GATS

RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Country Report 2016
 GATS
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Country Report 2016
Abstract
The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is a nationally representative household survey of persons age 15 years or older, and is a global
standard to systematically monitor tobacco use and track key tobacco control indicators. GATS was launched as part of the Global
Tobacco Surveillance System and it was first implemented in the Russian Federation in 2009, and was repeated in 2016. The overall scope
of the GATS is to systematically monitor adult tobacco use in a nationally representative sample of Russian Federation population and
provide foundation for further adaptation and reinforcement of effective tobacco control measures. The current report presents the
results of the GATS 2016 on key tobacco control indicators and gives a comparative analysis with the GATS 2009.

Keywords
GLOBAL ADULT TOBACCO SURVEY
SMOKING
TOBACCO
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

© World Health Organization 2018 (amended 2020)

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Acknowledgments: The picture on the cover is by T.V. Khazova, the leading artist of the national craft enterprise Gzhel Association (www.gzhel.ru).
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary 14
1. Introduction 58
1.1 Burden of Tobacco in Russian Federation 5 8
1.2 Current Tobacco Control Policies in Russian Federation 5 8
1.3 Survey Objectives 6 9
2. Methodology 710
2.1 Study population 7 10
2.2 Sampling Design 7 10
2.3 Questionnaire 7 10
2.4 Data Collection 8 11
2.4.1 Developing the Survey and Configuring Handhelds 8 11
2.4.2 Staff Recruitment, Training and Fieldwork 9 12
2.4.3 Data Processing and Aggregation 1013
2.5 Statistical Analysis 1114
3. Sample & Population characteristics 1215
3.1. Sample Coverage 1215
3.2 Characteristics of Survey Respondents 1417
4. Tobacco Use 1518
5. Cessation 3841
6. Secondhand Smoke 4245
7. Economics 5053
8. Media 5457
9. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions 6063
10. Comparison 6972
11. Conclusion 8891
References 8992
Appendix A: Questionnaire 9093
Household Questionnaire 9093
Individual Questionnaire 9194
Appendix B: Sample Design 115
112
Appendix C: Estimates of Sampling Errors 118
115
Appendix D: Technical and Survey Staff 125
122
Appendix E: Glossary of Terms 126
123
Appendix F: MPower Summary Indicators 128
125

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iii
 CORRIGENDUM, April 2020
There was an error in the calculation of the number of daily cigarette smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked per day among
daily cigarette smokers. The affected text and tables are as follows.

Executive summary

Page number Original text Revised text (corrected text italicized)

2 Overall, 29.9% (35.8 million) of adults currently smoked Overall, 29.9% (35.8 million) of adults currently smoked
cigarettes [48.8% among men and 14.2% among women] cigarettes [48.8% among men and 14.2% among women]
and 25.7% smoked cigarettes on a daily basis [43.1% and 25.9% smoked cigarettes on a daily basis [43.5%
among men and 11.3% among women]. Daily cigarette among men and 11.3% among women]. Daily cigarette
smokers smoked an average of 16.3 cigarettes per day smokers smoked an average of 16.6 cigarettes per day
[17.1 among men and 13.7 among women]. [17.4 among men and 14.1 among women].

Country report

Page number Revised table

27 Revised Table 4.6, see below.

74 Revised Table 10.3, see below.

117 Revised Appendix Table C-2, affected values only, see below.

118 Revised Appendix Table C-3, affected values only, see below.

119 Revised Appendix Table C-4, affected values only, see below.

120 Revised Appendix Table C-5, affected values only, see below.

121 Revised Appendix Table C-6, affected values only, see below.

125 Revised Appendix Table F.1, affected values only, see below

126 Revised Appendix Table F.2, affected values only, see below

iv
There was an error in the calculation of the number of people who attempted to quit smoking using pharmacotherapy and the
number of people who attempted to quit smoking using counseling/advice. The affected tables are as follows.

Country Report

Page number Revised table

79 Revised Table 10.7, affected values only, see below.

126 Revised Appendix Table F.2, affected values only, see below.

There was an error in the calculation of the number of people whose last cigarette purchase was from a store. The affected tables
are as follows.

Country Report

Page number Revised table

126 Revised Appendix Table F.2, affected values only, see below.

There was an error in the calculation for the 2016 weighted count demographic characteristic distribution values. The affected table
is as follows.

Country report

Page number Revised table

69 Revised Table 10.0, affected values only, see below.

There were errors in the column headings for Country report Tables 6.1a and 6.1b.

Table, page number Column heading text Revised text (corrected text italicized)

6.1a page 43 and Allowed everywhere Not allowed in any enclosed area
6.1b page 44
Allowed only in some enclosed areas Allowed everywhere

Not allowed in any enclosed area Allowed only in some enclosed areas

v
Revised Appendix Table F.1: MPOWER Summary Indicators - GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Gender Residence
Indicator
Overall (%) Male (%) Female (%) Urban (%) Rural (%)

M: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies

Average number of cigarettes smoked per day (number)1 16.6 17.4 14.1 16.5 17.1
Notes:
1
Among current daily smokers

Revised Appendix Table F.2: MPOWER Summary Indicators, GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016

2009 2016 Relative change

Indicator Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female

Percentage (95% CI) Percentage (95% CI) Percentage

M: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies

Average number of cigarettes smoked per day (number) 16.7 (16.2, 17.2) 18.2 (17.7, 18.7) 12.6 (11.7, 13.5) 16.1 (15.5, 16.8) 16.9 (16.3, 17.6) 13.5 (12.0, 14.9) -3.6 -7.0* 6.8

O: Offer help to quit tobacco use

Attempted to quit smoking using a specific cessation method 6:
Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine Replacement Therapy) 20.1 (17.3, 23.3) 19.1 (16.2, 22.4) 21.8 (16.4, 28.4) 24.2 (20.6, 28.3) 25.6 (21.4, 30.3) 20.9 (16.3, 26.3) 20.4 33.7* -4.2
Counseling/advice 3.5 (2.6, 4.6) 4.3 (3.1, 5.9) 2.0 (0.9, 4.2) 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) 3.4 (2.1, 5.4) 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) -21.4 -21.5 -46.0

R: Raise taxes on tobacco

Last cigarette purchase was from a store 9 66.8 (64.0, 69.5) 66.6 (63.8, 69.3) 67.3 (62.5, 71.8) 84.4 (81.9, 86.7) 84.5 (81.7, 87.0) 84.2 (79.8, 87.8) 26.4* 26.9* 25.1*
6 Includes current smokers and those who quit in the past 12 months. 9 Among current manufactured cigarette smokers.
The relative change (R) of the two estimates in the survey years 2009 (r2009) and 2016 (r2016) is calculated by R=(r2009 - r2016/r2009), as a percentage. The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be
different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates, averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). Current use refers to daily and less than daily use. Adults refer to persons aged 15 years and older. Data have been weighted to be nationally
representative of all non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 years and older. Percentages reflect the prevalence of each indicator in each group, not the distribution across groups.

