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microscope (Repaired) (2)

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المهندس احمد
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6 views

microscope (Repaired) (2)

Uploaded by

المهندس احمد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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M. Sc. Eftikhaar Hasan Lab.

The Microscope

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M. Sc. Eftikhaar Hasan Lab.2

The microscope: is absolutely essential to the biology and microbiology


labs, is designed to make fine details visible, most microorganisms cannot be
seen without the aid of a microscope, except some fungi. And, of course,
there are some microbes which cannot be seen even with a microscope,
unless it is an electron microscope, such as the viruses.

Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch


spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590.

Types of Microscope:
The two broad categories of microscope we are concerned with are:
Light Microscope (LM) and Electron Microscope (EM).

A-Light Microscope (LM): Use visible light rays that are magnified and focused
by means of lenses. The binocular dissecting microscope (stereomicroscope) is
designed to study entire objects in three dimensions at low magnification. The
compound light microscope is used for examining small or thinly sliced sections
of objects under higher magnification than that of the binocular dissecting
microscope.
The term compound refers to the use of two sets of lenses: the ocular lenses
located near the eyes and the objective lenses located near the object.

Rules of using a microscope:


 Always carry with 2 hands.
 Only use lens paper for cleaning.
 Don’t tilt the microscope as the eyepieces could fall out, or wet mounts
could be ruined.
 Always store covered.
 Keep the stage clean and dry to prevent rust and corrosion.
 Be careful of the cords.
 Don’t remove parts of microscope.

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Parts of compound light microscope:

1-Eyepiece Lenses (ocular lenses): the lens at the top that you look through, they
are usually 10X or 15X power.
2-Body tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses, conduct light rays.
3-Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base. It is used along with the base
to carry the microscope.
4-Nosepiece: Revolving the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be
rotated to easily change power.
5-Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope.
They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X (oil immersion) powers.
When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total
magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X, 400X and 1000X. The shortest lens
is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power.

Total magnification = Objective magnification× Eyepiece magnification

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Note:
(You must use cedar oil (immersion oil) with the 100X lens).

6-Coarse adjustment: This is used to focus the microscope. It is always used first,
and it is used only with the low power objective.
7-Fine adjustment: This is used to focus the microscope. It is used with the high-
power objective to bring the specimen into better focus.
8-Condenser: lens system below the stage used to focus the beam of light on the
object being viewed.
9-Diaphragm or Iris: Controls amount of illumination used to view the object.
10- (light source) or Illuminator: An attached lamp that directs a beam of light up
through the object.
11- Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support.
12-Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides
in place.
13-Stage control: use to move the stage (left, right, upside or down).

B- Electron Microscope: Use a beam of electrons that is magnified and focused on


a photographic plate by means of electromagnets, there are two types of electron
microscope:
1-Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
Is analogous to the compound light microscope. The object is ultra-thinly sliced
and treated with heavy metal salts to provide contrast.

2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).


Is analogous to the dissecting light microscope. It gives an image of the surface
and dimensions of an object.

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Comparison of the compound light microscope and the transmission electron


microscope

Compound light microscope Transmission electron microscope

1-Glass lenses 1- Electromagnetic lenses

2-illumination by visible light 2- Illumination due to a beam of


electrons

3-Resolution 200 nm 3- Resolution 0.1 nm

4- Magnifies to 1,000x 4- Magnifies to 1,000,000x

5-Coasts up to tens of thousands of dollars 5-Coasts up to hundreds of thousands of


dollars

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