BISHOP REMIGIUS SCHOOL-CBSE

A Senior Secondary School Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, No. 1930797

CARMEL NAGAR, NAGERCOIL – 629004

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

EBOLA VIRUS

2023-2024
 BISHOP REMIGIUS SCHOOL-CBSE
Carmel Nagar, Nagercoil- 629004

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Reg. No: ……………………………

Certified Bonafide Record of Project work done by …………………………………. during

the Academic year …………………..

Teacher Incharge Principal

Submitted for the Practical Examination held at BISHOP REMIGIUS SCHOOL-CBSE

(Centre), Nagercoil on …………..

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the
names of those people who helped to make it possible. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude in few words and respect to all those who helped me in the
completion of this project.

First of all, I register my sense of gratitude to our beloved Correspondent

Rev. Fr. Grace Gunabal Arachi and our Principal Mr. John Rouswalt, for their
immense encouragement to carry out this project successfully.

I express my deep regards and thanks to our Biology teacher, Mrs. Jenith for her
valuable support, constant help and guidance at each and every stage, without
which this project would not have come forth.

I would also like to thank my parents for their support whenever I need it. I also
cannot forget to thank my friends who helped me a lot to complete this project in
the time frame.

Last, but not least, would like to thank CBSE for giving me the opportunity to
undertake this project.
 ADARSH VIDYA KENDRA
2024-2025

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
DRUG ADDICTION

NAME : Rithish Jose. G.C

CLASS : XII-A

SUBJECT : Biology

SUBJECT CODE : 044

REGISTRATION NO :
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT” on the topic “Drug Addiction” has been
successfully completed by Rithish Jose. G.C of class XII A
under the guidance of my Biology Teacher Mrs.S. Sowmia in
partial fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the award of Annual
Examination of the year 2024-2025.

INTERNAL SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL

EXAMINER PRINCIPAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not

have been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals.

I would like to thank my School and my Principal Mr. Maria

Joe Jegadhesh for providing me with facilities required to do
my project.

I am highly indebted to my biology teacher Mrs.S.Sowmia for

her invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all
the stages of this project work.

I also like to thank my Parents for their continuous support and

encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates

and the laboratory assistant in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 AIM OF THE PROJECT 5

2 INTRODUCTION 6

3 WHAT IS DRUG ADDICTION 7

4 TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE 8

5 CAUSES OF ADDICTION 14

6 EFFECTS OF ADDICTION 15

7 DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION 18

8 TREATMENT OF ADDICTION 19

9 PREVENTION & CONTROL 20

10 CONCLUSION 21

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

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 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To create awareness and educating the people about

the ill effects of alcoholism and substance abuse on
the individual, the family and society at large.

To promote community participation and public

cooperation in the reduction of demand for
dependence-producing substances.

To promote collective initiatives and self-help

endeavours among individuals and groups vulnerable
to addiction and considered at risk.

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 INTRODUCTION

Drug addiction is a serious and complex condition that affects

millions of people globally. Characterized by compulsive drug
seeking and use, it leads to significant physical, emotional,
and social consequences. Addiction fundamentally alters brain
function, making it difficult for individuals to control their
behaviour.

The causes of drug addiction are diverse, involving genetic

predispositions, environmental influences, and psychological
factors. Many individuals struggle with addiction alongside
mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression,
complicating their recovery.

Understanding drug addiction is essential for effective

prevention and treatment. Different substances, including
opioids, alcohol, and stimulants, require tailored approaches
to recovery. Treatment often combines medical care,
counselling, and support systems, emphasizing a holistic
perspective.

This project aims to explore the multifaceted nature of drug

addiction, examining its causes, effects, and available
treatment options. By fostering awareness and empathy, we
hope to promote healthier communities and support those
seeking recovery.

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 DRUG ADDICTION

What is drug?