Revised Table 4.6: Average number and percentage distribution of cigarettes smoked per day among daily cigarette smokers
≥15 years old, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Average number of Distribution of number of cigarettes smoked on average per day2

Demographic cigarettes smoked per day2 <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 ≥20 Total
Characteristics
Mean (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 16.6 (16.0, 17.3) 3.9 (2.9, 5.3) 12.0 (10.3, 14.1) 23.4 (21.3, 25.5) 14.0 (12.4, 15.7) 46.7 (43.7, 49.8) 100

Gender

Male 17.4 (16.8, 18.1) 3.0 (2.2, 4.1) 9.8 (7.9, 12.1) 20.8 (18.5, 23.2) 14.7 (12.9, 16.8) 51.7 (48.4, 55.1) 100

Female 14.1 (12.7, 15.5) 6.8 (4.3, 10.7) 19.1 (15.7, 23.2) 31.6 (27.6, 35.9) 11.6 (9.2, 14.6) 30.7 (26.1, 35.8) 100

Age (years)

15-24 13.5 (12.3, 14.8) 4.0 (1.8, 8.9) 19.7 (14.2, 26.5) 31.8 (24.9, 39.6) 15.7 (10.7, 22.4) 28.9 (22.2, 36.7) 100

25-44 16.4 (15.6, 17.3) 4.2 (2.8, 6.2) 11.8 (9.5, 14.5) 23.4 (20.6, 26.4) 14.2 (12.1, 16.6) 46.5 (43.0, 50.0) 100

45-64 17.7 (16.6, 18.7) 3.5 (2.3, 5.1) 10.8 (8.3, 13.8) 19.2 (16.2, 22.6) 13.8 (11.1, 16.9) 52.8 (48.3, 57.2) 100

65+ 17.1 (15.3, 18.9) 4.2 (2.2, 7.9) 9.7 (6.2, 14.9) 30.9 (23.3, 39.6) 11.7 (7.9, 17.0) 43.5 (35.4, 52.1) 100

Residence

Urban 16.5 (15.6, 17.3) 3.7 (2.5, 5.6) 12.6 (10.4, 15.2) 24.2 (21.6, 26.9) 14.6 (12.7, 16.9) 44.9 (41.1, 48.7) 100

Rural 17.1 (16.4, 17.9) 4.4 (3.1, 6.4) 10.3 (7.9, 13.3) 21.0 (18.4, 23.9) 12.1 (10.1, 14.4) 52.1 (47.7, 56.5) 100

Education Level

Primary 17.4 (13.1, 21.8) 7.5 (1.5, 30.3) 19.6 (6.8, 44.8) 17.7 (8.3, 33.9) 13.9 (5.5, 30.8) 41.4 (25.5, 59.3) 100

Secondary 17.0 (16.2, 17.8) 4.2 (3.0, 5.9) 11.1 (9.4, 13.1) 22.1 (19.9, 24.4) 13.2 (11.5, 15.1) 49.4 (46.2, 52.5) 100

High 15.5 (14.6, 16.5) 3.0 (1.8, 4.7) 14.2 (10.2, 19.4) 27.1 (23.0, 31.7) 16.2 (13.1, 19.7) 39.6 (34.3, 45.2) 100
1
95 % Confidence Interval
2
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled or papirosy.

vi
Revised Table 10.0: Percentage distribution of adults ≥15 years old by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian
Federation 2009 and 2016

Demographic 2016 3,4

Characteristic Weighted count

Overall 111,246

Gender

Male 50,304

Female 60,942

Age (years)

15-24 13,940

25-44 41,768

45-64 36,544

65+ 18,995

Residence

Urban 83,300

Rural 27,946

Education Level2

Primary 3,349

Secondary 69,290

High 38,405
Note: For 2016 the following observations were missing: 0 for age, 0 for gender, 0 for residence, and 17 for education.
1
95 % Confidence Interval
3
2016 Education Level: Primary = No formal schooling or Preschool education or Elementary general education; Secondary = Basic general education or Secondary education or Secondary vocational education; High = Higher education -
Bachelor or Higher education - Specialist, Magister or Higher education - highly qualified persons
4
The same regions from GATS 2009 sample were mapped with GATS 2016 sample and were included in the analysis to produce comparison estimates between 2009 and 2016.

Revised Table 10.3: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day for daily cigarette smokers, by selected demographic
characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016

Average number of cigarettes smoked per day2

Demographic
2009 2016 Relative change
Characteristic
Mean (95% CI) 1
Percentage
Overall 16.7 (16.2, 17.2) 16.1 (15.5, 16.8) -3.6
Gender
Male 18.2 (17.7, 18.7) 16.9 (16.3, 17.6) -7.0*
Female 12.6 (11.7, 13.5) 13.5 (12.0, 14.9) 6.8
Age (years)
15-24 14.5 (13.7, 15.4) 13.3 (12.0, 14.5) -8.7
25-44 16.8 (16.1, 17.5) 16.0 (15.2, 16.9) -4.7
45-64 17.9 (17.2, 18.7) 17.2 (16.1, 18.2) -4.3
65+ 16.4 (14.5, 18.3) 15.8 (13.8, 17.8) -3.8
Residence
Urban 16.3 (15.7, 17.0) 16.0 (15.1, 16.8) -2.2
Rural 18.0 (17.4, 18.7) 16.6 (15.8, 17.4) -8.0*
Education Level
Primary 16.4 (13.3, 19.6) 15.7 (12.0, 19.3) -4.8
Secondary 17.2 (16.7, 17.8) 16.5 (15.7, 17.3) -4.1
High 15.9 (14.9, 16.8) 15.0 (14.1, 16.0) -5.3
1
95 % Confidence Interval
2
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled or papirosy.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

vii
Revised Table 10.7: Smoking Cessation Status of adults 15 years and older by gender – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2016 Relative change

Demographic
Characteristic
Percentage (95% CI ) 1
Percentage

Overall

Use of cessation method

Counseling / Advice 3.5 (2.6, 4.6) 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) -21.4

Pharmacotherapy 4
20.1 (17.3, 23.3) 24.2 (20.6, 28.3) 20.4

Male

Use of cessation method

Counseling / Advice 4.3 (3.1, 5.9) 3.4 (2.1, 5.4) -21.5

Pharmacotherapy4 19.1 (16.2, 22.4) 25.6 (21.4, 30.3) 33.7*

Female

Use of cessation method

Counseling / Advice 2.0 (0.9, 4.2) 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) -46

