Summary of Op-Amp Configur ations   ◆   639

SUMMARY OF OP-AMP CONFIGURATIONS

BASIC OP-AMP

■■ Very high open-loop voltage gain

Inverting
–
input ■■ Very high input impedance
Output
Noninverting ■■ Very low output impedance
+
input
Symbol

NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
■■ Voltage gain:
Vin +
Rf
Vout Acl(NI) = 1 +
Ri
– Rf
■■ Input impedance:
Zin(NI) = (1 + AolB)Zin
Ri
■■ Output impedance:
Zout
Zout(NI) =
1 + AolB

VOLTAGE-FOLLOWER
■■ Voltage gain:
– Acl(VF) = 1
Vout ■■ Input impedance:
Vin +
Zin(VF) = (1 + Aol)Zin
■■ Output impedance:
Zout
Zout(VF) =
1 + Aol

INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Rf ■■ Voltage gain:
Rf
Acl(I) = -
Ri
Ri
Vin – ■■ Input impedance:
Vout Zin(I) > Ri
+
■■ Output impedance:
Zout
Zout(I) =
1 + AolB

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 640  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

SUMMARY
Section 12–1 ◆ The basic op-amp has three terminals not including power and ground: inverting (- ) input, non-
inverting ( +) input, and output.
◆ A differential amplifier forms the input stage of an op-amp.

◆ Most op-amps require both a positive and a negative dc supply voltage.

◆ The ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite open-loop volt-

age gain, and infinite bandwidth.
◆ A practical op-amp has very high input impedance, very low output impedance, and very high

open-loop voltage gain.
Section 12–2 ◆ Two types of op-amp input operation are the differential mode and the common mode.
◆ Common mode occurs when equal in-phase voltages are applied to both input terminals.

◆ The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is a measure of an op-amp’s ability to reject com-

mon-mode inputs.
◆ Open-loop voltage gain is the gain of an op-amp with no external feedback connections.

◆ Input offset voltage produces an output error voltage (with no input voltage).

◆ Input bias current also produces an output error voltage (with no input voltage).

◆ Input offset current is the difference between the two bias currents.

◆ Slew rate is the rate in volts per microsecond at which the output voltage of an op-amp can

change in response to a step input.
◆ Noise degrades the performance of an amplifier by the introduction of an unwanted signal.

Section 12–3 ◆ Negative feedback occurs when a portion of the output voltage is connected back to the invert-
ing input such that it subtracts from the input voltage, thus reducing the voltage gain but increas-
ing the stability and bandwidth.
Section 12–4 ◆ There are three basic op-amp configurations: inverting, noninverting, and voltage-follower.
◆ The three basic op-amp configurations employ negative feedback.

◆ Closed-loop voltage gain is the gain of an op-amp with external feedback.

Section 12–5 ◆ A noninverting amplifier configuration has a higher input impedance and a lower output imped-
ance than the op-amp itself (without feedback).
◆ An inverting amplifier configuration has an input impedance approximately equal to the input resistor

Ri and an output impedance approximately equal to the output impedance of the op-amp itself.
◆ The voltage-follower has the highest input impedance and the lowest output impedance of the

three amplifier configurations.
Section 12–6 ◆ All practical op-amps have small input bias currents and input offset voltages that produce small
output error voltages.
◆ The input bias current effect can be compensated for with external resistors.

◆ The input offset voltage can be compensated for with an external potentiometer between the two

offset null pins provided on the IC op-amp package and as recommended by the manufacturer.
Section 12–7 ◆ The closed-loop voltage gain is always less than the open-loop voltage gain.
◆ The midrange gain of an op-amp extends down to dc.

◆ The gain of an op-amp decreases as frequency increases above the critical frequency.

◆ The bandwidth of an op-amp equals the upper critical frequency.

◆ The open-loop response curve of a compensated op-amp rolls off at - 20 dB/decade above fc.

Section 12–8 ◆ The internal RC lag circuits that are inherently part of the amplifier stages cause the gain to roll-
off as frequency goes up.
◆ The internal RC lag circuits also cause a phase shift between input and output signals.

◆ Negative feedback lowers the gain and increases the bandwidth.

◆ The product of gain and bandwidth is constant for a given compensated op-amp.

◆ The gain-bandwidth product for a compensated op-amp equals the frequency at which unity

voltage gain occurs.

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 Key Formulas   ◆   641

KEY TERMS Key terms and other bold terms in the chapter are defined in the end-of-book glossary.

