EEE1001:Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Basic Circuit Elements and Sources

Dr. ARUN S L
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, SELECT
VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
 About EEE 1001 BEEE

Category Marks Weightage

Assignment 30 10
Quiz -1 10 10
Theory 5 Modules Assessments Quiz -2 10 10
 Internal – 60 Marks
 FAT - 40 Marks CAT-1 30 15

EEE 1001 BEEE CAT-2 30 15

FAT 100 40

Practical 10 Experiments Assessments Category Marks Weightage

 Internal – 60 Marks Experiment 10x5= 50
 FAT - 40 Marks 50
Quiz 10 10
FAT 100 40

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2
 About EEE 10001 BEEE

General Instructions

 Join the virtual classroom on time (as per the class routine). Look for your specific class under the
teams in MS Teams and click join.

 During class, mute your microphone and turn off your camera. If any student needs to make a query,
click ‘raise hand’.

 Stay in real time video presence. The attendance report will be collected in every session.

 Be presentably attired for the class. Sometime you may need to switch on your camera.

 Keep the surroundings quiet.

 Be prepared and fresh for the class. Avoid leaving the class in the middle.

 Do not engage into other communications (conversation, phone call or sms) during the class.

 Use headphone/ earphone and microphone for better performance.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3
 Syllabus

DC circuits: Basic circuit elements and sources, Ohms law, Kirchhoff’s laws, series and parallel
M1 connection of circuit elements, Node voltage analysis, Mesh current analysis, Thevenin's and
Maximum power transfer theorem. (5 hours)

AC circuits: Alternating voltages and currents, AC values, Single Phase RL, RC, RLC Series
circuits, Power in AC circuits-Power Factor- Three Phase Systems – Star and Delta Connection- Three M2
Phase Power Measurement – Electrical Safety –Fuses and Earthing, Residential wiring. (6 hours)

Electrical Machines: Construction, Working Principle and applications of DC Machines,

M3 Transformers, Single phase and Three-phase Induction motors, Special Machines-Stepper motor,
Servo Motor and BLDC motor (7 hours)

Digital Systems: Basic logic circuit concepts, Representation of Numerical Data in Binary Form-
Combinational logic circuits, Synthesis of logic circuits (5 hours) M4
Semiconductor devices and Circuits: Conduction in Semiconductor materials, PN
M5 junction diodes,Zener diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, Rectifiers, Feedback Amplifiers using transistors.
Communication Engineering: Modulation and Demodulation - AM and FM (7 hours)

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4
 Books

Text Book
 John Bird, ‘Electrical circuit theory and technology ’, Newnes publications, 4th Edition,
2010.

Reference Books
 Allan R. Hambley, ‘Electrical Engineering - Principles & Applications’ Pearson
Education, First Impression, 6/e, 2013
 Simon Haykin, ‘Communication Systems’, John Wiley & Sons, 5 t h Edition, 2009.
 Charles K Alexander, Mathew N O Sadiku, ‘Fundamentals of Electric Circuits’, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2012.
 Batarseh, ‘Power Electronics Circuits’, Wiley, 2003
 H. Hayt, J.E. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin, ‘Engineering Circuit Analysis’, 6/e, Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2011.
 Fitzgerald, Higgabogan, Grabel, ‘Basic Electrical Engineering’, 5t h edn, McGraw Hill,
2009.
 S.L.Uppal, ‘Electrical Wiring Estimating and Costing’, Khanna publishers, NewDelhi,
2008

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 5
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Voltage

Resistance Current

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 6
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Voltage

Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).

The voltage 𝑣𝑎𝑏 between two points a

and b in an electric circuit is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = −𝑣𝑏𝑎
charge from a to b;
Mathematically:

𝑑𝑊
𝑣𝑎𝑏 =
𝑑𝑞 Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined
relative to “ground”

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Electric Current

Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).

