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POPULATION STABILIZATION & BIRTH CONTROL

Reasons for population explosion o Copper releasing IUDs: Cu ions suppress
o Increased health facilities and better living conditions. motility and fertilising capacity of sperms.
o Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate E.g. CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375.
(MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). o Hormone releasing IUDs: They make
o Increase in number of people in reproducible age. the uterus unsuitable for implantation and
the cervix hostile to the sperms. E.g.
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Progestasert, LNG-20.
Natural/Traditional methods Oral contraceptives
Avoid chances of ovum and sperms meeting. It includes - Oral administration of progestogens or progestogen–
▪ Periodic abstinence: Avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 oestrogen combinations in the form of tablets (pills).
(fertile period) of menstrual cycle to prevent conception. - Pills are taken daily for 21 days starting within the first five
Fertile period is the period having chances of fertilization. days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (menstruation
▪ Coitus interruptus (withdrawal): Withdraw penis from period), it should be repeated in the same pattern till the
the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination. female desires to prevent conception.
▪ Lactational amenorrhea: It is the absence of menstrual - They inhibit ovulation and implantation and thicken
cycle & ovulation due to intense lactation after parturition. cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperms.
Fully breastfeeding increases lactation. This method helps - Pills are very effective with lesser side effects.
to prevent conception. This is effective up to 6 months
- Saheli: New oral contraceptive for the females. It is
following parturition.
developed by Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI,
Natural methods have no side effect. But chances of failure
Lucknow). It contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is a
are high.
‘once a week’ pill with very few side effects and high
Barriers contraceptive value.
They prevent physical meeting of sperm & ovum. E.g.
▪ Condoms (E.g. Nirodh): Made of rubber/latex sheath. Surgical methods (sterilization)
Condoms are very popular because: - It helps to block gamete transport and thereby prevents
- It protects the user from STDs and AIDS. conception. It is very effective but reversibility is very poor.
- Easily available and disposable. - Vasectomy: Sterilization procedure in males. In this, a
▪ Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults: small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through
- Made of rubber and are inserted into the female a small incision on the scrotum.
reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. - Tubectomy: Sterilization procedure in females. In this, a
- They block the entry of sperms through the cervix. small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through
- Spermicidal creams, jellies & foams are used along a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.
with these barriers to increase contraceptive efficiency.
Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
These are inserted in uterus through vagina. They increase
phagocytosis of sperms.
IUDs are ideal method to delay pregnancy or space children.
Types of IUDs:
o Non-medicated IUDs: They retard sperm motility. Also
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have spermicidal effect. E.g. Lippes loop.

MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP)

• Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before Problems related with MTPs
full term is called MTP or induced abortion. ▪ Misuse of amniocentesis test for foetal sex determination.
Importance of MTP If the foetus is female, it is followed by MTP.
o To avoid unwanted pregnancies due to casual intercourse Amniocentesis: In this, some amniotic fluid of the foetus
or failure of the contraceptive used during coitus or rapes. is taken to analyse the foetal cells & dissolved substances.
o It is essential in cases where continuation of pregnancy It is used to test the presence of genetic disorders,
could be harmful to the mother or to the foetus or both. survivability of the foetus etc.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)

• Diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse are called • Prevention:
Sexually transmitted diseases/infections (STDs or o Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
STIs)/Venereal diseases (VD) or Reproductive tract o Always use condoms during coitus.
infections (RTI). o In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early
• E.g. Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, detection and get complete treatment.
genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B & AIDS.

INFERTILITY & ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART)

• Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce children 2. Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
even after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation. Transfer of an ovum from a donor into the fallopian tube of
• The reasons for this may be physical, congenital, diseases, another female who cannot produce ovum, but can provide
drugs, immunological or even psychological. suitable environment for fertilization and development.
• The technologies used to correct the infertility problems are
called Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Some
3. Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
of them are given below: www.bankofbiology.com It is a laboratory procedure in which a single sperm (from
male partner) is injected directly into an egg (from female
1. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) or partner). After fertilization, the embryo is implanted into the
Test tube baby programme woman’s uterus.
In this method, ova from the wife/donor and sperms from the 4. Artificial insemination (AI) technique
husband/donor are collected and are induced to form zygote
The semen collected from husband or a donor is artificially
under simulated conditions in the laboratory. This is followed
introduced into the vagina or the uterus of the female.
by Embryo transfer (ET).
Artificial insemination into the uterus is known as intra-
ET is 2 types: uterine insemination (IUI).
• Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT): Transfer of This technique is useful for the male partner having inability
zygote or early embryo (with up to 8 blastomeres) into to inseminate female or low sperm counts etc.
fallopian tube. Problems of ART
• Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT): Transfer of embryo with
o It needs specialized professionals & expensive instruments.
more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus. So these facilities are available only in very few centres.
Embryo formed by in vivo fertilisation (fertilisation within o Emotional, religious and social problems.
the female) is also used for such transfer to assist those Legal adoption is a good method for couples looking for
females who cannot conceive. parenthood.
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