Closed-loop voltage gain (Act) The voltage gain of an op-amp with external feedback.
CMRR Common-mode rejection ratio; the ratio of open-loop gain to common-mode gain; a meas-
ure of an op-amp’s ability to reject common-mode signals.
Common mode A condition characterized by the presence of the same signal on both op-amp
inputs.
Differential amplifier A type of amplifier with two inputs and two outputs that is used as the input
stage of an op-amp.
Differential mode A mode of op-amp operation in which two opposite-polarity signal voltages are
applied to the two inputs (double-ended) or in which a signal is applied to one input and ground to
the other input (single-ended).
Gain-bandwidth product A constant parameter for compensated op-amps which is always equal
to the frequency at which the op-amp’s open-loop gain is unity (1).
Inverting amplifier An op-amp closed-loop configuration in which the input signal is applied to
the inverting input.
Negative feedback The process of returning a portion of the output signal to the input of an ampli-
fier such that it is out of phase with the input signal.
Noninverting amplifier An op-amp closed-loop configuration in which the input signal is applied
to the noninverting input.
Open-loop voltage gain (Aol) The voltage gain of an op-amp without external feedback.
Operational amplifier (op-amp) A type of amplifier that has very high voltage gain, very high
input impedance, very low output impedance, and good rejection of common-mode signals.
Phase shift The relative angular displacement of a time-varying function relative to a reference.
Slew rate The rate of change of the output voltage of an op-amp in response to a step input.
Voltage-follower A closed-loop, noninverting op-amp with a voltage gain of 1.

Key Formulas
Op-Amp Input Modes and Parameters
Aol
12–1 CMRR 5 Common-mode rejection ratio
Acm
Aol
12–2 CMRR 5 20 log a b Common-mode rejection ratio (dB)
Acm
I1 1 I2
12–3 IBIAS 5 Input bias current
2
12–4 IOS 5 z I1 2 I2 z Input offset current
12–5 VOS 5 IOS Rin Offset voltage
12–6 VOUT(error) 5 Av IOS Rin Output error voltage
DVout
12–7 Slew rate 5 Slew rate
Dt

Op-Amp Configurations
Rf
12–8 Acl(NI) 5 1 1 Voltage gain (noninverting)
Ri
12–9 Acl(VF) 5 1 Voltage gain (voltage-follower)
Rf
12–10 Acl(I) 5 2 Voltage gain (inverting)
Ri

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642  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

Op-Amp Impedances
12–11 Zin(NI) 5 (1 1 Aol B)Zin Input impedance (noninverting)
Zout
12–12 Zout (NI) 5 Output impedance (noninverting)
1 1 Aol B
12–13 Zin(VF) 5 (1 1 Aol)Zin Input impedance (voltage-follower)
Zout
12–14 Zout (VF) 5 Output impedance (voltage-follower)
1 1 Aol
12–15 Zin(I) G Ri Input impedance (inverting)
Zout
12–16 Zout (I) 5 Output impedance (inverting)
1 1 AolB

Op-Amp Frequency Responses

12–17 BW 5 fcu Op-amp bandwidth
Vout 1
12–18 5 RC attenuation
Vin 21 1 f 2 >f 2c
Aol(mid)
12–19 Aol 5 Open-loop voltage gain
21 1 f 2 >f 2c
f
12–20 U 5 2tan 21a b RC phase shift
fc

12–21 fc(cl) 5 fc(ol )(1 1 BAol(mid)) Closed-loop critical frequency

12–22 BWcl 5 BWol(1 1 BAol (mid)) Closed-loop bandwidth
12–23 fT 5 Acl fc(cl ) Unity-gain bandwidth

TRUE/FALSE QUIZ Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

1. An ideal op-amp has an infinite input impedance.

2. An ideal op-amp has a very high output impedance.
3. The op-amp can operate in either the differential mode or the common mode.
4. Common-mode rejection means that a signal appearing on both inputs is effectively cancelled.
5. CMRR stands for common-mode rejection reference.
6. Slew rate determines how fast the output can change in response to a step input.
7. Negative feedback reduces the gain of an op-amp from its open-loop value.
8. Negative feedback reduces the bandwidth of an op-amp from its open-loop value.
9. A noninverting amplifier uses negative feedback.
10. The gain of a voltage-follower is very high.
11. Negative feedback affects the input and output impedances of an op-amp.
12. A compensated op-amp has a gain roll-off of –20dB decade above the critical frequency.
13. The gain-bandwidth product equals the unity-gain frequency for a compensated op-amp.
14. If the feedback resistor in an inverting amplifier opens, the gain becomes zero.

