INDEX

 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 AIM
 Apparatus
 Introduction
 Types of Soaps
 Theory
 Procedure
 Factors affecting foaming capacity of Soap
 Effect of addition of sodium carbonate on
foaming capacity
 Conclusion
 Precautions
 Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Nikhil Yadav, student of Class
XIIth–A5, Kanha Makhan Public School, Masani,
Mathura has completed the project having aim
“Investigation of the foaming capacity of different
washing soaps and the effect of addition of sodium
carbonate on it” during the academic year
2024-25 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the
chemistry practical evaluation of CBSE 2025 and
submitted satisfactory report as compiled in the
following pages under my supervision.

Mr. Abhishek Sharma

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my chemistry teacher Abhishek Sharma,
as well as our principal Pramod Sharma for
providing me with the opportunity to work on this
beautiful project.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me to finish this project within
the limited time frame.
Finally, I would like to thank everyone without
whose help I could not have completed my project
successfully.
 AIM

Investigation of the foaming capacity of different

washing soaps and the effect of addition of sodium
carbonate on it
 APPARATUS
 Apparatus :
 Five 100ml conical flasks,
 five 20ml test tubes,
 100ml measuring cylinder,
 test tube stand,
 weight box,
 stop watch.
 Chemicals:
 Five different samples of soap and distilled
water.
 INTRODUCTION
Bar soap has been used for centuries and continues
to be an important product for batching and
cleaning. It is also a mild antiseptic and ingestible
antidote for certain poisons. SOAP is a common
term for a number of related compounds used as of
washing clothes or bathing. Soaps are sodium or
potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic
acid (C17 H35 COOH), politic acid (C15 H31 COOH)
and oleic acid (C17H35 COOH) they have the
general formula RCOONa and RCOONa. Soap is
produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis
reaction of a fat or oil. Currently sodium carbonate
or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty
acid and convert it to the salt.
 TYPES OF SOAPS
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain
determines the unique properties of various soaps.
Tallow or animal fats give plimarily sodium stearate
(18 carbons) a very hard, insoluble soap. Fatty acids
with longer chains are even more insoluble. As a
matter of fact, zinc stearate is used in talcum
powders because it is water repellent. Coconut oil is
a source of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can be
made into sodium lourate. This soap is very soluble
and will lather easily even in sea water. Fatty acids
with only 10 or fewer carbons are not used in soaps
because they irritate the skin and have
objectionable odors.
 THEORY
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain
determines the unique properties of various soaps.
Tallow or animal fats give plimarily sodium stearate
(18 carbons) a very hard, insoluble soap. Fatty acids
with longer chains are even more insoluble. As a
matter of fact, 3inc stearate is used in talcum powders
because it is water repellent. Coconut oil is a source of
lauric acid (12 carbons) which can be made into
sodium lourate. This soap is very soluble and will
lather easily even in sea water. Fatty acids with only 10
or fewer carbons are not used in soaps because they
irritate the skin and have objectionable odors. The
general formula of soap is Fatty end water soluble end
CH3-(CH2) n COONa Soaps are useful for cleaning
because soap molecules have both hydrophilic end,
which dissolves in water, as well as hydrophobic end,
which is able to dissolve on polar grease molecules.
Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively
holds particles in colloidal suspension so it can be
rinsed off with clean water. The hydrophobic portion
(made up of a long hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt
and oils, while the ionic end dissolves in water. The
resultant forms a round structure called micelle.
Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-
insoluble matter by emulsification. Commercial
production of soap the most popular soap making
process today is the cold process method, where fats
such as olive oil react with strong alkaline solution,
while home stayers use the historical hot process.
Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that,
usually, an excess of fat is sometimes used to consume
the alkali (super fatting), and in that the glycerin is not
removed, leaving a naturally moisturizing soap and not
pure detergent. Often, emollients such as jojoba oil
osha butter are added at trace (the point at which the
saponification process is sufficiently advanced that the
soap has begun to thicken), after most of the oils have
specified, so that they remain unreacted in the finished
soap. Fat in soap is derived from either vegetable or
animal fats. Sodium Tallow ate, a common ingredient
in much soap, is derived from rendered beef fat. Soap
can also be made of vegetable oils, such as palm oil,
and the product is typically softer. An array of
saponifiable oils and fats are used in the process such
as olive, coconut, palm, cocoa butter to provide
different qualities. For example, olive oil provides
mildness in soap; coconut oil provides lots of lather;
while coconut and palm oils provide hardness.
Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient.