A drug is a substance that, when introduced into the

body, can alter its physiological or psychological functions.
Drugs can be used for various purposes, including:
1. Medical Use: To diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.
These include prescription medications (like antibiotics,
painkillers, and vaccines) and over-the-counter drugs
(like pain relievers).
2. Recreational Use: For enjoyment or pleasure, which
may include substances like alcohol, marijuana, or other
psychoactive drugs that can alter mood, perception, or
consciousness.
3. Performance Enhancement: Some drugs are used to
improve physical or mental performance, such as
anabolic steroids or stimulants.

What is addiction?
Addiction is the habitual,
physiological,
psychological dependence
on a substance or practice
which is beyond voluntary
control. A person who
is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful
one, is called an addict. This is true whether the addictive
substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a behaviour.
Medically, addiction is of three types :Tobacco Addiction,
Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction.
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 TYPES OF DRUGS IN INDIA

LEGAL ILLEGAL
• Bhang • Heroin
• Tobacco,etc.. • Cocaine,etc..

In India, drugs are classified into legal and illegal

categories based on several factors, primarily dictated by the
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985,
and other regulations. Here’s how this classification works:

1. Legal Drugs:
• Medicinal Use: Drugs that are prescribed for medical
purposes, such as antibiotics, painkillers, and other
pharmaceuticals. These require a prescription from a
licensed medical practitioner.
• Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Common medications
available without a prescription, like paracetamol or
ibuprofen.
• Ayurvedic and Herbal Products: Traditional medicines
that are regulated and legally available in the market.
• Alcohol and Tobacco: Legally produced and sold,
subject to regulations and restrictions based on age and
location.
• Bhang: A cannabis preparation that is legal in some
states during certain festivals.
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2. Illegal Drugs:
• Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances: These include
drugs like heroin, cocaine, MDMA (Ecstasy), and certain
synthetic drugs. Their production, sale, and consumption
are prohibited.
• Certain Forms of Cannabis: While bhang is legal in
some contexts, marijuana and hashish are illegal.
• Controlled Substances: Many substances that have a
high potential for abuse and addiction are classified as
illegal, even if they have medicinal uses (e.g., certain
opioids without a prescription).

Factors Influencing Classification:

• Potential for Abuse: Substances with a high risk of
addiction and harmful effects are classified as illegal.
• Medical Utility: If a drug has recognized medical
benefits and is regulated, it may be legal under certain
conditions.
• Cultural and Social Norms: Certain substances may be
regulated based on cultural practices and social
acceptance.

Enforcement:
The enforcement of these laws is carried out by various
agencies, including the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), and
penalties for illegal drug use can include fines and
imprisonment.

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 HEROIN

❖ As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures,

psychosis, and hallucinations when it is abused.

❖ Heroin injections can also spread diseases such as human

immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis.

❖ This drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is

abused because it interferes with the brain’s receptors.

❖ Once heroin enters the brain, it is converted to morphine

and binds rapidly to opioid receptors.

❖ With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm

flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the
extremities.

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 COCAINE

❖ Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in

small amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood
pressure, and accelerates the heart rate.

❖ The drug may lead to fatal strokes or heart attacks for some
users.

❖ Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most

frequently used as a recreational drug.

❖ It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and

injected into a vein.

❖ Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such

as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.
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 CANNABINOIDS

❖ Cannabinoids are the most common illegal drug that is

abused, and many people begin using it as a recreational
drug in social situations.

❖ Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the

substance can affect the physical coordination, memory,
and mental functions of users over time.

❖ In humans, psychoactive cannabinoids produce euphoria,

enhancement of sensory perception, tachycardia,
antinociception, difficulties in concentration and
impairment of memory. The cognitive deficiencies seem to
persist after withdrawal.

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 ALCOHOLS

❖ Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and

social problems, and it can lead to the destruction of
relationships, friendships, and marriages.

❖ Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium

tremens, which is a symptom with the potential to trigger
heart failure or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not
easy when it becomes a habit because of mental and
physical issues.

❖ The liver is an organ which helps break down and remove

harmful substances from your body, including alcohol.
Long-term alcohol use interferes with this process. It also
increases your risk for chronic liver inflammation and
liver disease.
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 CAUSES OF ADDICTION

Drug use is often voluntary in the first instance. The

development of a full addiction occurs through a variety
of circumstances.