CIRCUIT-ACTION QUIZ Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

1. If Rf is decreased in the circuit of Figure 12–19, the voltage gain will

(a) increase     (b) decrease     (c) not change
2. If Vin = 1 mV and Rf opens in the circuit of Figure 12–19, the output voltage will

(a) increase     (b) decrease     (c) not change
 Self-Test   ◆   643

3. If Ri is increased in the circuit of Figure 12–19, the voltage gain will

(a) increase    (b) decrease    (c) not change
4. If 10 mV are applied to the input to the op-amp circuit of Figure 12–23 and Rf is increased, the

output voltage will
(a) increase    (b) decrease    (c) not change
5. In Figure 12–29, if Rf is changed from 100 kΩ to 68 kΩ, the feedback attenuation will

(a) increase    (b) decrease    (c) not change
6. If the closed-loop gain in Figure 12–44(a) is increased by increasing the value of Rf, the closed-

loop bandwidth will
(a) increase    (b) decrease    (c) not change
7. If Rf is changed to 470 kΩ and Ri is changed to 10 kΩ in Figure 12–44(b), the closed-loop

bandwidth will
(a) increase    (b) decrease    (c) not change
8. If Ri in Figure 12–44(b) opens, the output voltage will

(a) increase    (b) decrease    (c) not change

SELF-TEST Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

Section 12–1 1. An integrated circuit (IC) op-amp has

(a) two inputs and two outputs     (b) one input and one output
(c) two inputs and one output
2. Which of the following characteristics does not necessarily apply to an op-amp?

(a) High gain     (b) Low power
(c) High input impedance    (d) Low output impedance
3. A differential amplifier

(a) is part of an op-amp     (b) has one input and one output
(c) has two outputs     (d) answers (a) and (c)
Section 12–2 4. When an op-amp is operated in the single-ended differential mode,
(a) the output is grounded
(b) one input is grounded and a signal is applied to the other
(c) both inputs are connected together
(d) the output is not inverted
5. In the double-ended differential mode,

(a) a signal is applied between the two inputs     (b) the gain is 1
(c) the outputs are different amplitudes     (d) only one supply voltage is used
6. In the common mode,

(a) both inputs are grounded     (b) the outputs are connected together
(c) an identical signal appears on both inputs     (d) the output signals are in-phase
7. Common-mode gain is

(a) very high    (b) very low
(c) always unity    (d) unpredictable
8. If Aol = 3500 and Acm = 0.35, the CMRR is

(a) 1225     (b) 10,000
(c) 80 dB    (d) answers (b) and (c)
9. With zero volts on both inputs, an op-amp ideally should have an output equal to

(a) the positive supply voltage     (b) the negative supply voltage
(c) zero     (d) the CMRR
 644  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

10. Of the values listed, the most realistic value for open-loop gain of an op-amp is

(a) 1    (b) 2000    (c) 80 dB    (d) 100,000
11. A certain op-amp has bias currents of 50 mA and 49.3 mA. The input offset current is

(a) 700 nA    (b) 99.3 mA    (c) 49.7 mA    (d) none of these
12. The output of a particular op-amp increases 8 V in 12 ms. The slew rate is

(a) 96 V/ms    (b) 0.67 V/ms    (c) 1.5 V/ms    (d) none of these
Section 12–3 13. The purpose of offset nulling is to
(a) reduce the gain     (b) equalize the input signals
(c) zero the output error voltage     (d) answers (b) and (c)
14. The use of negative feedback

(a) reduces the voltage gain of an op-amp     (b) makes the op-amp oscillate
(c) makes linear operation possible     (d) answers (a) and (c)
Section 12–4 15. For an op-amp with negative feedback, the output is
(a) equal to the input
(b) increased
(c) fed back to the inverting input
(d) fed back to the noninverting input
16. A certain noninverting amplifier has an Ri of 1.0 kV and an Rf of 100 kV. The closed-loop

gain is
(a) 100,000    (b) 1000    (c) 101    (d) 100
17. If the feedback resistor in Question 16 is open, the voltage gain
(a) increases    (b) decreases    (c) is not affected    (d) depends on Ri
18. A certain inverting amplifier has a closed-loop gain of 25. The op-amp has an open-loop gain

of 100,000. If another op-amp with an open-loop gain of 200,000 is substituted in the configu-
ration, the closed-loop gain
(a) doubles    (b) drops to 12.5    (c) remains at 25    (d) increases very slightly
19. A voltage-follower

