The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022; 11(11): 2389-2394

ISSN (E): 2277-7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23 Influence of different hormones and potting media on
TPI 2022; 11(11): 2389-2394
© 2022 TPI growth and quality of Chitrak [Plumbago zeylanica L.]
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 15-08-2022
Accepted: 18-09-2022 Krishna Gorfad, Bimal S Desai, Sumankumar S Jha, Dhiraji P Patel,
Krishna Gorfad Vijay M Prajapati and Yogesh A Garde
PG Students, Department of
Forest Products & Utilization, Abstract
College of Forestry, Navsari
The present investigation was conducted to assess the effect of different hormone treatments and media
Agricultural University, Navsari,
Gujarat, India
on growth and quality of Chitrak- Plumbago zeylanica L. to develop effective nursery production
technology. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial concept,
Bimal S Desai including twenty treatment combinations comprising of four levels of treatments with IBA hormone
Assistant Professor (Botany), (Control, 500, 1000, 1500 ppm) and five levels of different growing media. Among various
Department of Basic Science & concentrations of IBA hormone as pre-soaking treatment, H1 control treatment showed significantly
Humanities, College of Forestry, better results for germination, growth, biomass and H4 (IBA 1500 ppm) for TPC content in Plumbago
Navsari Agricultural University, zeylanica L. Similarly, among growing media, black soil + FYM (M3) recorded maximum root collar
Navsari, Gujarat, India diameter, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, root length per plant, root biomass
per plant, shoot biomass per plant, plant height per plant and TPC in M5. Overall, the result indicated that
Sumankumar S Jha that pre-soaking Plumbago zeylanica L. cuttings with H1 control treatment and subsequently treated
Associate Professor (FBTI), cuttings in M3 media comprising of black soil + FYM enhance growth and biomass and H4 (IBA 1500
Department of Forest Biology
ppm) with M5 (black soil + sand + FYM) enhance TPC.
and Tree Improvement, College
of Forestry, Navsari Agricultural
University, Navsari, Gujarat,
Keywords: Total phenolic content, hormone, Chitrak, media
India
Introduction
Dhiraji P Patel Chitrak i.e., Plumbago is known as "Vanaushadhi plant" (a wild medicinal plant) since ancient
Assistant Professor (Soil times in India and it is interesting to note that its reference is found even in Vedas (Gogate,
Science), Department of Natural
Resources Management, College
2009) [11]. Chitrak literally means "agni" i.e., fire which has capacity to "burn" the disorders
of Forestry, Navsari Agricultural and it aggravates “jatharagni” digestion (Chopra et al., 1958) [5]. Latin Plumbum, lead and ago,
University, Navsari, Gujarat, a suffix of latin plant names meaning resemblance. Some authors consider that it is named
India Plumbago because of lead colored flowers. The plant species Plumbago zeylanica, known
vernacularly as Chitraka, Agni, Pathi, Analanama, Vyala, Ushana. English- Ceylon leadwort,
Vijay M Prajapati
Assistant Professor
white, red or blue flowered leadwort. Hindi- Chita, Chitrak, Bengali- Chitra, Chita, Chitrak.
(Silviculture), Department of Gujarathi - Chitro, Chitra, Pitaro. (Sharma et al., 2000) [23]. In India it is found in Madhya
Silviculture & Agroforestry, Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh. Plumbago as a wild species found in
College of Forestry, Navsari Tripura, West Bengal, Southern India, Ceylon etc. Throughout in Gujarat on hedges.
Agricultural University, Navsari, In India, Plumbago zeylanica L. syn. P. viscosa Blanco, Plumbago auriculata Lam syn. P.
Gujarat, India
capensis syn. P. camosa and Plumbago indica L. syn. rosea L. syn. P. coccinea are found in
Yogesh A Garde Wild. Chitrak can easily be propagated through stem cuttings or seeds. Chitrak can be grown
Assistant Professor (Agricultural in a variety of soils, ranging from red laterite soil, with very little topsoil, to deep black soil.
Statistics), Department of Plumbago indica is often substituted by P. zeylanica L. If both the spp. i. e. indica and
Agriculture Statistics, N. M. zeylanica are not available in sufficient quantities, it is adulterated by Baliospermum
College of Agriculture, Navsari
Agricultural University, Navsari,
montanum L. Other than Baliospermum montanum, North Gujarat and Mt. Abu in Rajasthan
Gujarat, India supports Vogelia indica, which is often used to replace original drug Plumbago indica
(Kirtikar and Basu, 1988) [18].
Macropropagation of Chitrak- Plumbago zeylanica L., using 3 node cuttings was undertaken
as in AES- Zone III i.e., South Gujarat Heavy Rainfall Zone very scanty information is
available. Moreover, seed viability is major limitation for multiplication in Chitrak. The most
Corresponding Author: referred work using cuttings to propagate Chitrak in nursery conditions was of Dhar (1999) [8].
Bimal S Desai Since, it’s one of the important ingredients in many herbal formulations and further stating
Assistant Professor (Botany), about its low availability from wild or under cultivation, Chitrak is often adulterated or
Department of Basic Science & substituted by Baliospermum montanum and Vogelia indica. Also, the plant is included in
Humanities, College of Forestry,
Navsari Agricultural University,
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia- Vol 1, published by AYUSH and in Ayurvedic Formularies of
Navsari, Gujarat, India India.
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To know the growth pattern and also Total Phenolic Content 1. To study the effect of hormone concentrations on the
in Chitrak under the South Gujarat conditions, as phenols are growth of Plumbago zeylanica L.
one of the best source as Antioxidants, the present experiment 2. To find out the effect of various potting media on the
was designed with below mentioned objectives: growth and quality of Plumbago zeylanica L.

