
of the specific source of the pozzolan or slag to be used shall not be less than the
amount tested in accordance with ASTM C1012 and meeting the criteria in Section
404.7.1.
# Water-soluble chloride ion content that is contributed from the ingredients
including
water, aggregates, cementitious materials, and admixtures shall be determined on
the
concrete mixture by ASTM C1218M at age between 28 and 42 days.
** Requirements of Section 407.8.5 shall be satisfied. See Section 418.17 for
unbonded
tendons.
Table 404-3 Requirements for Establishing Suitability of
Cementitious Materials Combinations Exposed to Water-
Soluble Sulfate
Exposure
Class
Maximum expansion when tested using ASTM C1012
At 6 months
At 12 months
At 18 months
S1
0.10 percent
S2
0.05 percent
0.10 percent
S3
0.10 percent
The 12-month expansion limit applies only when the measured expansion
exceeds the 6-month maximum expansion limit.
SECTION 405 - CONCRETE
QUALITY, MIXING AND PLACING
405.1 Notations
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
f'cr = required average compressive strength of
concrete used as the basis for selection of concrete
proportions, MPa
fct = average splitting tensile strength of lightweight
aggregate concrete, MPa
s = standard deviation, MPa
ss = sample standard deviation, MPa
405.2 General
405.2.1 Concrete shall be proportioned to provide an
average compressive strength, f’cr as prescribed in Section
405.4.2, as well as satisfy the durability criteria of Section
404. Concrete shall be produced to minimize frequency of
strengths below f'c as prescribed in Section 405.7.3.3. For
concrete designed and constructed in accordance with the Code,
fc′ shall not be less than 17 MPa.
405.2.2 Requirements for f'c shall be based on tests of
cylinders made and tested as prescribed in Section 405.7.3.
405.2.3 Unless otherwise specified, f'c shall be based on 28-
day tests. If other than 28 days, test age for f'c shall be as
indicated in design drawings or specifications.
405.2.4 Where design criteria in Sections 408.7.1,
412.3.4(4), and 422.6.6, provide for use of a splitting
tensile strength value of concrete, laboratory tests shall be
made in accordance with Specification for Lightweight
Aggregates for Structural Concrete (ASTM C 330) to
establish value of fct corresponding to specified values of f'c.
405.2.5 Splitting tensile strength tests shall not be used as a
basis for field acceptance of concrete.
405.2.6 Steel fiber-reinforced concrete shall conform to
ASTM C1116. The minimum fc′ for steel fiber-reinforced
concrete shall conform to 405.2.1.
405.3 Selection of Concrete Proportions
405.3.1Proportions of materials for concrete shall be
established to provide:
1. Workability and consistency to permit concrete to be
worked readily into forms and around reinforcement
under conditions of placement to be employed without
segregation or excessive bleeding.
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National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1
2. Resistance to special exposures as required by Section
404.
3. Conformance with strength test requirements of Section
405.7.
405.3.2 Where different materials are to be used for
different portions of proposed work, each combination shall
be evaluated.
405.3.3 Concrete proportions, including water-cementitious
materials ratio, shall be established on the basis of field
experience and/or trial mixtures with materials to be
employed (see Section 405.4), except as permitted in
Section 405.5 or required by Section 404.
405.4 Proportioning on the Basis of Field Experience
and Trial Mixtures, or Both
405.4.1 Sample Standard Deviation
405.4.1.1 Where a concrete production facility has test
records not more than 12 months old, a sample standard
deviation, ss, shall be established. Test records from which a
standard deviation ss, is calculated:
1. Must represent materials, quality control procedures
and conditions similar to those expected, and changes
in materials and proportions within the test records shall
not have been more restricted than those for proposed
work.
2. Must represent concrete produced to meet a specified
strength or strengths f'c within 7 MPa of that specified
for proposed work.
3. Must consist of at least 30 consecutive tests or two
groups of consecutive tests totaling at least 30 tests as
defined in Section 405.7.2.4, except as provided in
Section 405.4.1.2.
405.4.1.2 Where a concrete production facility does not
have test records meeting requirements of Section
405.4.1.1(3), but does have test records not more than 12
months old based on 15 to 29 consecutive tests, a standard
sample deviation ss, shall be established as the product of
the calculated sample standard deviation and the
modification factor of Table 405-1. To be acceptable, test
records shall meet the requirements of Section 405.4.1.1,
Items 1 and 2, and represent only a single record of
consecutive tests that span a period of not less than 45
calendar days.