(a) has a gain of 1     (b) is noninverting
(c) has no feedback resistor     (d) has all of these
Section 12–5 20. Negative feedback
(a) increases the input and output impedances
(b) increases the input impedance and the bandwidth
(c) decreases the output impedance and the bandwidth
(d) does not affect impedances or bandwidth
Section 12–6 21. Bias current compensation
(a) reduces gain     (b) reduces output error voltage
(c) increases bandwidth    (d) has no effect
Section 12–7 22. The midrange open-loop gain of an op-amp
(a) extends from the lower critical frequency to the upper critical frequency
(b) extends from 0 Hz to the upper critical frequency
(c) rolls off at 20 dB/decade beginning at 0 Hz
(d) answers (b) and (c)
23. The frequency at which the open-loop gain is equal to 1 is called

(a) the upper critical frequency     (b) the cutoff frequency
(c) the notch frequency     (d) the unity-gain frequency
24. Phase shift through an op-amp is caused by

(a) the internal RC circuits    (b) the external RC circuits
(c) the gain roll-off     (d) negative feedback

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 Problems   ◆   645

25. Each RC circuit in an op-amp

(a) causes the gain to roll-off at -6 dB/octave
(b) causes the gain to roll-off at -20 dB/decade
(c) reduces the midrange gain by 3 dB
(d) answers (a) and (b)
26. If a certain compensated op-amp has a midrange open-loop gain of 200,000 and a unity-gain
frequency of 5 MHz, the gain-bandwidth product is
(a) 200,000 Hz     (b) 5,000,000 Hz
(c) 1 * 1012 Hz    (d) not determinable from the information
Section 12–8 27. The bandwidth of an ac amplifier having a lower critical frequency of 1 kHz and an upper criti-
cal frequency of 10 kHz is
(a) 1 kHz    (b) 9 kHz    (c) 10 kHz    (d) 11 kHz
28. The bandwidth of a dc amplifier having an upper critical frequency of 100 kHz is

(a) 100 kHz    (b) unknown    (c) infinity    (d) 0 kHz
29. When negative feedback is used, the gain-bandwidth product of an op-amp

(a) increases    (b) decreases    (c) stays the same    (d) fluctuates
30. If a certain op-amp has a closed-loop gain of 20 and an upper critical frequency of 10 MHz, the

gain-bandwidth product is
(a) 200 MHz    (b) 10 MHz    (c) the unity-gain frequency    (d) answers (a) and (c)

PROBLEMS Answers to all odd-numbered problems are at the end of the book.

BASIC PROBLEMS
Section 12–1 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers
1. Compare a practical op-amp to an ideal op-amp.
2. Two IC op-amps are available to you. Their characteristics are listed below. Choose the one
you think is more desirable.
Op-amp 1: Zin = 5 MV, Zout = 100 V, Aol = 50,000
Op-amp 2: Zin = 10 MV, Zout = 75 V, Aol = 150,000

Section 12–2 Op-Amp Input Modes and Parameters

3. Identify the type of input mode for each op-amp in Figure 12–61.
4. A certain op-amp has a CMRR of 250,000. Convert this to decibels.
5. The open-loop gain of a certain op-amp is 175,000. Its common-mode gain is 0.18. Determine
the CMRR in decibels.
6. An op-amp datasheet specifies a CMRR of 300,000 and an Aol of 90,000. What is the common-
mode gain?
7. Determine the bias current, IBIAS, given that the input currents to an op-amp are 8.3 mA and
7.9 mA.

Vin1

– – –

+ + +
Vin
Vin Vin2

(a) (b) (c)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 61

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 646   ◆    The Operational Amplifier

8. Distinguish between input bias current and input offset current, and then calculate the input
offset current in Problem 7.
9. Figure 12–62 shows the output voltage of an op-amp in response to a step input. What is the
slew rate?
10. How long does it take the output voltage of an op-amp to go from -10 V to + 10 V if the slew
rate is 0.5 V/mS?