Pharmacotherapy4 21.8 (16.4, 28.4) 20.9 (16.3, 26.3) -4.2

Urban

Use of cessation method

Counseling / Advice 3.1 (2.1, 4.6) 1.8 (0.9, 3.6) -43.1

Pharmacotherapy4 20.3 (16.8, 24.3) 23.1 (18.7, 28.1) 13.5

Rural

Use of cessation method

Counseling / Advice 4.6 (3.1, 6.8) 5.2 (2.8, 9.6) 14.3

Pharmacotherapy 4
19.4 (16.0, 23.5) 27.3 (21.4, 34.2) 40.5

1
95 % Confidence Interval
4
In 2009 pharmacotherapy include nicotine replacement therapy and other presecription medicine; and in 2016 pharmacotherapy include nicotine replacement therapy, other prescription medication (eg. Varenicline), and other over the
counter medicine (eg. Tabex).
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

viii
Revised Appendix Table C-2. Sampling Errors - National Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Confidence Limits
Indicator
Standard Sample size Design Relative Margin of Lower Limit Upper Limit
Estimate ( R )
Error (SE) (n) Effect (DEFF) Error (SE/R) Error (MOE) (R-1.96SE) (R+1.96SE)

Daily Cigarette Smokers 0.259 0.006 11,458 2.153 0.023 0.012 0.247 0.271

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by Daily Smokers) (Number) 16.600 0.300 2,874 2.400 0.000 0.600 16.000 17.300

Revised Appendix Table C-3. Sampling Errors - Male Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Confidence Limits
Indicator
Standard Sample size Design Relative Margin of Lower Limit Upper Limit
Estimate ( R )
Error (SE) (n) Effect (DEFF) Error (SE/R) Error (MOE) (R-1.96SE) (R+1.96SE)

Daily Cigarette Smokers 0.435 0.010 4,786 1.887 0.023 0.019 0.416 0.455

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by Daily Smokers) (Number) 17.400 0.300 2,161 2.200 0.000 0.700 16.800 18.100

Revised Appendix Table C-4. Sampling Errors - Female Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Confidence Limits
Indicator
Standard Sample size Design Relative Margin of Lower Limit Upper Limit
Estimate ( R )
Error (SE) (n) Effect (DEFF) Error (SE/R) Error (MOE) (R-1.96SE) (R+1.96SE)

Daily Cigarette Smokers 0.113 0.006 6,672 2.205 0.051 0.011 0.102 0.124

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by Daily Smokers) (Number) 14.100 0.700 713 2.100 0.100 1.400 12.700 15.500

Revised Appendix Table C-5. Sampling Errors – Urban Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Confidence Limits
Indicator
Standard Sample size Design Relative Margin of Lower Limit Upper Limit
Estimate ( R )
Error (SE) (n) Effect (DEFF) Error (SE/R) Error (MOE) (R-1.96SE) (R+1.96SE)

Daily Cigarette Smokers 0.257 0.007 6,129 1.781 0.029 0.015 0.242 0.271

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by Daily Smokers) (Number) 16.500 0.400 1,550 2.000 0.000 0.800 15.600 17.300

Revised Appendix Table C-6. Sampling Errors – Rural Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Confidence Limits
Indicator
Standard Sample size Design Relative Margin of Lower Limit Upper Limit
Estimate ( R )
Error (SE) (n) Effect (DEFF) Error (SE/R) Error (MOE) (R-1.96SE) (R+1.96SE)

Daily Cigarette Smokers 0.266 0.009 5,329 2.130 0.033 0.017 0.249 0.283

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by Daily Smokers) (Number) 17.100 0.400 1,324 2.000 0.000 0.800 16.400 17.900

ix
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction anti-tobacco campaigns in various types of media (e.g., televi-
sion, internet, and print media); implementing pictorial health
Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death warnings on cigarette packages; prohibiting the sale of snus
and disease worldwide.1 Globally, approximately 7 million and chewing tobacco; providing direct counseling for stop-
people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses, and if ping tobacco use; and prohibiting the sale of all tobacco prod-
current trends continue, this number is expected to increase ucts to people younger than 18 years old.
to more than 8 million by 2030.2 A systematic surveillance sys-
The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is a nationally repre-
tem is important to monitor tobacco use and evaluate tobacco
sentative household survey of persons age 15 years or older,
prevention and control interventions.3 The Russian Federation
and is a global standard to systematically monitor tobacco use
signed and ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco
and track key tobacco control indicators designed to produce
Control (FCTC) in 2008 and in line with FCTC the Russian Fed-
national estimates overall, and by gender and residence. GATS
eration introduced the Framework for Implementing Nation-
was launched as part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance Sys-
al Policy on Combating Tobacco Consumption, 2010 – 2015,4
tem (GTSS) and it was first implemented in the Russian Feder-
and passed the law (No. 15-FZ) on Protecting the Health of
ation in 2009*, and was repeated in 2016.
Citizens from the Effects of Second-hand Tobacco Smoke and
the Consequences of Tobacco Consumption5. GATS enhances countries’ capacity to design, implement and
evaluate tobacco control programs. It will also assist countries
In the last decade, the Russian Federation has made signifi-
to fulfill their obligations under the WHO FCTC to generate
cant progress in reducing tobacco use and implementing
comparable data within and across countries. WHO devel-
various tobacco control initiatives, including: implementing
oped MPOWER6, a technical assistance package of six evi-
a 100% smoke-free policy in all public places; continued in-
dence-based tobacco demand reduction measures contained
cremental increases in tobacco taxes; prohibiting all forms of
in the FCTC that includes:
tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; increasing

Monitor tobacco use & prevention policies

Protect people from tobacco smoke
Offer help to quit tobacco use
Warn about the dangers of tobacco
Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
Raise taxes on tobacco

* For further details on the 2009 GATS in the Russian Federation please refer to “Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) Russian Federation 2009 Country Report”