Direct Current (DC)

𝒅𝒒
𝒊=
𝒅𝒕 Alternating Current (AC)

𝟏 𝑨 = 𝟏𝑪 𝒔

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 8
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Power

Power is the rate of change of energy, measured in watts (W)

𝒅𝒘 Power is positive :
𝒑=
𝒅𝒕 Power is being delivered to or
absorbed by the element.
Power is negative:
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞 Power is being supplied by the
𝑝= ∗ element.
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 2 Passive sign convention is satisfied
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = when the current enters through the
𝑅 positive terminal of an element and
p = +vi. If the current enters through the
negative terminal, p = -vi.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9
 Basic circuit elements and sources

 The algebraic sum of power in a

circuit, at any instant of time, must
be zero

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)

Electrical Energy =Power × Time

The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours (Wh)
1 Wh = 3,600 J
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Circuit Elements

An Electric circuit is an interconnection of various elements in which

there is at least one closed path in which current can flow.

Active elements: Capable of supplying energy to a circuit

Voltage sources
Current sources
Generators (such as alternators and DC generators)

Passive elements: It is an electronic component which can only

receive energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb or store
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 11
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Type of Sources Ideal Voltage Sources

Voltage Sources
Practical Voltage Sources
Independent Sources
Ideal Current Sources

Sources Current Sources

Practical Current Sources

Dependent Sources Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)

Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)

Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)

Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 12
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Independent Sources

An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or

current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.
V
Voltage source I

An Ideal Voltage Source is one that maintains

VR
VS
RL
a constant terminal voltage, no matter how much
I
current is drawn from it.

Rint V
I
A Practical Voltage Source has low but finite
internal resistance (Rint) that causes its
terminal voltage to decrease when load current is V RL
increased and vice-versa.
I

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 13
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Independent Sources

An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or

current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.
I

Current source

An Ideal Current Source is one which will I RL

supply the same current to any resistance (load)
V
connected across its terminals.
I

A Practical Current Source has high but

I
finite internal resistance (Rint). Therefore, the load Rint RL
current will change as the value of load resistance
changes.
V

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 14
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Dependent Sources

The special kind of sources in which the source voltage or current depends on some other
quantity in the circuit which may be either a voltage or a current anywhere in the circuit are
called Dependent sources or Controlled sources.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 15
 Basic circuit elements and sources
♦ Resistance is that property of a circuit element which opposes the
Resistor flow of electric current and in doing so converts electrical energy
into heat energy.
♦ It is the proportionality factor in ohm’s law relating voltage and
current.
♦ Ohm’s law states that the voltage drop across a conductor of
given length and area of cross section is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it.
♦ The unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω). One ohm is one volt
𝑽𝜶𝑰 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 per ampere.
♦ The resistance of an electrical conductor depends on 4 factors
 the length of the conductor (l)
Power Drawn by Resistor  the cross-sectional area of the conductor (a) 𝝆𝒍
 the type of material (resistivity (ρ))
𝑹= 𝜴
𝑽𝟐 𝒂
 the temperature of the material
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 = ♦ Resistivity is a measure of the ease with which electrons can
𝑹 travel through a certain material. Unit is Ω-m

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 16
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Open Circuit Short Circuit

An open circuit is a circuit element A short circuit is a circuit element with

with resistance approaching infinity. resistance approaching zero.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 17
 EEE1001:Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Ohms law, Kirchhoff’s laws, Series and Parallel connection of Circuit elements

Dr. ARUN S L
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, SELECT
VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
 Basic circuit elements and sources
R1 R2
Circuit Topology

V R3 R4
R1 R2
N1 N2 N3

B5
A point or junction where two or more
Node V R3 R4
circuit’s elements meet is called Node.

R1 N4 R2
N1 B2 N2 B3 N3

That part or section of a circuit which B1 B5 B4

Branch locate between two junctions is called the V R3 R4
branch.

N4
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2
 Basic circuit elements and sources

Circuit Topology
R1 B2 R2 B3 N3
N1 N2

B1 B5 B4
L1 L2
Loop A closed path in a circuit is called as Loop. V R3 R4

L3

N4
R1 B2 R2 B3 N3
N1 N2

A closed loop which contains no other B1 B5 B4

Mesh loop within it or a path which does not L1 L2
R3 R4
M1 M2
contain on other paths is called Mesh
L3

N4

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3
 Basic circuit elements and sources
R1 R2
Circuit Topology

Two or more elements are in series if they

V R3
Series are cascaded or connected sequentially
and consequently carry the same current.