▶ FIG U R E 12– 62 Vout

+12 V

0 t
15 ms

–12 V

Section 12–4 Op-Amps with Negative Feedback

11. Identify each of the op-amp configurations in Figure 12–63.

Rf
Ri
– Vin + Vin –
Vout Vout Vout
Vin + – +
Rf

Ri

(a) (b) (c)

▲ FIG U R E 12– 63

12. A noninverting amplifier has an Ri of 1.0 kV and an Rf of 100 kV. Determine Vf and B if Vout = 5 V.
13. For the amplifier in Figure 12–64, determine the following:
(a) Acl(NI)    (b) Vout    (c) Vf

▶ FIG U R E 12– 64 Vin

+
10 mV rms
Multisim or LT Spice file circuits are
Vout
identified with a logo and are in
the Problems folder on the website. – Rf
Filenames correspond to figure num- 560 kV
bers (e.g., FGM12-64 or FGS12-64).
Ri
1.5 kV

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 Problems   ◆   647

14. Determine the closed-loop gain of each amplifier in Figure 12–65.

Aol = 150,000 Aol = 100,000 Aol = 200,000 Aol = 185,000

Vin + Vin + Vin + Vin +
Vout Vout Vout Vout
– – – –
Rf Rf Rf Rf
47 kV 1.0 MV 220 kV 22 kV

Ri Ri Ri Ri
4.7 kV 10 kV 4.7 kV 1.0 kV

(a) (b) (c) (d)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 65

15. Find the value of Rf that will produce the indicated closed-loop gain in each amplifier in Figure
12–66.

Rf Rf

Acl = 50 Ri Acl = 8 Ri
Vin + Vin – Vin + Vin –
Vout 10 kV Vout Vout 2.2 kV Vout
– + – +
Rf Acl = – 300 Rf Acl = –75

Ri Ri
1.0 kV 12 kV

(a) (b) (c) (d)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 66

16. Find the gain of each amplifier in Figure 12–67.

17. If a signal voltage of 10 mV rms is applied to each amplifier in Figure 12–67, what are the out-
put voltages and what is their phase relationship with inputs?

Rf Rf

Ri 100 kV Ri 330 kV
– Vin – Vin + Vout Vin –
Vout 100 kV Vout 33 kV Vout
Vin + + – +
Rf
1.0 MV

Ri
47 kV

(a) (b) (c) (d)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 67

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 648  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

18. Determine the approximate values for each of the following quantities in Figure 12–68.
(a) lin    (b) If    (c) Vout    (d) closed-loop gain
▶ FIG U R E 12– 68 Rf

If 22 kV
Ri
Vin
–
1V
Iin 2.2 kV
Vout
+

Section 12–5 Effects of Negative Feedback on Op-Amp Impedances

19. Determine the input and output impedances for each amplifier configuration in Figure 12–69.

Aol = 175,000 Aol = 200,000 Aol = 50,000

Zin = 10 MV Zin = 1 MV Zin = 2 MV
Vin + Zout = 75 V Vin + Zout = 25 V Vin + Zout = 50 V

Vout Vout Vout

– Rf – Rf – Rf
560 kV 47 kV 1.0 MV

Ri Ri Ri
2.7 kV 1.5 kV 56 kV

(a) (b) (c)

▲ FIG U R E 12– 69

20. Repeat Problem 19 for each circuit in Figure 12–70.

– – –
Vout Vout Vout
Vin + Vin + Vin +
Aol = 220,000 Aol = 100,000 Aol = 50,000
Zin = 6 MV Zin = 5 MV Zin = 800 kV
Zout = 100 V Zout = 60 V Zout = 75 V
(a) (b) (c)

▲ FIG U R E 12– 70

21. Repeat Problem 19 for each circuit in Figure 12–71.

Section 12–6 Bias Current and Offset Voltage

22. A voltage-follower is driven by a voltage source with a source resistance of 75 V.
(a) 
What value of compensating resistor is required for bias current, and where should the re-
sistor be placed?
(b) If the two input currents after compensation are 42 mA and 40 mA, what is the output error
voltage?
23. Determine the compensating resistor value for each amplifier configuration in Figure 12–69,
and indicate the placement of the resistor.
24. A particular op-amp voltage-follower has an input offset voltage of 2 nV. What is the output
error voltage?

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 Problems   ◆   649

Rf Rf Rf

150 kV 10 MV 10 kV
Ri Ri Ri
Vin – Vin – Vin –
10 kV 100 kV 470 V
Vout Vout Vout
+ + +
Aol = 125,000 Aol = 75,000 Aol = 250,000
Zin = 1.5 MV Zin = 1 MV Zin = 3 MV
Zout = 40 V Zout = 50 V Zout = 70 V
(a) (b) (c)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 71
For Problem 21.

25. What is the input offset voltage of an op-amp if a dc output voltage of 35 mV is measured
when the input voltage is zero? The op-amp’s open-loop gain is specified to be 200,000.