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1
The 2016 GATS was administered through coordination of the 14.5% among women]. Overall, 30.3% (36.3 million) of adults
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Information and currently smoked tobacco [49.5% among men and 14.4%
Publishing Center “Statistics of Russia”, under the Federal State among women]. Overall, 26.1% (31.2 million) of adults cur-
Statistics Services (Rosstat) and the Research Pulmonology In- rently smoked tobacco daily [43.9% among men and 11.3%
stitute. Technical assistance was provided by the U.S. Centers among women].
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the World Health
Organization (WHO), the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Overall, 29.9% (35.8 million) of adults currently smoked cig-
Public Health, and RTI International. arettes [48.8% among men and 14.2% among women] and
25.7% smoked cigarettes on a daily basis [43.1% among men
Financial support was provided by the Bloomberg Initiative and 11.3% among women]. Daily cigarette smokers smoked
to Reduce Tobacco Use through the CDC Foundation with a an average of 16.3 cigarettes per day [17.1 among men and
grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies and the World Health 13.7 among women]. The overall average age of initiating dai-
Organization Regional Office for Europe in the context of the ly cigarette smoking among ever daily smokers was 17.0 years
WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non- old [16.8 years old among men and 17.2 years old among
communicable Diseases, funded through a voluntary contri- women].
bution of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
Overall, 2.8% (3.3 million) of adults currently smoked water-
pipe (calean) [4.1% among men and 1.7% among women],
Methodology and the average duration of calean smoking session was 43.8
minutes. Also, 71.2% of current calean smokers shared the
Similar to the survey conducted in 2009, the 2016 GATS used
same pipe with others during the calean smoking session.
a multistage geographically clustered sample design to col-
lect nationally representative data on Russians aged 15 years Overall, 0.4% (0.5 million) of adults reported current smoke-
or older. One individual was randomly chosen from each se- less tobacco use [0.8% among men and 0.1% among women].
lected household to participate in the survey. In 2009, there
were a total of 11,406 completed individual interviews, with Electronic Cigarettes: In 2016, 79.9% of adults had ever
an overall response rate of 97.7%. heard of electronic cigarettes and 3.5% were current users
of electronic cigarettes. However, among adults aged 15-24
In 2016, there were a total of 11,458 completed individual in- years, 91.2% had ever heard of electronic cigarettes and 9.7%
terviews with an overall response rate of 98.2%. For compari- were current users of electronic cigarettes.
sons, the same regions [60 regions] from GATS 2009 that were
part of the sample were mapped with the GATS 2016 sample. Smoking Cessation: In 2016, 56.2% of current tobacco
Specifically, a total of 10,688 interviews from GATS 2016 data smokers planned to or were thinking about quitting smok-
were included in the analysis to produce comparison esti- ing [54.4% among men and 61.3% among women]; 35.0% of
mates between 2009 and 2016. Therefore, the estimates pro- smokers† made a quit attempt in the past 12 months [33.4%
duced using this reduced sample might be different from the among men and 39.3% among women].
estimates based on the full sample of GATS 2016.
Overall, 48.9% of smokers† stated they visited a health care
GATS provides information on respondents’ background char- provider in the past 12 months. Among those who visited a
acteristics, tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), cessation, health care provider, 61.7% were asked if they smoked and
secondhand smoke exposure, economics, media, and knowl- 47.4% were advised to quit smoking.
edge, attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco use.
Overall, 64.0% of daily tobacco smokers smoked within 30
minutes of waking up.
Key Findings Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: An estimated 21.8% of
adults (12.7 million) were exposed to secondhand smoke in
GATS 2016 enclosed areas at their workplace in the past month. In the
Tobacco Use: In 2016, 30.5% (36.4 million) of all adults report- past month, 23.0% of adults (27.3 million) were exposed to
ed current tobacco use in any form [49.8% among men and

‡ Among current tobacco smokers and former tobacco smokers who have abstained from smoking for less than 12 months

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2
secondhand smoke at home. Among adults who visited pub-
lic places in the past 30 days, levels of exposure to secondhand GATS 2009 to 2016
smoke were as follows: 42.5% in bars and nightclubs, 20.0% • Tobacco use prevalence significantly decreased among
in restaurants, 10.5% in public transport, 8.9% in universities, adults from 39.4% in 2009 to 30.9% in 2016 [from 60.2%
7.3% in cafés/cafeterias, 3.5% in government buildings/offic- to 50.9% among males; from 21.7% to 14.3% among fe-
es, 3.4% in healthcare facilities, and 3.1% in schools. males]. This represents a 21.5% relative percent decline in
tobacco use prevalence [16.0% decline for males; 34.0%
Economics of Tobacco Smoking: The average (median) decline for females].
amount spent on 20 manufactured cigarettes was Rub 79.7
• The prevalence of current cigarette smoking among
[Rub 79.6 by men and Rub 81.8 by women]. The majority adults significantly decreased from 38.8% in 2009 to
(84.6%) of manufactured cigarette smokers last purchased 30.3% in 2016 [from 59.8% to 50.0% among males; from
cigarettes from a store. 21.4% to 14.1% among females].
Among daily cigarette smokers, average (median) monthly • The percentage of former smokers‡ among ever daily
cigarette expenditure was Rub 1672.4 [Rub 1818.7 among smokers (18.3% in 2009 to 24.7% in 2016) increased sig-
men and Rub 1212.9 among women]. nificantly. Additionally, the proportion of smokers‡ who
were advised to quit by a healthcare provider (31.7% in
Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship: Among adults, 2009 to 47.9% in 2016) increased significantly. However,
22.5% noticed any cigarette advertisement, promotion, or there was no statistically significant difference in percent-
sponsorship, while 5.3% noticed it in stores where cigarettes age of smokers‡ who made a quit attempt in the last 12
were sold. months (32.1% in 2009 to 34.7% in 2016).
• The percentage of current cigarette smokers who thought
Overall, 81.8% of adults noticed anti-cigarette smoking infor- of quitting smoking because of health warnings on ciga-
mation at any location, with 75.1% of adults having noticed rette packages increased significantly from 31.7% in 2009
anti-cigarette smoking information on television, and 19.2% to 36.0% in 2016.
at public transportation stations.
• There was a significant increase in the percentage of
Almost all (97.2%) current smokers noticed pictorial warning adults who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information at
labels on cigarettes packages; 35.9% thought about quitting any location (68.1% in 2009 to 81.3% in 2016).
smoking because of warning labels on packages. • Exposure to secondhand smoke in homes (34.7% in 2009,
23.1% in 2016) and in the workplace (34.9% in 2009, 21.9%
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions: Among all adults, in 2016) declined significantly. Similarly, among adults
90.8% believed that smoking causes serious illnesses: lung who visited various public places in the last 30 days, a
cancer (93.6%), heart attack (83.0%), stroke (81.1%), and blad- significant decline in exposure to secondhand smoke was
der cancer (48.1%). Overall, 94.1% of adults believed that reported in government buildings (from 17.0% in 2009 to
smoking is addictive. 3.6% in 2016), restaurants (from 78.6% in 2009 to 19.9% in
2016), healthcare facilities (from 10.2% in 2009 to 3.4% in
Similarly, 81.8% of all adults believed that breathing other 2016), and public transportation (from 24.9% in 2009 to
people’s smoke causes serious illness in non-smokers [66.4% 10.8% in 2016).
among smokers and 88.5% among non-smokers].
• Among daily manufactured cigarettes smokers, average
Among current smokers, 25.0% thought that some types of (median) cigarette expenditures per month increased
cigarettes could be less harmful than other types. from Rub 560.8 in 2009 to Rub 1671.0 in 2016, after ad-
justing for inflation. More than a three-fold increase was
Overall, 86.8% of adults favored a law prohibiting all adver- observed in the average (median) price of a pack of 20
tisements for tobacco products. manufactured cigarettes, increasing from Rub 24.5 in
2009 to Rub 79.7 in 2016.

† Current non-smokers.