Two or more elements are in parallel if they

are connected to the same two nodes and
Parallel consequently have the same voltage
V R1 R2
across them.
4v
2Ω

Identify which elements

are in series and which 24v 6Ω 8Ω 3A
are in parallel.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4
 Basic Laws

Ohm’s Law

The ratio of potential difference (V) between the ends of a conductor to the current (I)
flowing between them is constant, provided the physical conditions (e.g. temperature
etc.) do not change.

𝑉
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅
𝐼
where R is the resistance of the conductor between the two points
considered

𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= ; 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅; 𝑅=
𝑅 𝐼

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 5
 Basic Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Current The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction in an

Law (KCL) electrical circuit is zero.

𝑁 𝐼1 + 𝐼4 + −𝐼2 + −𝐼3 = 0
𝐼𝑛 = 0
𝐼1 + 𝐼𝟒 = 𝐼𝟐 + 𝐼𝟑
𝑛−1
Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 6
 Basic Laws

Kirchhoff’s Law

In any closed electrical circuit or mesh, the algebraic sum of all

Kirchhoff’s Voltage
the electromotive forces (e.m.fs) and voltage drops in resistors
Law (KVL)
is equal to zero.

In any closed circuit or mesh, Algebraic sum of e.m.fs + Algebraic sum of voltage drops = 0 a
R1 R2 +
+ - + -
V2 V3 V1
𝑀
V1 V4
R3
𝑉𝑚 = 0 V2
- + 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉3
V5 𝑚=1
V3
−𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 − 𝑉4 + 𝑉5 = 0
b-
𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉5 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉4
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7
 Series & Parallel Connection

Series connection

𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
By Ohm’s law, voltage across the 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3
various resistances is Hence when a number of
resistances are connected
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑅1 ; 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅2 ; 𝑉3 = 𝐼𝑅3 𝑉 = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 in series, the total
resistance is equal to the
𝑉 sum of the individual
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 resistances
𝐼
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 8
 Series & Parallel Connection

Parallel connection

Two Resistances in Parallel

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐼=𝑉 + + = +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝐼 1 1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 = + + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝐼1 = ; 𝐼2 = ; 𝐼3 = 𝑉 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 Hence when a number of resistances
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 1 1 1 1 are connected in parallel, the
= + + reciprocal of total resistance is equal
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 to the sum of the reciprocals of the
𝐼= + + individual resistances
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9
 Series & Parallel Connection
𝑉
Voltage Division Rule 𝐼=
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑅1 ; 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅2 ; 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
R1 I R2
+ - + -
V1 V2 −𝑉 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 0 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽
V
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽
𝑉 = 𝐼(𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
Current Division Rule
𝑉 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
I
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝐼1 = ; 𝐼2 =
I1 I2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑹𝟐
+ + 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰
V R1 R2 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
- -
𝑉 𝑹𝟏
𝐼= 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10
 Series & Parallel Connection
Example Find the equivalent resistance of the given circuit

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 11
 Series & Parallel Connection
Tutorials Ohm’s Law
If a battery having an e.m.f. of 24 volts and
1 Find the battery current and and 2 internal resistance of 1 Ω is connected to the 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
p.d. across each resistor. terminals A and B, find the current from the battery
and p.d. across each resistor Two Resistances in Series

𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Two Resistances in Parallel
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

3 Find Vab. 4 Find I. Voltage Division Rule

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉1 = 𝑉; 𝑉2 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

Current Division Rule

𝑅2 𝑅1
𝐼1 = 𝐼; 𝐼2 = 𝐼
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 12
 Series & Parallel Connection
Tutorials

1 2

3 4

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 13
EEE1001:Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Node voltage analysis, Mesh current analysis

Dr. ARUN S L
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, SELECT
VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
 Nodal Analysis

Nodal analysis essentially aims at choosing a reference node in the network and
then finding the unknown voltages at the independent nodes w.r.t. reference node.