However, the brain changes during a substance-related

disorder in ways that can take a long time to bring back to a
healthy state.

A person whose brain's reward circuitry has not altered as a

result of addiction experiences positive feelings in relation
to generally rewarding behaviours, such as exercising, being
with family, or consuming delicious food. These should all
make a person feel good.

Some of the causes of addiction are :-

1. Peer pressure
2. Stress and depression
3. Lack of education
4. Religious rituals

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 EFFECTS OF ADDICTION

Fatigue -the patient is tired most of the time.

Memory loss -especially the patient's short-term memory.
Eye muscles -the eye muscles can become significantly
weaker.
Liver diseases -the patient has a considerably higher chance
of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver
is an irreversible and progressive condition.
Heart problems -regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and
stroke.
Menstruation-alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or
disrupt it.
Cancer-alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing
several cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus,
liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
Suicide-suicide rates among people who are alcohol-
dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than
among other people.

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Effects On Lungs :

Drug use can lead to a variety of respiratory problems.

Smoking cigarettes, for example, has been shown to cause
bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Marijuana smoke
can also cause respiratory problems, including chronic
bronchitis. Smoking crack cocaine can also cause lung
damage and severe respiratory problems. The use of some
drugs, such as opioids, may cause breathing to slow, block air
from entering the lungs, or make asthma symptoms worse.

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Effects On Brain :

Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and

process signals via neurotransmitters. Some drugs, such as
marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their
chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter in
the body. This allows the drugs to attach onto and activate the
neurons. Although these drugs mimic the brain's own
chemicals, they don't activate neurons in the same way as a
natural neurotransmitter, and they lead to abnormal messages
being sent through the network. Other drugs, such as
amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the neurons to release
abnormally large amounts of natural neurotransmitters or
prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals
by interfering with transporters.

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 DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION

Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether

somebody is addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to
what degree.

Blood test -this may be ordered to determine

whether the substance is still in the blood (whether the
substance has been taken recently). It is not used to diagnose
addiction. A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician)
can help the patient determine their degree of dependence by
asking pertinent questions, or using a specific questionnaire.

Although there's no cure for drug addiction,

treatment options explained below can help you overcome an
addiction and stay drug-free. Your treatment depends on the
drug used and any related medical or mental health disorders
you may have. Long-term follow-up is important to prevent
relapse.

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 TREATMENT OF ADDICTION

Do-it-yourself -experts say about 30% of people with an

alcohol problem manage to reduce their drinking or abstain
without seeking professional help. There is a great deal of
material in books and the internet that may help the self-
helper.

Counselling -a qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk

through his/her problems and then devise a plan to tackle the
drinking. CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) is commonly
used to treat alcohol dependency.

Detoxification -the patient takes some medication to prevent

withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens) which many
alcoholics experience when they give up drinking.

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 PREVENTION & CONTROL

“Prevention is better than cure” is also true here. Tobacco,

drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and
adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time.
The following measures would be particularly useful for
prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during
adolescents.

Avoid undue Peer pressure.

Education and counselling.

Seeking help from parents and peers.

Looking for Danger Signs.

Seeking Professional and Medical helps.

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 CONCLUSION

 Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and

disability in the world.

Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve

policies to reduce the harm that the use of tobacco , alcohol,
and other psychoactive drugs act on society.

This report is concerned with the implications of drug use

for workplace safety and productivity. It examines the
prevalence of alcohol and other drug use by the U.S.
workforce, the impact of such use on job-related behaviour,
and the effectiveness of workplace drug intervention
programs.

This emphasis on workplace productivity rather than social

consequences affects the purpose, methods, and evaluation
criteria used in this report, just as it often affects researchers
investigating these issues.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY

✓ www.wikipedia.com

✓ sjd.kerala.gov.in

✓ www.byjus.com

✓ Ncert book

✓ www.google.com

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