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3
 • Exposure to any cigarette advertising, promotion, or While the Russian Federation has reduced tobacco use since
sponsorship in the past 30 days declined significantly 2009, still more than 30% of Russians continued to use tobac-
from 68.0% in 2009 to 23.1% in 2016. Similarly, it declined co in 2016. The WHO FCTC outlines steps that can be taken
significantly at the point of sale, from 43.6% in 2009 to to help end the tobacco epidemic. Periodic monitoring of to-
5.5% in 2016. bacco use, proven tobacco control interventions, and contin-
ued vigilance on tobacco industry interference are important
Conclusions§ components in reducing tobacco use and tobacco related
morbidity and mortality.
Between 2009 and 2016, the GATS Russian Federation showed
a significant decline in tobacco use prevalence, exposure to
secondhand smoke, exposure to tobacco advertising, promo-
tion, and sponsorship, and affordability of tobacco products.
References
1. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017. Mon-
During the same period, an increase occurred in successful
itoring tobacco use and prevention policies. WHO, Geneva.
quit attempts and awareness of anti-smoking information.
Accessible at: http://www.who.int/fctc/mediacentre/press-re-
This progress could be attributed to the Russian Federation lease/wntd-2017/en/.
law (No. 15-FZ) on Protecting the Health of Citizens from the
2. WHO report on the global tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning
Effects of Second-hand Tobacco Smoke and the Consequenc-
about the dangers of tobacco. Accessible at: http://apps.who.
es of Tobacco Consumption passed in 2013. This law compre-
int/iris/bitstream/10665/44616/1/9789240687813_eng.pdf.
hensively addresses the following:

• A 100% smoke-free policy in all public places; 3. Frieden, Thomas R, Bloomberg, Michael R. How to prevent
100 million deaths from tobacco. The Lancet, Vol. 369, Issue
• Continued incremental increases of tobacco taxes; 9574, 1758-1761. Accessible at: http://www.thelancet.com/
• Prohibitions on all forms of tobacco advertising, promo- pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)60782-X.pdf.
tion and sponsorship;
• Increase in anti-tobacco use campaigns in various types 4. National Strategy on Creation of a Public Policy to Combat
of media; Tobacco Consumption (2010 to 2015). Accessible at: https://
rg.ru/2011/02/08/antitabak-site-dok.html
• Prohibition on the sale of snus and chewing tobacco;
• Strengthening the prohibition on sale of tobacco prod- 5. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 15-FZ on Pro-
ucts to minors under age 18 years. tecting the Health of Citizens from the Effects of Second-hand
In addition, in 2012, the Ministry of Health issued a decree in- Tobacco Smoke and the Consequences of Tobacco Consump-
troducing pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages tion. Accessible at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/
cons_doc_LAW_142515
GATS data from Russian Federation show that the tobacco
control targets set in the national tobacco control strategy 6. WHO MPOWER. Tobacco Free Initiative, WHO, Geneva. Ac-
(Framework for Implementing National Policy on Combating cessible at: www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/.
Tobacco Consumption, 2010 – 2015) have been achieved. 7. GATS, 2009. http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_
These data will continue to inform and strengthen the tobac- tfi_gats_russian_countryreport.pdf?ua=1
co control efforts in the Russian Federation.

§ The findings and conclusion in this executive summary are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Burden of Tobacco in Russian 1.2 Current Tobacco Control Policies
Federation in Russian Federation
The first representative studies on tobacco use prevalence in Federal Law No. 15-FZ on protecting the health of citizens
the Russian Federation were conducted under the Global To- from the effects of secondhand smoke and the consequenc-
bacco Surveillance System: The Global Youth Tobacco Survey es of tobacco consumption became fully effective on 1 June
(GYTS) among school students aged 13-15 in 2004; the Global 2014, incorporating all main provisions of the FCTC and con-
Health Professionals Survey in 2006; and the Global Adult To- sisting of 25 articles, among which the most important are:
bacco Survey (GATS) in 2009.
1. organization of the implementation of measures directed
The 2004 GYTS showed an increase in smoking prevalence
6 at preventing the effects of secondhand tobacco smoke
among boys of up to 30.1% (continued cigarette smoking) and and reducing tobacco consumption;
24.4% for girls; 61.5% of boys and 48.1% of girls had smoked 2. a ban on tobacco-smoking in certain territories, premises
at least once. More than 71% of minors could buy cigarettes and facilities;
in stores without limitations or age restrictions. Almost 42% of 3. price and tax measures directed at reducing the demand
adolescents believed that smoking was harmful to their health, for tobacco products;
while 62.4% had one or both parents who smoked. The survey
4. regulation and disclosure of the composition of tobacco
also showed that 65.5% of adolescent smokers wanted to quit
products, and establishment of requirements for packag-
smoking, and 78.1% made a quit attempt in the past year.
ing and labelling of tobacco products;
The 2009 GATS7 found that 60.2% of men and 21.7% of wom- 5. educating and informing the public about harm from
en smoked, with 16.6% (7.3 million) starting under the age of tobacco consumption and the harmful effects of second-
15. Fifty-nine percent (26 million) were highly dependent on hand tobacco smoke, with a ban on advertising and pro-
nicotine, more than 32% made quit attempts in the past 12 motion of the sale of tobacco and tobacco sponsorship;
months, and over 60% were planning or thinking of quitting 6. providing citizens with medical care directed at stopping
in the future. Only 31.7% received smoking-cessation advice tobacco consumption, treating tobacco dependence and
from health care providers. Among those who attempted to the consequences of tobacco consumption, and prevent-
quit in the past 12 months, only 11.2% succeeded. The survey ing illegal trade in tobacco products and tobacco goods;
showed a high prevalence of passive smoking in bars, night 7. restrictions on trade in tobacco products and tobacco
clubs and restaurants (78%-90%). Prevalence of exposure to goods and bans on sale to, and consumption of, tobac-
secondhand smoke was 17% in public institutions, 11.1% in co products for minors and involving children in tobacco
schools and 10.2% in health care facilities. More than nine mil- consumption;
lion women (25.7%) and 13 million men (45.7%) were exposed 8. state control of the protection of citizens’ health from the
to secondhand smoke in their workplaces; 20 million women effects of secondhand tobacco smoke and the conse-
(33%) and 19 million men (36.7%) were exposed at home. To- quences of tobacco consumption; and
tal adults exposed to passive smoking was approximately 60
9. monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of measures
million (51.4%). directed at preventing the effects of secondhand tobacco
smoke and reducing tobacco consumption.

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Other articles defined powers of federal agencies, executive pipes, hookahs, cigarette papers and lighters—was prohib-
agencies of the Russian Federation’s constituents, and local ited, and advertisements could not contain a demonstration
self-government agencies on protection of population health of smoking processes. Several Supreme Court and courts of
from the effects of secondhand tobacco smoke and the con- arbitration decisions address the advertising ban.
sequences of tobacco consumption.