For a circuit containing N nodes, there will be N–1 node voltages, some of which may be known if voltage
sources are present.

Steps to Determine Node Voltages :

 Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , R1 V1 R2
vn-1 to the remaining n - 1 nodes. The voltages are referenced N1
with respect to the reference node.
 Apply KCL to each of the n - 1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohm’s V R3
law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages.
N2
 Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2
 Nodal Analysis
2 2
Example
Find the node voltage for the given circuit 12 V 6V
4

Step 1:
Step 2: Step 3:
 Assign nodes to the given circuit.
 At node 1, applying KCL and  From the node voltage, find
 The reference node voltage is zero
Ohm’s law give node voltage the branch currents.
 The node voltages V1 now to be
determined.
𝑉1 − 12
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0 𝐼1 = = −2.4𝐴
2
2 I1 V1 I2 2

I3 𝑉1 − 12 𝑉1 − 6 𝑉1 𝑉1 − 6
12 V 6V + + =0 𝐼2 = = 0.6𝐴
4 2 2 4 2

5𝑉1 = 36 𝑉1
𝐼3 = = 1.8𝐴
4
𝑉1 = 7.2𝑉

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3
 Nodal Analysis
Example
Step 1: 5Ω
Use nodal analysis to find the currents
in various resistors of the circuit shown 3Ω 1Ω
1 2 3
5Ω 4Ω
Number of Nodes = 4
10 A 2Ω 5Ω
3Ω 1Ω
8V

4Ω 4

10 A 2Ω 5Ω 5
8V Step 2:
I1 V1 I2 3 V2 1 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 = 𝐼1
V3
I3
I4 4
𝑉1 − 𝑉3 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑉1
10 A 2 5 + + = 10
8V
5 3 2

31𝑉1 − 10𝑉2 − 6𝑉3 = 300

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4
 Nodal Analysis
5
Step 3: 𝐼31 + 𝐼5 + 𝐼6 = 0
V1
3 I31 V2 I5 1 𝑉1 − 𝑉3
V3 𝐼2 = = 1.652𝐴
I6 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 𝑉2 5
4 + + =0
3 1 5
10 A 2 5
𝑉1 − 𝑉2
8V 𝐼3 = = 2.32𝐴
−5𝑉1 + 23𝑉2 − 15𝑉3 = 0 3

𝑉1
𝐼4 = = 6.03𝐴
Step 4: 2
3 1 I21
V1 V2 𝐼21 + 𝐼51 + 𝐼7 = 0
V3
I51 𝑉2 − 𝑉3
4 𝑉3 − 𝑉1 𝑉3 − 𝑉2 𝑉3 + 8 𝐼5 = = 1.3𝐴
+ + =0 1
10 A 2 5 I7 5 1 4
8V
𝑉2
−4𝑉1 − 20𝑉2 + 29𝑉3 = −40 𝐼6 = = 1.02𝐴
5
𝑉3 + 8
𝑉1 = 12.06𝑉; 𝑉2 = 5.1𝑉; 𝑉3 = 3.8𝑉 𝐼7 = = 2.95𝐴
4
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 5
 Nodal Analysis
Tutorial Use nodal analysis to find the currents in various resistors of the circuit shown

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 6
 Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analysing circuits, using mesh
currents as the circuit variables.
Mesh analysis A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.

Steps to Determine Mesh Currents

R1 R2
 Each mesh is assigned a separate mesh current. For a b c
convenience, all mesh currents are assumed to flow in
clockwise direction. V1 V2
I1 R3 I2
 If two mesh currents are flowing through a circuit element,
the actual current in the circuit element is the algebraic
sum of the two f e d
 Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied to write equation for
each mesh in terms of mesh currents.
 Apply KVL for mesh abef −𝑉1 + 𝐼1 𝑅1 + 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 𝑅3 = 0
 Apply KVL for mesh bcde 𝐼2 𝑅2 + 𝑉2 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 𝑅3 = 0
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7
 Mesh Analysis
Example a 40 b 60 c

Find the mesh current for the given Solution: 120 V 65 V

I1 20 I2
circuit
40 60 f e d
 Apply KVL for mesh abef
120 V 65 V
20 40𝐼1 + 20(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 120