Section 12–7 Open-Loop Frequency and Phase Responses

26. The midrange open-loop gain of a certain op-amp is 120 dB. Negative feedback reduces this
gain by 50 dB. What is the closed-loop gain?
27. The upper critical frequency of an op-amp’s open-loop response is 200 Hz. If the midrange
gain is 175,000, what is the ideal gain at 200 Hz? What is the actual gain? What is the op-
amp’s open-loop bandwidth?
28. An RC lag circuit has a critical frequency of 5 kHz. If the resistance value is 1.0 kV, what is
XC when f = 3 kHz?
29. Determine the attenuation of an RC lag circuit with fc = 12 kHz for each of the following fre-
quencies.
(a) 1 kHz    (b) 5 kHz    (c) 12 kHz    (d) 20 kHz    (e) 100 kHz
30. The midrange open-loop gain of a certain op-amp is 80,000. If the open-loop critical frequency
is 1 kHz, what is the open-loop gain at each of the following frequencies?
(a) 100 Hz    (b) 1 kHz    (c) 10 kHz    (d) 1 MHz
31. Determine the phase shift through each circuit in Figure 12–72 at a frequency of 2 kHz.

10 kV 1.0 kV 100 kV

0.01 mF 0.01 mF 0.01 mF

(a) (b) (c)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 72

32. An RC lag circuit has a critical frequency of 8.5 kHz. Determine the phase shift for each fre-
quency and plot a graph of its phase angle versus frequency.
(a) 100 Hz    (b) 400 Hz    (c) 850 Hz    (d) 8.5 kHz    (e) 25 kHz    (f) 85 kHz
33. A certain op-amp has three internal amplifier stages with midrange gains of 30 dB, 40 dB, and
20 dB. Each stage also has a critical frequency associated with it as follows: fc1 = 600 Hz,
fc2 = 50 kHz, and fc3 = 200 kHz.
(a) What is the midrange open-loop gain of the op-amp, expressed in dB?
(b) What is the total phase shift through the amplifier, including inversion, when the signal
frequency is 10 kHz?
34. What is the gain roll-off rate in Problem 33 between the following frequencies?
(a) 0 Hz and 600 Hz     (b) 600 Hz and 50 kHz
(c) 50 kHz and 200 kHz     (d) 200 kHz and 1 MHz

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 650  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

Section 12–8 Closed-Loop Frequency Response

35. Determine the midrange gain in dB of each amplifier in Figure 12–73. Are these open-loop or
closed-loop gains?

Rf

68 kV
Ri
Vin – Vin + –
2.2 kV
Vout Vout Vout
+ – Rf Vin +
220 kV

Ri
15 kV

(a) (b) (c)

▲ FIG U R E 12– 73

36. A certain amplifier has an open-loop gain in midrange of 180,000 and an open-loop critical
frequency of 1500 Hz. If the attenuation of the feedback path is 0.015, what is the closed-loop
bandwidth?
37. Given that fc(ol) = 750 Hz, Aol = 89 dB, and fc(cl) = 5.5 kHz, determine the closed-loop gain in
decibels.
38. What is the unity-gain bandwidth in Problem 37?
39. For each amplifier in Figure 12–74, determine the closed-loop gain and bandwidth. The op-amps
in each circuit exhibit an open-loop gain of 125 dB and a unity-gain bandwidth of 2.8 MHz.

▶ F IGURE 12 – 7 4 Rf

100 kV
Ri
– Vin –
Vout 2.2 kV Vout
Vin + +

2.2 kV

(a) (b)

Rf

1.0 MV
Ri
Vin + Vin –
Vout 5.6 kV Vout
– Rf +
12 kV

Ri
1.0 kV

(c) (d)

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 Problems   ◆   651

40. Which of the amplifiers in Figure 12–75 has the smaller bandwidth?

Rf Rf

150 kV 1.0 MV
Ri Ri
– –
22 kV 10 kV

+ +
Aol = 120,000 Aol = 195,000
fc(ol) = 150 Hz fc(ol) = 50 Hz
(a) (b)

▲ F I G U R E 12– 75

Section 12–9 Troubleshooting

41. Determine the most likely fault(s) for each of the following symptoms in Figure 12–76 with a
100 mV signal applied.
(a) No output signal.
(b) Output severely clipped on both positive and negative swings.

R2

10 kV
R1
Vin –
1.0 kV
Vout
+

R3
910 V

▲ F I G U R E 12– 76

42. Determine the effect on the output if the circuit in Figure 12–76 has the following fault (one
fault at a time).
(a) Output pin is shorted to the inverting input.
(b) R3 is open.
(c) R3 is 10 kV instead of 910 V.
(d) R1 and R2 are swapped.