Amendments directed at strengthening the protection of citi- 1.3 Survey Objectives

zens are described in the following sections. The general objectives of the GATS are to:

Legally binding requirements for products in the Russian Fed- • Systematically monitor adult tobacco use (smoking and
eration (e.g., manufacturing processes, operation, storage, smokeless) and track key tobacco control indicators in a
transportation, sale and disposal) are established through nationally representative sample of the Russian Federa-
technical regulations. Adopted in 2008, the first set of techni- tion population.
cal regulations established requirements for tobacco products • Provide a foundation for further adaptation and reinforce-
and rules for identification. It also provided rules on how to ment of effective FCTC measures in the campaign against
assess tobacco products’ compliance with the technical reg- tobacco use in the Russian Federation.
ulations. The regulations included new requirements for tar, More specifically, GATS in the Russian Federation will pro-
nicotine and carbon monoxide content in cigarette smoke. Tar vided sufficiently reliable estimates of the prevalence of to-
and carbon monoxide may not exceed 10 mg per cigarette, bacco use and related indicators at the national level. It will
and nicotine may not exceed 1.0 mg per cigarette. also display the profile of tobacco use in Russia by gender
In accordance with the article banning advertising, promot- and residence, including cessation, exposure to secondhand
ing and sponsoring tobacco sales in Federal Law No. 15-FZ, smoke, economic aspects, media exposure, and knowledge,
the existing law on advertising had to be amended. Advertis- attitudes and perceptions. The new data will allow evalua-
ing tobacco, its products and smoking requisites—including tion of any changes in the prevalence of tobacco use and
indicators for tobacco control from 2009 to 2016.

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 2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study Population GATS Russian Federation administered a household question-
naire and an individual questionnaire. The household and
The study population for GATS includes all men and women individual questionnaires (see Appendix A for details) were
aged 15 or older residing in the Russian Federation. This tar- based on the GATS Core Questionnaire with Optional Ques-
get population includes all people who consider Russia to be tions8, which was designed for use in countries implementing
their usual place of residence, even though they may not be GATS. In consultation with the Pulmonary Research Institute,
considered a citizen of the country. Visitors (i.e., tourists) who the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
indicate their usual place of residence is a military base or (CDC), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, and the WHO
group quarters and institutionalized individuals were exclud- Russian Federation Country Office, these questionnaires were
ed from the survey. Eligible respondents could withdraw from adapted and modified to reflect issues relevant and applica-
the study at any time and had the right to refuse to answer ble to the country situation. Under the coordination of the
any question without providing a reason. The GATS Russian Ministry of Health, the Social Development of the Russian
Federation was conducted in 72 out of 85 regions (constituent Federation (MoHSD) and the global GATS Questionnaire Re-
entities of the Russian Federation). The remaining 13 regions view Committee (QRC), an in-country technical committee
failed to make it into the sampling due to small populations approved the adapted questionnaire. The questionnaire was
living there (see Appendix B). developed in English and later translated it into Russian, and
later back translated it to ensure accuracy and quality. The

2.2 Sampling Design questionnaire was finalized after incorporating the lessons
learned from a pretest. Informed consent was included sepa-
The GATS Russian Federation sampling frame (see Appendix rately for both household and individual questionnaires.
B) was based on a 2010 population census. The master sample
file consisted of 350,000 sampling units (254,000 urban and Household Questionnaire: The purpose of the household
96,000 rural). This survey was conducted based on a stratified questionnaire was to collect information on all adult residents
three-stage household sample. At the first stage, 392 primary (either males or females based on sampling strategy) in the
sampling units (PSU) (197 urban and 195 rural) were selected household to randomly select an eligible respondent to com-
with a probability proportional to size. At the second stage, 32 plete the individual questionnaire. For each of the listed adult
households in urban areas and 28 households in rural areas (15 and older) residents, information on age, date of birth (if
were selected from each primary sampling unit. At the last applicable), gender and smoking status was collected.
stage, a random selection method was used to identify an eli- Individual Questionnaire: The purpose of the individual
gible individual within sampled households. questionnaire was to collect information from the randomly
The overall sample size was 11,764 non-institutionalized house- selected eligible males or females age 15 and older. The indi-
holds from 72 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. vidual questionnaire consisted of the following eight sections:
Sample design provided cross-sectional estimates for the coun- • Background Characteristics: Questions on gender, age,
try as a whole by gender and urbanicity. education, occupational status and possession of house-
hold items and materials.
2.3 Questionnaire • Tobacco Smoking: Questions on patterns of use (i.e., dai-
The GATS in the Russian Federation collected information on a ly consumption, less than daily consumption, not at all),
variety of indicators that will assist in monitoring tobacco use former/past tobacco consumption, age of initiation of
daily smoking, consumption of different tobacco prod-
prevalence and aid policymakers and program managers in
ucts (i.e., cigarettes, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, cardboard
using available data to track, strengthen and formulate tobac-
tube-tipped cigarettes, pipe tobacco and calean), nico-
co control strategies at the country level.
tine dependence and quitting advice/attempts.

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• Calean: Questions covering patterns of use, tobacco • Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs: Questions regard-
presence in the calean, age of initiation to calean smok- ing knowledge about health effects of both smoking
ing, calean session duration, number of people smoking and smokeless tobacco. Questions covering attitudes on
the same waterpipe during the last session, location of smoke-free laws, increases in taxes on tobacco products
last calean session and presence of other substances in and bans on advertising tobacco products.
the calean water.
• Electronic Cigarettes: Questions regarding knowledge 2.4 Data Collection
about e-cigarettes, use of e-cigarettes and age of initia-
tion to use e-cigarettes. 2.4.1 DEVELOPING THE SURVEY AND
• Smokeless Tobacco: Questions covering patterns of use CONFIGURING HANDHELDS
(daily consumption, less than daily consumption, not at Administrators conducted GATS 2016 and GATS 2009 using elec-
all), former/past use of smokeless tobacco, age of initia- tronic data collection devices for the household and individual
tion of daily use of smokeless tobacco, consumption of questionnaires. The General Survey System (GSS), software de-
different smokeless tobacco products (i.e., snus, snuffing
veloped by RTI International, is a suite that incorporates several
tobacco and chewing tobacco), nicotine dependence,
software tools to facilitate the design, administration, collection
and quitting advice/attempts.
and management of survey data on handheld computers and
• Cessation: Questions related to advice to quit smoking computers with Microsoft Windows-based platforms. The soft-
by health care providers and methods used to try to stop ware system is designed to support field interviewers collect
smoking. Similar information was solicited for cessation data using handheld computers. GATS 2016 used Samsung SM
on smokeless tobacco. T230NU tablets running on Android 4.4 (CMS - Case Manage-
• Secondhand Smoke: Questions related to rules on ment System, GSS - General Survey System). Electronic data
smoking in the home and exposure to secondhand collection devices were used to develop branching algorithms
smoke at home. Questions also covered indoor smok- in GATS 2016 questionnaires and to perform validation checks
ing policy at the workplace and exposure in the last 30 during data collection.
days in public places (i.e., the workplace, government
buildings/offices, health care facilities, restaurants, The GATS questionnaires were programmed in collaboration
bars/nightclubs, cafés/cafeterias, public transportation, with IT specialists from the Russian Federation who were out-
schools, colleges/universities, and private workplaces), sourced for GATS. Quality assurance mechanisms were used
as well as knowledge about serious illness in non-smok- to check the survey program in accordance with the manual,
ers due to secondhand smoke. GATS Programmer’s Guide to General Survey System. Quali-
• Economics: Questions covering the most recent pur- ty assurance procedures include the following steps: version
chase of cigarettes, including quantity bought, cost, control/verification for household and individual question-
brand, source of purchase and type (i.e., filter/filterless naires, date and time verification, verification of skip patterns,
and light/mild/low tar). and validation checks. The entire process, including ques-
• Media: Questions on exposure to anti-tobacco advertis- tionnaire administration, implementing data collection us-
ing and information in the following locations: newspa- ing handhelds, as well as data management and aggregation
pers/magazines, television, radio, billboards, public trans- (preparing raw data for analysis), was pretested.
portation, stores and others; reaction to health warning
labels on cigarette packages and smokeless tobacco Russia and RTI International IT specialists completed software
products; exposure to tobacco industry advertising; and development in July-August 2016 and uploaded the final
promotion by tobacco type in the following locations: version of the questionnaire to the handhelds. Electronic
stores, television, radio, billboards, newspapers/maga- case files (list of households used to identify the address of
zines, internet and others. The reference period for the the selected household) were completed in August 2016.
questions in this section was 30 days. Because administrators conducted GATS 2016 in the Russian