60𝐼1 − 20𝐼2 = 120

 Apply KVL for mesh bcde

60𝐼2 + 65 + 20 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 = 0
−20𝐼1 + 80𝐼2 = −65

𝐼1 = 1.89𝐴 𝐼2 = −0.34𝐴

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 8
 Mesh Analysis
Example Solution:
20 mesh abhga
c d
−60𝐼1 − 30(𝐼1 − 𝐼3 ) − 50(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) − 20 + 100 = 0
Use mesh analysis to find the 30
I3
h 40
e
currents in various resistors b 140𝐼1 − 50𝐼2 − 30𝐼3 = 80
of the circuit shown 14𝐼1 − 5𝐼2 − 3𝐼3 = 8
I1 50 I2 10
20 60
mesh ghefg
100 V
20 V
50 V 20 − 50(𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) − 40(𝐼2 − 𝐼3 ) − 10𝐼2 + 50 = 0
30 40 a f
g −50𝐼1 + 100𝐼2 − 40𝐼3 = 70
−5𝐼1 + 10𝐼2 − 4𝐼3 = 7
50 10
60
𝐼60Ω = 𝐼1 = 1.65𝐴 mesh bcdehb
𝐼30Ω = 𝐼1 − 𝐼3 = 0.15𝐴 −20𝐼3 − 40(𝐼3 − 𝐼2 ) − 30(𝐼3 − 𝐼1 ) = 0
20 V
100 V 50 V
𝐼50Ω = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 = 0.47𝐴 30𝐼1 + 40𝐼2 − 90𝐼3 = 0
𝐼40Ω = 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0.62𝐴 3𝐼1 + 4𝐼2 − 9𝐼3 = 0
𝐼10Ω = 𝐼2 = 2.12𝐴 𝐼1 = 1.65𝐴
𝐼20Ω = 𝐼3 = 1.5𝐴 𝐼2 = 2.12𝐴
𝐼3 = 1.5𝐴
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9
 Mesh Analysis
Tutorial Use Mesh analysis to find the currents in various resistors of the circuit shown

5V 5 4 5V 8
5 4 8

3 2 3 2
20 V 30 V 20 V I1 I2 30 V
I3

5V 5V 5V 5V

Answers: 𝐼1 = 2.56𝐴

𝐼2 = 1.82𝐴

𝐼3 = −3.13𝐴

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10
EEE1001:Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Thevenin's and Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Dr. ARUN S L
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, SELECT
VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
 Thevenin’s Theorem
7 4
IL
Find IL for the given circuit 24 V
10 RL=6

7
7 2A 7 2A 7 4
1A 1A IL=1A
24 V 24 V 24 V 24 V 24 V
10 10 5 12 10 10
10 RL=6

7 4
IL=?
24 V
10 RL=10
RTh
Complex VTh RL
RL
7 4 Network
IL=?
24 V
10 RL=10 Thevenin s Equivalent
Circuit

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2
 Thevenin’s Theorem

Any linear, bilateral network having terminals A and B can be replaced by a single
source of e.m.f. VTh in series with a single resistance RTh.
(i) The e.m.f. VTh is the voltage obtained across terminals A and B with load, if any removed
i.e. it is open-circuited voltage between terminals A and B.
(ii) The resistance RTh is the resistance of the network measured between terminals A and B
with load removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistances. Voltage
sources are replaced with short circuits and current sources are replaced with open
circuits.