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 652  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

43. On the circuit board in Figure 12–77, what happens if the middle lead (wiper) of the 100 kV
potentiometer is broken?

100 kV
Broken trace

Photocell
741

▲ FIG U R E 12– 77

DEVICE APPLICATION PROBLEMS

44. In the amplifier circuit of Figure 12–48, list the possible faults that will cause the push-pull
stage to operate nonlinearly.
45. What indication would you observe if a 100 kV resistor is incorrectly installed for R2 in
Figure 12–48?
46. What voltage will you measure on the output of the amplifier in Figure 12–48 if diode D1
opens?

DATASHEET PROBLEMS
47. Refer to the partial 741 datasheet (LM741) in Figure 12–78. Determine the input resistance
(impedance) of a noninverting amplifier which uses a 741 op-amp with Rf = 47 kV and
Ri = 470 V. Use typical values.
48. Refer to the partial datasheet in Figure 12–78. Determine the input impedances of an LM741
op-amp connected as an inverting amplifier with a closed-loop voltage gain of 100 and
Rf = 100 kV.
49. Refer to Figure 12–78 and determine the minimum open-loop voltage gain for an LM741
expressed as a ratio of output volts to input volts.
50. Refer to Figure 12–78. How long does it typically take the output voltage of an LM741 to
make a transition from -8 V to +8 V in response to a step input?

ADVANCED PROBLEMS
51. Design a noninverting amplifier with an appropriate closed-loop voltage gain of 150 and
a minimum input impedance of 100 MV using a LM741 op-amp. Include bias current
compensation.
52. Design an inverting amplifier using a LM741 op-amp. The voltage gain must be 68 { 5% and
the input impedance must be approximately 10 kV. Include bias current compensation.

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 Problems   ◆   653

Electrical Characteristics
LM741A LM741 LM741C
Parameter Conditions Units
Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Input offset voltage TA = 258C — — — — — — — — —
RS # 10 kV — — — — — 5.0 — 2.0 6.0 mV
RS # 50 V — 0.8 3.0 — — — — — — mV
TAMIN # TA # TAMAX — — — — — — — — —
RS # 50 V — — 4.0 — — — — — — mV
RS # 10 kV — — — — — 6.0 — — 7.5 mV
Average input offset — — 15 — — — — — — mV/8C
voltage drift — — — — — — — — —
Input offset voltage TA = 258C,VS = ; 20 V ;10 — — — ;15 — — ;15 — mV
adjustment range — — — — — — — — —
Input offset current TA = 258C — 3.0 30 — 20 200 — 20 200 nA
TAMIN # TA # TAMAX — — 70 — 85 500 — — 300 nA
Average input offset — — 0.5 — — — — — — nA/8C
current drift — — — — — — — — —
Input bias current TA = 258C — 30 80 — 80 500 — 80 500 nA
TAMIN # TA # TAMAX — — 0.210 — — 1.5 — — 0.8 mA
Input resistance TA = 258C,VS = ; 20 V 1.0 6.0 — 0.3 2.0 — 0.3 2.0 — MV
TAMIN # TA # TAMAX 0.5 — — — — — — — — MV
VS = ; 20 V — — — — — — — — —
Input voltage range TA = 258C — — — — — — — ;12 ;13 V
TAMIN # TA # TAMAX — — — ;12 ;13 — — — — V
Large-signal voltage gain TA = 258C, RL $ 2 kV — — — — — — — — —
VS = ; 20 V, VO = ;15 V 50 — — — — — — — — V/mV
VS = ;15 V, VO = ;10 V — — — 50 200 20 200 V/mV
TAMIN # TA # TAMAX — — — — — — — — —
RL $ 2 kV — — — — — — — — —
VS = ; 20 V, VO = ;15 V 32 — — — — — — — — V/mV
VS = ;15 V, VO = ;10 V — — — 25 — — 15 — — V/mV
VS = ; 5 V, VO = ; 2 V 10 — — — — — — — — V/mV
Output voltage swing VS = ; 20 V — — — — — — — — —
RL $ 10 kV ;16 — — — — — — — — V
RL $ 2 kV ;15 — — — — — — — — V
VS = ;15 V — — — — — — — — —
RL $ 10 kV — — — ;12 ;14 — ;12 ;14 — V
RL $ 2 kV — — — ;10 ;13 — ;10 ;13 — V
Output short circuit TA = 258C 10 25 35 — 25 — — 25 — mA
Current TAMIN # TA # TAMAX 10 — 40 — — — — — — mA
Common-mode TAMIN # TA # TAMAX — — — — — — — — —
rejection ratio RS # 10 kV, VCM = ;12 V — — — 70 90 — 70 90 — dB
RS # 50 V, VCM = ;12 V 80 95 — — — — — — — dB
Supply voltage rejection TAMIN # TA # TAMAX , — — — — — — — — —
ratio VS = ; 20 V to VS = ; 5 V — — — — — — — — —
RS # 50 V 86 96 — — — — — — — dB
RS # 10 kV — — — 77 96 — 77 96 — dB
Transient response TA = 258C, Unity gain — — — — — — — — —
Rise time — 0.25 0.8 — 0.3 — — 0.3 — ms
Overshoot — 6.0 20 — 5 — — 5 — %
Bandwidth TA = 258C 0.437 1.5 — — — — — — — MHz
Slew rate TA = 258C, Unity gain 0.3 0.7 — — 0.5 — — 0.5 — V/m s
Supply current TA = 258C — — 1.7 2.8 — 1.7 2.8 mA
Power consumption TA = 258C — — — — — — — — —
VS = ; 20 V — 80 150 — — — — — — mW
VS = ;15 V — — — — 50 85 — 50 85 mW
LM741A VS = ; 20 V — — — — — — — — —
TA = TAMIN — — 165 — — — — — — mW
TA = TAMAX — — 135 — — — — — — mW
LM741 VS = ;15 V — — — — — — — — —
TA = TAMIN — — — — 60 100 — — — mW
TA = TAMAX — — — — 45 75 — — — mW