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Federation in two stages, the case file was uploaded to the Russian Federation, focusing on the correct and compre-
the handhelds in two stages: in September 2016 and in hensive wording, inconsistencies in skip patterns, sequencing
November 2016. For the second stage, the handhelds were of questions, completeness of response categories, work load,
reloaded with the new case file (to get more information interview time, availability and call backs, and other issues.
on case file management and a complete listing of quality Other important objectives of the pretest were to test using
control measures adopted in GATS. Refer to GATS Quality handhelds to collect data, to assess problems during data
Assurance: Guidelines and Documentation). transfer and aggregation, and to develop a data management
system for the full survey implementation. Pretest training
2.4.2 STAFF RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND took place from June 27 to July 6, 2016, and the first five days
were dedicated to training IT specialists in Moscow. On July
FIELDWORK 4-6, 2016, training workshops for interviewers and supervi-
2.4.2.1 IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES sors were held in Rostov-on-Don. Specialists from the Rosstat
Territorial Statistical Office for the Rostov region (Rostov-on-
To fulfill the obligations related to the WHO FCTC acquiring the
Don and Orel district) took part in GATS 2016 pretesting as
Russian Federation, the Ministry of Healthcare, the WHO and
supervisors and interviewers. Overall, 12 people were trained
other partners decided to conduct the second round of GATS
(ten interviewers and two supervisors). Instructors conduct-
in Russia in 2016. Partners selected the Federal State Statis-
ed the training using standard manuals and procedures and
tics Service (Rosstat) to gather information for the pretest and
included presentations, mock interviews, field practices and
GATS 2016 survey. They based their choice on the criteria set
tests. The pretest was conducted July 7-9, 2016 using a conve-
forth in the GATS Implementing Agency Selection Guidelines.
nience sample of 102 respondents equally distributed by gen-
Rosstat not only expressed interest, but also a commitment
der, place of residence (urban/rural), age and smoking status.
to participate in this survey. Similar to 2009, it recommend-
ed Information and Publishing Center, Statistics of Russia, for
planning and implementing data collection activities related
2.4.2.3 TRAINING
to GATS 2016 in the Russian Federation. To maintain standardized survey procedures and follow stan-
dard protocol that is set forth in GATS, the following three
The Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation func- manuals were developed:
tioned as the lead coordinating agency for GATS 2016 in the
Russian Federation and assumed the role of overall coordina- • GATS Field Interviewer Manual: includes interviewer in-
tor managing the entire process. Information and Publishing structions regarding proper administering of the inter-
Center “Statistics of Russia was appointed as the main imple- view, field interview techniques (field procedures), meth-
menting agency responsible for conducting the pretest, se- ods for asking the questions and the use of handhelds in
lecting and training interviewers, implementing the full sur- collecting data
vey, and producing summary tables and progress reports. As • GATS Field Supervisor Manual: contains detailed descrip-
an expert resource in tobacco control, Pulmonary Research tion of supervisors’ roles and responsibilities as well as in-
Institute (PRI) adapted and finalized the questionnaire and formation on data aggregation and transfer procedures
participated in pretesting and writing the country report. • GATS Question-by-Question Specifications Manual: pro-
vides question-by-question instructions to the field in-
The WHO provided regional and in-country coordination terviewers for administering the questionnaires using the
while the CDC, the WHO Collaborating Center on global to- handheld computers. This manual also provides allow-
bacco control, provided technical assistance for implement- able range checks, response options, as well as purpose
ing the survey. and instructions for each survey question. All manuals
were compiled in English but later translated into Russian
2.4.2.2 PRETEST At the time of the survey,, Information and Publishing Cen-
In close cooperation with the CDC, WHO, Pulmonary Research ter “Statistics of Russia worked closely with Rosstat’s territo-
Institute PRI and Rosstat, Information and Publishing Center rial statistical offices in each region. Administrators planned
“Statistics of Russia Pulmonary Research Institute conducted to carry out GATS Russian Federation in all the regions of its
the pretest of the survey questionnaire in the Rostov region of eight federal districts; however, 13 regions failed to make it

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into the survey due to sampling methodology. Supervisors the GATS implementation on their official websites. To ensure
selected by the Rosstat territorial statistical offices recruited safety and provide an efficient work environment for inter-
field interviewers. viewers, particularly in rural areas, special letters were sent to
heads of local rural administrations. Heads of the local offic-
Three hundred ninety-three field interviewers and 99 supervi- es of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs received notifications
sors were involved in survey fieldwork. Each interviewer was that included addresses of households selected for the sur-
designated to visit and conduct an interview for 32 house- vey. Interviewers’ I.D. badges listed territorial statistical offices’
holds in urban areas and 28 households in rural areas. Since telephone numbers to contact for further information.
there were 250 handhelds, training seminars were conduct-
ed in Moscow in two stages—according to standard proto- Field interviewers were responsible for collecting data by ad-
col—from September 19-22, 2016 and from November 14-17, ministering the questionnaire using handheld devices. Field
2016. After the training seminars, all supervisors got the lists of supervisors were responsible for the overall field team perfor-
households, handhelds with the imported household codes for mance. Apart from that, field supervisors did spot (random)
each interviewer, materials essential for interviewer training, checks of data collected by field interviewers. Supervisors also
and a timetable for sending interviewer-level data. Supervisors were in charge of sending data to the Central Office via se-
trained local field Interviewers September 26-28, 2016 (the first cure communication channel. IT specialists provided techni-
stage of fieldwork) and from November 21-23, 2016 (the sec- cal support in case any issues occurred during fieldwork; they
ond stage of fieldwork). Training included lectures explaining also fixed any handheld malfunction. Field data was aggregat-
the GATS survey, personnel roles and responsibilities, tech- ed and analyzed on a daily basis, which allowed for indicating
niques and rules for conducting an interview, contents of the certain types of data collection errors, skip patterns and consis-
questionnaire, the use of handheld computers in conducting tency checks.
an interview, and mock interviews between participants and
field practice interviews. In addition, there were lectures on the The following quality control procedures were in place: conduct-
tobacco use and control policy in the Russian Federation. ing verification interviews of randomly selected finalized house-
holds via in-person or telephone; random checks of 8%-10% of
2.4.2.4 FIELDWORK the total number of interviewed households.