A A
RTh
Complex
RL VTh RL
Network

B B
Thevenin s Equivalent
Circuit

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3
 Thevenin’s Theorem
R1 R2
Procedure for Finding Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
1. Open the two terminals (i.e., remove any load) between V
R3 RL
which you want to find Thevenin equivalent circuit.
2. Find the open-circuit voltage between the two open R1 R2
terminals. It is called Thevenin voltage VTh. 𝑉𝑇ℎ = Volatge across 𝑅3
3. Determine the resistance between the two open terminals V R3 VTh 𝑉
with all voltage sources shorted and all current sources 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑅
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 3
opened. It is called Thevenin resistance RTh.
R1 R2
4. Connect VTh and RTh in series to produce Thevenin
equivalent circuit between the two terminals under 𝑅1 𝑅3
R3 RTh 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 𝑅2 +
consideration. 𝑅1 + 𝑅3
5. Place the load resistor removed in step (1) across the RTh
terminals of the Thevenin equivalent circuit. The load
current can now be calculated using only Ohm’s law and it 𝑉𝑇ℎ
VTh RL
𝐼𝐿 =
has the same value as the load current in the original 𝑅𝑇ℎ + 𝑅𝐿
circuit.

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4
 Thevenin’s Theorem
Example Solution:
Step 1: 4 I1 I2 5 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 0
Find the current flowing through 6Ω
𝑉𝑇ℎ − 4.5 𝑉𝑇ℎ − 3
resistor using Thevenin’s theorem. 4.5 V 3V + =0
VTh 4 5
4 5 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 3.83𝑉

4.5 V 3V Step 2: 4 5
6

4×5
RTh 𝑅𝑇ℎ = = 2.22Ω
4+5

RTh=
Step 3: 2.22 𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝐼6Ω =
𝑅𝑇ℎ + 𝑅𝐿
VTh = 6
3.83 V 3.83
𝐼6Ω = = 0.47𝐴
2.22 + 6

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 5
 Thevenin’s Theorem
Solution:
Find the current flowing through 1Ω
Step 1: 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 2
resistor using Thevenin’s theorem.
6 V1 6
6 6 𝑉1 − 12 𝑉1
I1 I2 + = 2; 𝑉1 = 15𝑉
6 10
12 V 2A VTh
4 𝑉1
12 V 2A 𝐼2 = = 1.5𝐴
4 1
10
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝐼2 × 4 = 6𝑉
6 6
Step 2:
12 × 4
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = 3Ω
4 RTh 12 4 RTh
12 + 4

RTh
𝑉𝑇ℎ
Step 3: 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝑇ℎ + 𝑅𝐿

VTh RL 6
𝐼𝐿 = = 1.5𝐴
3+1
Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 6
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
In d.c. circuits, maximum power is transferred from a source to load when the load
resistance is made equal to the internal resistance of the source as viewed from the load
terminals with load removed and all e.m.f. sources replaced by their internal resistances.

A
V = 12V RI = 3 Ω
Complex
RL
Network 𝑽 Power Delivered to Load
I RI RL 𝑰=
B 𝑹 𝑰 + 𝑹𝑳 𝑷𝑳 = 𝑰𝟐 ∗ 𝑹𝑳
1Ω I=3 A 𝐏𝐋 = 𝟗 𝐖
V RL
2Ω I=2.4 A 𝐏𝐋 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 𝐖
A
RI 3Ω I=2 A 𝐏𝐋 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐖
V RL
4Ω I=1.71 A 𝐏𝐋 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝐖
B 5Ω I=1.5 A 𝐏𝐋 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐖
6Ω I=1.33 A 𝐏𝐋 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝐖

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Proof of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

𝑉
𝐼= (𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 )(𝑅𝐼 − 𝑅𝐿 ) = 0
I RI 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼
(𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 ) ≠ 0
2
2
𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿
V RL 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 𝑅𝐼 − 𝑅𝐿 = 0

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝐼
𝑑𝑃𝐿 2
(𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 )2 − 2𝑅𝐿 (𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 )
=𝑉 =0 Load resistance = Internal resistance
𝑑𝑅𝐿 (𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 )4

(𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 )2 − 2𝑅𝐿 (𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 ) = 0

(𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 )(𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 − 2𝑅𝐿 ) = 0

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 8
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Important Points

 The circuit efficiency at maximum power transfer is only 50% as one-half of the total power
generated is dissipated in the internal resistance Ri of the source.

