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Kerala Plus Two Zoology Focus Area Notes - Evolution

Zoology focus area 2025 public exam

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39 views2 pages

Kerala Plus Two Zoology Focus Area Notes - Evolution

Zoology focus area 2025 public exam

Uploaded by

joelhydra2007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ORIGIN OF LIFE
Urey-Miller experiment
- Harold Urey & Stanley Miller experimentally proved
theory of chemical evolution. They created a condition like
that of primitive earth (i.e. high temperature, volcanic
storms, reducing atmosphere with CH4, NH3, H2O, H2 etc).
- They made electric discharge in a closed flask containing
CH4, NH3, H2 and water vapour at 800o C. As a result, some
amino acids are formed.
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EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION


a. Homologous organs ▪ Eyes of Octopus (retina from skin) and mammals (retina
- Homologous organs are the organs having fundamentally from embryonic brain).
similar structure and origin but different functions. This ▪ Flipper of Penguins and Dolphins.
phenomenon is called Homology. ▪ Sweet potato (modified root) & Potato (modified stem).
- E.g. Human hand, Whale’s flippers, Bat’s wing & Cheetah’s Origin of analogous organs is due to Convergent evolution.
foot. These forelimbs have different functions but similar It is the evolution by which unrelated species become more
anatomical structures such as bones (e.g. humerus, radius, similar to survive and adapt in similar environmental condition.
ulna, carpals, metacarpals & phalanges). Evidences for evolution by natural selection
- Homology is also seen in heart, brain etc.
Industrial melanism: In England, before industrialization,
- Homology in plants: E.g. Thorns of Bougainvillea and
there were more white-winged moths on trees than dark
tendrils of Cucurbita.
winged (melanised) moths. After industrialization, more dark-
- The origin of homologous organs is due to Divergent
winged moths and less white winged moths were developed.
evolution. It is the evolution by which related species
Reason: www.bankofbiology.com
become less similar to survive and adapt in different
Before industrialization: There was white lichens covered
environmental condition.
the trees. In that background, white winged moths survived
- Homology indicates common ancestry.
but dark winged moths were picked out by predators.
b. Analogous organs After industrialization: The tree trunks became dark due to
These are the organs having similar function but different industrial smoke and soot. No growth of lichens. So white
structure & origin. This phenomenon is called Analogy. E.g. winged moths did not survive because the predators identified
▪ Wings of insects (formed of a thin flap of chitin) and wings them easily. Dark winged moth survived because of suitable
of birds (modified forelimbs). dark background.

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
- It states that allele frequencies in a population are stable ▪ Directional selection: Individuals of one extreme (value
and is constant from generation to generation. other than mean character value) are more favoured.
- E.g. Consider, in a diploid, p & q are the frequencies of ▪ Disruptive selection: Individuals of both extremes are
alleles A & a respectively. more favoured.
Frequency of AA = p2 Frequency of aa =q2
Frequency of Aa = 2pq Hence p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 www.bankofbiology.com
Factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
a. Gene migration: Gene flow from one population to another.
b. Genetic drift: Gene flow by chance causing change in
frequency.
c. Mutation: It results in formation of new phenotypes.
d. Genetic recombination: Reshuffling of gene combinations
during crossing over resulting in genetic variation.
e. Natural selection: It is 3 types.
▪ Stabilizing selection: Here, more individuals acquire
mean character value and variation is reduced.

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ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN


Dryopithecus → Ramapithecus → Australopithecines → Homo habilis → H. erectus → H. neanderthalensis → H. sapiens

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