Fig 1: Clinically proven Major and Minor pharmacological properties (Khare, 2007 and 2004) [16, 17]

Table 1: Ethnomedicinal Usage of Chitrak- Western Indian Region

Sr. No. Plant part Diseases
Medicine Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Fever, Indigestion, Leucoderma, Skin diseases, Wounds, Abscess,
1. Roots
Abortifacient, Appetizer, Gout, Guinea worm, Hemorrhage, Piles, Poison, Stomach disease, Toothache and Warts
2. Twigs Toothache
3. Seeds Abortifacient and Leukoderma
4. Leaves Diarrhea, Dysentery, Eczema, Indigestion, Poison, Skin allergy and flatulence
5. Fruits Gout and Skin allergy
6. Root bark Hemorrhage, Indigestion and Leukoderma
(Jain, and Jain, 2017) [14] (Jain, 1992) [12]

Table 2: Ethnoveterinary Uses

Sr. No. Plant part Disease
1. Bark Skin diseases
2. Root Stomatitis, skin diseases and Diarrhea
3. Leaf Bone fracture
4. Whole plant Uterine complaints
(Jain, 1999) [13]
1 Root Bark Stop bleeding in ruminants
2 Leaves Relief flatulence
3 Root paste Local inflammation
4 Root Expel worms (horses in java)
(Chaudhary and Chaudhary, 2015) [3]

Materials and Methods [Factor 1/level 1], where H1 is control, H2- IBA @ 500 ppm,
The present investigation entitled “Influence of Different H3- IBA @ 1000 ppm and H4- IBA @1500 ppm. In nursery
Hormones and Potting Media on Growth and Quality of condition 600 black polythene bags having size 6 × 8 inches
Chitrak [Plumbago zeylanica L.] was carried out at Model (Mass capacity: 2.0 kg approx.) was used to fill the 5 types of
Nursery of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, ASPEE College of potting mixtures. As a part of CRD with Factorial Concept,
Horticulture and Forestry, NAU, Navsari (AES III-Heavy various potting media were used viz. M1- Black Soil
Rainfall Zone) during the month of November, 2021 to (Control), M2- Red Soil, M3- Black Soil + FYM (2:1), M4-
March, 2022. Red Soil + FYM (2:1) and M5- Black Soil + Sand + FYM
The average rainfall received during the study period was (2:1:1) respectively. (Factor 2/ Level 2)
14.87 mm. The average relative humidity during the study For recording observations regarding the growth and quality,
period was 87% and 53% in morning and evening hours. The five plants were randomly selected and tagged in each
average maximum and minimum temperature during the replication. Whereas, for phenol extraction 20 plants were
study period was 32.51 °C and 18.95 °C respectively. randomly selected. Plant height was recorded from the five
Equal sized 3 nodes stem cutting (approximate length of 10- randomly selected plants in each replication with the help of
12 cm) were treated with various concentrations of rooting scale from the base to the tip of plant expressed in centimeters
hormone (IBA @ 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) respectively. as mean plant height at regular intervals of 30, 60, 90 DAP
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and at harvest. Number of leaves per plant and Number of number of leaves (3.74, 6.37, 7.85 and 6.87), maximum
branching were counted from the five randomly selected number of branches (1.44, 1.71, 1.78 and 2.02), maximum
plants in each replication and expressed as mean number of stem diameter (5.46 mm, 5.60 mm, 5.76 mm and 5.97 mm)
leaves and branches per plant at regular intervals of 30, 60, 90 was recorded respectively at 30, 60, 90 DAP and at harvest in
DAP and at harvest. Stem diameter per plant was measured treatment (H1). The maximum root fresh and root dry biomass
with help of Digital Vernier Caliper at the collar region of were (0.88 g and 0.53 g), shoot fresh and shoot dry biomass
plant expressed in millimeter (mm)as mean stem diameter per were (3.15 g and 1.24 g), total fresh and total dry biomass
plant at regular intervals of 30, 60, 90 days after planting and were (3.28 g and 1.24), root length (18.34 cm) and (7.20 mm)
at harvest. The total biomass per plant was worked out by root collar diameter at harvest in control, i.e., treatment (H1).
adding the mean fresh leaf per plant, mean fresh stem yield Amongst the different potting media used, the maximum plant
per plant and mean fresh root yield per plant expressed in height (14.66 cm, 14.99 cm, 15.20 cm and 15.44 cm), number
grams. The root and shoot biomass per plant was measured by of leaves (3.89, 6.27, 9.47 and 7.60), number of branches
weighing fresh and dry in grams. Length of main root was (1.49, 1.79, 1.82, 2.19), stem diameter (5.62 mm, 5.75 mm,
measured in centimeters with the help of scale at harvest. 6.00 mm and 6.27 mm) were recorded at 30, 60, 90 DAP and
Root collar diameter of cuttings measured at collar region (or at harvest, respectively and root length (19.27 cm), root collar
base, just above the soil) using digital caliper and it was diameter (7.88 mm), root fresh and dry biomass, (1.22 g and
expressed in millimeter (mm) at monthly intervals after 0.67 g), shoot fresh and dry biomass, (3.15 g and 1.28 g) and
sowing. i.e., 30, 60, 90, and at harvest. total fresh and dry biomass, (3.45 g and 1.55 g) in treatment
Five composite samples were drawn from the soil to record (M3) i.e., Black soil + FYM (2:1).
the textural and chemical characters of soil using standard Whereas, maximum TPC recorded was 36.15 (mg GAE /g
procedures before the start of experiment. Soil was dry weight basis) at harvest in treatment (H4) i.e., @ IBA
thoroughly mixed together, thus a composite representative 1500 ppm and the recorded maximum root TPC 36.72 (mg
sample was taken for chemical analysis using standard GAE /g dry weight basis) was recorded at harvest in treatment
procedures to evaluate the fertility status of the soil at the end (M5) i.e., Black soil + Sand + FYM (2:1:1).
of experiment. The results obtained during research/experiment with respect
TPC was estimated by Folin-ciocalteau method with to growth and quality after application of hormones as well as
modifications as and when require. Agarval and Paridhavi, different potting media are also supported by findings of other
(2008) [1], Daniel, (1992) [6], Raman, (2006) [21], Sadasivam workers like Dhar (1999) [8], Deshpandey (2005) [5],
and Manickam, (2008) [22]. Kalaiarasan and john (2011) [15], Walia et al. (2012) [24], Goel
and Duhan (2014) [10], Chavda et al. (2015) [4], Ganvit (2016)
[9]
Results and Discussion , Malek (2017) [19], Pooja et al. (2017) [20] and Architha
An appraisal of data indicated that maximum plant height (2020) [2] respectively.
(14.06 cm, 14.31 cm, 14.52 cm and 14.74 cm), maximum