Smaller amounts of unspecifiable oils and fats that do
not yield soap are sometimes added for further benefits.
Preparation of soap In cold process and hot-process
soap making, heat may be required for saponification.
Cold-process soap making takes place at a sufficient
temperature to ensure the liquification of the fat being
used. Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap
can be used right away because the alkali and fat
specify more quickly at the higher temperatures used
in hotprocess soap making. Hot process soap making
was used when the purity of alkali was unreliable.
Coldprocess soap making requires exact measurements
of alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio,
using saponification charts to ensure that the finished
product is mild and skin-friendly. Hot process In the
hot-process method, alkali and fat are boiled together
at 80100 C until saponification occurs, which the soap
maker can determine by taste or by eye. After
saponification has occurred, the soap is sometime
sprecipitated from the solution by adding salt, and the
excess liquid drained off. The hot, soft soap is then
spooned into a mold. Cold process A cold-process soap
maker first looks up the saponification value of the fats
being used on a saponification chart, which is then
used to calculate the appropriate amount of alkali.
Excess unreacted alkali in the soap will result in a very
high pH and can burn or irritate skin. Not enough
alkali and the soap are greasy. The alkali is dissolved in
water. Then oils are heated, or melted if they are solid
at room temperature. Once both substances have
cooled to approximately 100-110F (37-43C), and are no
more than 10F (~5.5C) apart, they may be combined.
This alkali-fat mixture is stirred until trace.
There are varying levels of trace. After much stirring,
the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding.
Trace corresponds roughly to viscosity. Essential and
fragrance oils are added at light trace. Introduction to
the experiment Soap samples of various brands are
taken and their foaming capacity is noticed. Various
soap samples are taken separately and their foaming
capacity is observed. The soap with the maximum
foaming capacity is thus, said to be having the best
cleaning capacity.
The test requires to be done with distilled water as well
as with tap water. The test of soap on distilled water
gives the actual strength of the soaps cleaning capacity.
The second test with tap water tests the effect of Ca2+
and Mg2+ salts on their foaming capacities.
 PROCEDURE
 Take five 100ml conical flasks and label them as
A,B,C,D,E.
 Take 50ml of water in each conical flask and then
add 2g of different samples of soap to each flask.
 Warm to dissolve and get a clear solution.
Arrange five test tubes on a test tube stand
labeled as A,B,C,D and E.
 Take ICC of the soap solution from each conical
flask ad to the corresponding test tube.
 Shake the test tube for 1 minute by covering its
mouth by the thumb.
 Foam will be formed in the test tube. Start the
stop watch and note the time taken for the
disappearance of foam.
 Repeat the same procedure for the test tubes B,
C,D and E.
 Shaking each tube with the same force and
noting the time taken for disappearance of the
foam.
 OBSERVATION
Amount of each soap sample taken = 5 gm
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken = 1ml
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml
Soap
Sample Time taken (seconds) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5
FACTORS AFFECTING
FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAP
If calcium, iron and magnesium compounds are
dissolved in the water, the foaming capability will
be greatly restricted. --Temperature is also a factor.
Hot water creates more foam than cold water. --
Motion of solvent. If water is moving lot and
changing direction it will cause a great increase in
foam.
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF
SODIUM CARBONATE ON
FOAMING CAPACITY
soaps samples of various brands are taken and their
foaming capacity is noticed. Various soap samples
are taken separately and their foaming capacity is
observed. The soap with the maximum foaming
capacity is thus, said to be having the best cleaning
capacity. The test requires to be done with distilled
water as well as with tap water. The test of soap on
distilled water gives the actual strength of soaps
cleaning capacity. The second test with tap water
tests the effect of Ca++ and Mg++ salts on their
foaming capacities. Effect of adding of sodium
carbonate on soap: adding sodium carbonate to
soap can affect the activity of the soap in different
manners in presence of different types of water. For
example on case of hard water it will precipitate
calcium carbonate and hence, activity of soap will
improve. But in presence of fresh water it will
reduce the interfacial tension but bubbles of soap
will not be formed. In presence of saline water
addition of sodium carbonate may increase pH
resulting in scale formation of calcium carbonate.
However, in general the foaming capacity of
detergents is not affected to a very large extent by
addition of sodium carbonate
 CONCLUSION
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled
water as compared to that in tap water. The soap for
which the time taken for the disappearance of foam
is highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the
best quality soap among the soaps tested.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/Naco.pdf
 https://www.icbse.com.
 Data collection to the Website like Google, Research gate etc.