▲ F I G U R E 12– 78

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 654  ◆    The Operational Amplifier

53. Design a noninverting amplifier with an upper critical frequency, fcu, of 10 kHz using an
LM741 op-amp. The dc supply voltages are {15 V. Refer to Figure 12–79. Include bias cur-
rent compensation.

+120

+100

Aol, voltage gain (dB)

+80

+60

+40

+20

–20
1.0 10 100 1.0k 10k 100k 1.0M 10M
f, frequency (Hz)

▲ FIG U R E 12– 79

54. For the circuit you designed in Problem 53, determine the minimum load resistance if the mini-
mum output voltage swing is to be {10 V. Refer to the datasheet graphs in Figure 12–80.
55. Design an inverting amplifier using an LM741 op-amp if a midrange voltage gain of 50 and a
bandwidth of 20 kHz is required. Include bias current compensation.
56. What is the maximum closed-loop voltage gain that can be achieved with an LM741 op-amp if
the bandwidth must be no less than 5 kHz?

15 –15
14 ;15 V supplies –14
13 –13
;15 V supplies
12 –12
Vo, output voltage (Vp-p)

Vo, output voltage (Vp-p)

11 –11
;12 V
10 –10
;12 V
9.0 –9.0
8.0 –8.0
;9 V
7.0 –7.0
;9 V
6.0 –6.0
5.0 –5.0
;6 V
4.0 –4.0
3.0 –3.0 ;6 V
2.0 –2.0
1.0 –1.0
100 200 500 700 1.0k 2.0k 5.0k 7.0k 10k 100 200 500 700 1.0k 2.0k 5.0k 7.0k 10k
RL, load resistance (V) RL, load resistance (V)
(a) Positive output voltage swing versus load resistance (b) Negative output voltage swing versus load resistance

▲ FIG U R E 12– 80

MULTISIM TROUBLESHOOTING PROBLEMS

These file circuits are in the Troubleshooting Problems folder on the website.
57. Open file TPM12-57 and determine the fault.
58. Open file TPM12-58 and determine the fault.
59. Open file TPM12-59 and determine the fault.
60. Open file TPM12-60 and determine the fault.
61. Open file TPM12-61 and determine the fault.

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 Problems   ◆   655

62. Open file TPM12-62 and determine the fault.

63. Open file TPM12-63 and determine the fault.
64. Open file TPM12-64 and determine the fault.
65. Open file TPM12-65 and determine the fault.
66. Open file TPM12-66 and determine the fault.
67. Open file TPM12-67 and determine the fault.
68. Open file TPM12-68 and determine the fault.
69. Open file TPM12-69 and determine the fault.
70. Open file TPM12-70 and determine the fault.
71. Open file TPM12-71 and determine the fault.
72. Open file TPM12-72 and determine the fault.

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