A B

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C D

E F

G H

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I J

K L
Fig: 2 Influence of different hormones and potting media on plant height (A-B), No. of Leaves (C-D), stem diameter (E-F), root length (G), root
collar diameter (H), root dry biomass (I), shoot dry biomass (J), total dry biomass (K) and TPC (L).

Table 3: Influence of different hormones and potting media on biomass, root length, root collar diameter and total phenolic content (TPC) in
Chitrak [Plumbago zeylanica L.]
Treatment Shoot dry biomass Root dry biomass Total dry biomass Root length Root collar diameter TPC
Growth Hormone – Factor 1
H1 1.24 0.53 1.24 18.34 7.20 35.93
H2 0.93 0.37 1.19 17.13 7.18 35.53
H3 0.90 0.35 1.17 16.41 6.83 35.20
H4 0.86 0.21 1.14 14.15 6.34 36.15
SE(m) 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.44 0.18 0.06
CD at 5% 0.08 0.04 1.26 0.51 0.18
Potting Media – Factor 2
M1 1.18 0.41 1.37 18.78 7.02 35.09
M2 0.64 0.20 0.76 13.14 6.07 35.32
M3 1.28 0.67 1.55 19.27 7.88 35.99
M4 0.82 0.24 0.97 15.35 6.49 35.39
M5 0.99 0.31 1.27 16.00 6.98 36.72
SE(m) 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.49 0.20 0.07
CD at 5% 0.08 0.04 0.15 1.41 0.57 0.21
CV % 10.42 13.61 15.78 10.32 10.06 0.70

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Conclusion Deep Publications, New Delhi. 1999;57:82.

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zeylanica L. can be improved in nursery condition applying and Ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi; c2017.
Black Soil without IBA. Whereas, potting media viz., Black p. 250.
Soil + FYM (2:1) and without hormone treatment (H1) gave 15. Kalaiarasan A, John SA. In Vivo studies on the stem
positive effect on growth and biomass yield parameter i.e., cuttings of Coleus aromaticus Benth, following growth
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Authors are thankful to Principal, College of Forestry and 18. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. (2nd edn.)
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Prof. and Dr. Vipul B. Parekh, Assistant Prof. NAU, Navsari under Sapota-Jatropha based Agroforestry system. Thesis
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