Table 405-1 Modification Factor for Standard Deviation
When Less Than 30 Tests are Available
Number of Tests 1 Modification Factor for
Standard Deviation2
Less than 15 Use Table 405-2
15 1.16
20 1.08
25 1.03
30 or more 1.00
1 Interpolate for intermediate number of tests.
2 Modified standard deviation to be used to determine required average
strength f'cr from Section 405.4.2.1
405.4.2 Required Average Strength
405.4.2.1 Required average compressive strength f'cr used as
the basis for selection of concrete proportions shall be the
larger of Equation (405-1) or (405-2) using the sample
standard deviation, ss, calculated in accordance with Section
405.4.1.1 or 405.4.1.2.
f'c ≤ 35MPa: f'cr = f'c + 1.34 ss (405-1)
f'cr = f'c + 2.33 ss – 3.5 (405-2)
Use the larger value computed from Eq. 405-1 and 405-2,
or:
f'c >35MPa: f'cr = f'c + 1.34 ss (405-1)
f'cr = 0.90 f'c + 2.33 ss (405-3)
Use the larger value computed from Eq. 405-1 and 405-3.
405.4.2.2 When a concrete production facility does not have
field strength test records for calculation of standard
deviation meeting requirements of Section 405.4.1.1 or
405.4.1.2, required average strength f'cr shall be determined
from Table 405-2 and documentation of average strength
shall be in accordance with requirements of Section 405.4.3.
Table 405-2 Required Average Compressive Strength
When Data are not Available to Establish a Standard
Deviation
Specified Compressive
Strength, f'c, MPa
Required Average Compressive
Strength, f'cr, MPa
Less than 21 MPa f'c + 7.0
21 ≤ f'c ≤ 35 f'c + 8.3
Over 35 1.10f'c + 5.0
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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
405.4.3 Documentation of Average Strength.
Documentation that proposed concrete proportions will
produce an average compressive strength equal to or greater
than required average compressive strength (see Section
405.4.2) shall consist of a field strength test record, several
strength test records, or trial mixtures.
405.4.3.1 When test records in accordance with Sections
405.4.1.1 and 405.4.1.2, are used to demonstrate that
proposed concrete proportions will produce the required
average strength f'cr (see Section 405.4.2), such records shall
represent materials and conditions similar to those expected.
Changes in materials, conditions and proportions within the
test records shall not have been more restricted than those
for proposed work. For the purpose of documenting average
strength potential, test records consisting of less than 30 but
not less than 10 consecutive tests may be used, provided test
records encompass a period of time not less than 45 days.
Required concrete proportions may be established by
interpolation between the strengths and proportions of two
or more test records each of which meets other requirements
of this section.
405.4.3.2 When an acceptable record of field test results is
not available, concrete proportions established from trial
mixtures meeting the following restrictions shall be
permitted:
1. Combination of materials shall be those for proposed
work.
2. Trial mixtures having proportions and consistencies
required for proposed work shall be made using at least
three different water-cementitious materials ratios or
cementitious materials contents that will produce a
range of strengths encompassing the required average
strength f'cr, and meet the durability requirements of
Section 404.
3. Trial mixtures shall be designed to produce a slump
within ±20 mm of maximum permitted, and for airentrained
concrete, within ±0.5 percent of maximum
allowable air content, or within the tolerance specified
for the proposed Work.
4. For each water-cementitious materials ratio or
cementitious materials content, at least three test
cylinders for each test age shall be made and cured in
accordance with "Method of Making and Curing
Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory" (ASTM C
192). Cylinders shall be tested at 28 days or at test age
designated for determination of f'c.
5. From results of cylinder tests, a curve shall be plotted
showing relationship between water-cementitious
materials ratio or cementitious materials content and
compressive strength at designated test age.
6. Maximum water-cementitious materials ratio or
minimum cementitious materials content for concrete to
be used in proposed work shall be that shown by the
curve to produce the average strength required by
Section 405.4.2, unless a lower water-cementitious
materials ratio or higher strength is required by Section
404.
405.5 Proportioning without Field Experience or Trial
Mixtures
405.5.1 If data required by Section 405.4 are not available,
concrete proportions shall be based upon other experience
or information, if approved by the engineer. The required
average compressive strength f'cr of concrete produced with
materials similar to those proposed for use shall be at least
8.5 MPa greater than the specified compressive strength, f'c.
This alternative shall not be used for specified compressive
strength greater than 35 MPa.
405.5.2 Concrete proportioned by Section 405.5 shall
conform to the durability requirements of Section 404 and to
compressive strength test criteria of Section 405.7.
405.6 Average Strength Reduction
As data become available during construction, it shall be
permitted to reduce the amount by which f'cr must exceed
the specified value of f'c, provided:
1. Thirty or more test results are available and average of
test results exceeds that required by Section 405.4.2.1,
using a sample standard deviation calculated in
accordance with Section 405.4.1.1, or
2. Fifteen to 29 test results are available and average of
test results exceeds that required by Section 405.4.2.1,
using a sample standard deviation calculated in
accordance with Section 405.4.1.2, and
3. Special exposure requirements of Section 404 are met.
405.7 Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete
405.7.1 Concrete shall be tested in accordance with the
requirements of Section 405.7.2 through 405.7.5. Qualified
field testing technicians shall perform tests on fresh concrete
at the job site, prepare specimens required for curing under
field conditions, prepare specimens required for testing in
the laboratory, and record the temperature of the fresh
concrete when preparing specimens for strength tests.
Qualified laboratory technicians shall perform all required
laboratory tests.