Output Power 𝐼 2 𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿 1
𝜂= = 2 = = = 50%
Input Power 𝐼 (𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 ) 2𝑅𝐿 2

 Under the conditions of maximum power transfer, the load voltage is one-half of the open
circuited voltage at the load terminals.
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 2

 Value of maximum power transferred

2
𝑉 𝑉2
𝑃𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 4𝑅𝐿

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Example Solution:
Step 1: 10
V1
Find the value of resistance R to have
maximum power transfer in the circuit 𝑉1 − 120 𝑉1
120 V VTh 6A + =6
shown in figure. Also obtain the 5 10 5
amount of maximum power
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑉1 = 60𝑉
10
Step 2: A
10 × 5
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 10Ω||5Ω = = 3.33Ω
120 V 5
10Ω 5
10 + 5
R 5 6A
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 3.33Ω
B
Step 3: RI =3.33

𝑉𝑇2 602
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 270𝑊
60 V RL=3.33 4𝑅𝐿 4 × 3.33

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Tutorial Calculate the value of R which will absorb maximum power from the circuit shown in
figure. Also find the value of maximum power.

6 6V

2A 15 3 R
8V

Solution:
RI =2.625

60 V RL=2.625

maximum power transferred =11.52W

Dr. Arun S L, Assi Prof., SELECT, VIT Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 11
 EEE 1001 - Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Tutorial Problem
1. Find the value of current through 10Ω resistor using Mesh analysis, Nodal analysis and The-
vanin’s theorem. And also, find the value resistance to absorb the maximum power in the place
of 10Ω resistor. [5M]

Fig. 1

Page 1 of 1
 EEE 1001 - Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Tutorial Problems on Nodal Analysis
1. Use nodal analysis to find the voltage across and current through 4 Ω resistor of the circuit shown
in Fig. 1. [5M]

Fig. 1
2. Use nodal analysis to find the currents in various resistors of the circuit shown in Fig. 2. [5M]

Fig. 2
3. Using nodal analysis, find node voltages and branch currents of the circuit shown in Fig. 3. [5M]

Fig. 3

Page 1 of 2
SELECT EEE 1001 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

4. Solve the circuit shown in Fig. 4 using nodal analysis.

[5M]

Fig. 4
5. Use nodal analysis to find the value of Vr for the circuit shown in Fig. 5. [5M]

Fig. 5

Page 2 of 2
 EEE 1001 - Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Tutorial Problems on Mesh Analysis
1. Find the mesh currents using mesh analysis. [5M]

Fig. 1

2. Find the voltage across A and B (VAB ). [5M]

Fig. 2

3. Find the voltage across A and B (VAB ). [5M]

Fig. 3

Page 1 of 2
SELECT EEE 1001 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

4. Using mesh analysis find the current through 8Ω resistor.

[5M]

Fig. 4
5. Use mesh analysis to find the currents in various resistors of the circuit shown in Fig. 5. [5M]

Fig. 5

Page 2 of 2
 EEE 1001 - Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Tutorial Problems on Thevenin’s theorem
1. Determine Thevenin’s equivalent circuit to the left of AB in Fig. 1. [5M]

Fig. 1

2. Using Thevenin’s theorem, find p.d. across branch AB of the network shown in Fig. 2. [5M]

Fig. 2

3. By using Thevenin’s theorem, find current I in the circuit shown in Fig. 3. [5M]

Fig. 3

Page 1 of 2
SELECT EEE 1001 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

4. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit at terminals BC of Fig. 4. Hence, determine current through
the resistor R = 1Ω [5M]

Fig. 4
5. By using Thevenin Theorem, find current through 2Ω resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. 5. [5M]

Fig. 5

Page 2 of 2
 EEE 1001 - Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Tutorial Problems on Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
1. Calculate the value of R L which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of Fig. 1. Also find
the value of maximum power. [5M]

Fig. 1

2. Calculate the value of R L which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of Fig. 2. Also find
the value of maximum power. [5M]

Fig. 2

3. Calculate the value of R L which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of Fig. 3. Also find
the value of maximum power. [5M]

Fig. 3

Page 1 of 2
SELECT EEE 1001 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

4. Calculate the value of R L which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of Fig. 4. Also find
the value of maximum power. [5M]

Fig. 4
5. Calculate the value of R L which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of Fig. 5. Also find
the value of maximum power. [5M]

Fig. 5

Page 2 of 2