Ninety-nine groups of interviewers helped collect GATS Rus- 2.4.3 DATA PROCESSING AND AGGREGATION
sian Federation data. Each group consisted of one supervisor
and at least four interviewers. All interviewers and supervisors Figure 2–1 presents the data management model that was in
were full-time employees and had to have prior experience in place for GATS Russian Federation. Field supervisors collect-
survey fieldwork and computer skills. They conducted field- ed all data gathered by field interviewers and exported them
work in two stages, each 18 days long. The first stage of data from the handheld to the PC. Next, supervisors transmitted
collection was September 29-October 16, 2016 in 39 regions the consolidated data to the central office via secure commu-
of the Privolzhsky (Volga), Ural, Siberian, and Far East feder- nication channels. If problems occurred, supervisors were to
al districts. The second stage was November 24-December send feedback to the field. IT specialists—with the support
11, 2016 in 33 regions of the Central, North West, South and of the CDC, the WHO and RTI—combined and merged all the
North-Caucasian federal districts. intermediate aggregated files into one cumulative db3 file.
Next, the data file went through appropriate cleaning and
All interviewers were prepared with supporting documents, validation. Using merging utility in GSS, aggregated data was
instructions and equipment. Schedules for data transmission transposed to an analyzable form that could be read using any
from interviewers to supervisors were prepared for each re- statistical software available for further analysis and reporting.
gion. Many Rosstat territorial statistical offices announced

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Figure 2–1. Data management implementation design — GATS Russian Federation 2016.

2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS For comparisons, the same 60 regions sampled in GATS 2009
were mapped with the GATS 2016 sample. Specifically, data
Administrators performed complete analysis of survey data from 10,688 GATS 2016 interviews were included in the
to obtain population estimates and to calculate 95% of its analysis to produce comparisons between 2009 and 2016.
confidence intervals (asymmetric confidence intervals). They Therefore, the estimates produced using this reduced sam-
computed sample weights for each respondent following ple might be different from the estimates based on the full
standard procedures developed in the GATS: Sample Design sample of GATS 2016.
Manual9 and the GATS: Sample Weights Manual10 to produce
population estimates and confidence intervals. For more de- This section presents information on sample coverage and
tails on sample weighting processes, see Appendix B. Final target population. Population size of the Russian Federa-
weights were used to produce population estimates and its tion was estimated based on updated population totals
confidence intervals. All calculations were made with the SAS from January 1, 2017 Rosstat statistics. Thus, all structural
9.2 system, and all estimates and confidence intervals were and administrative changes that took place since the 2010
produced using the complex sample module of SPSS 17. Russia population census were accounted for.

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 3. SAMPLE & POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
This section presents information on sample coverage and The household response rate was 98.9%. The response rate for
target population. Population size of the Russian Federation households in urban and rural areas was very similar (98.3%
was estimated based on updated population totals from Jan- and 99.5% respectively). However, 0.1% of households did not
uary 1, 2017 Rosstat statistics. Thus, all structural and adminis- have eligible respondents; for this indicator, both urban and
trative changes that took place since the 2010 Russia popula- rural households reached almost similar proportions. A small
tion census were accounted for. number of households refused to participate (0.6%), and 0.7%
were unoccupied.
3.1. Sample Coverage There were eligible interviewees in 11,535 of the 11,764 se-
Table 3.1 covers unweighted number and percentage of lected households. The percentage of eligible respondents
households and persons interviewed for GATS Russian Fed- among the urban population (97.7%) was slightly lower than
eration. Of 11,764 households selected for the survey, 11,535 among the rural population (98.5%). The person‐level response
(98.1%) households and 11,458 (99.3%) respondents were in- rate was 99.3%, with 99.1% in urban areas and 99.6% in rural
terviewed. The total response rate was 98.2% and was slightly areas. Overall, there were six people who were ineligible, a to-
higher for rural areas (99.2%) than for urban areas (97.4%). tal of 0.1% of the entire sample. The main reason for individual
non-response was refusal to participate (0.3%), which was typi-
cal mostly for urban areas.

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Table 3.1: Number and percent of households and persons interviewed and response rates, by residence (unweighted) –
GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Residence
Total
Urban Rural

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Selected Household

Completed (HC) 6,187 97.7 5,348 98.5 11,535 98.1

Completed – No one eligible (HCNE) 3 0 .0 3 0 .1 6 0.1

Incomplete (HINC) 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0.0

No screening respondent (HNS) 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0.0

Nobody home (HNH) 39 0 .6 7 0 .1 46 0.4

Refused (HR) 64 1 .0 9 0 .2 73 0.6

Unoccupied (HUO) 31 0 .5 52 1 .0 83 0.7

Address not a dwelling (HAND) 6 0 .1 4 0 .1 10 0.1

Other1 (HO) 1 0 .0 8 0 .1 9 0.1

Total Households Selected 6,332 100 5,432 100 11,764 100

Household Response Rate (HRR) (%)2 98.3% 99.5% 98.9%

Selected Person

Completed (PC) 6,129 99 .1 5,329 99 .6 11,458 99.3

Incomplete (PINC) 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0.0

Not eligible (PNE) 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0.0

Not at home (PNH) 7 0 .1 1 0 .0 8 0.1

Refused (PR) 38 0 .6 1 0 .0 39 0.3

Incapacitated (PI) 9 0 .1 9 0 .2 18 0.2

Other (PO)
1
3 0 .0 8 0 .1 11 0.1

Total Number of Sampled Persons 6,187 100 5,348 100 11,535 100

Person-level Response Rate (PRR) (%) 3

99.1% 99.6% 99.3%

Total Response Rate (TRR) (%) 4

97.4% 99.2% 98.2%
1
Other includes any other result not listed. 3
The Person-level Response Rate (PRR) is calculated as:
2
The Household Response Rate (HRR) is calculated as: PC *100
HC * 100 PC + PINC + PNH + PR + PI + PO
HC + HINC + HNS + HNH + HR + HO 4
The Total Response Rate (TRR) is calculated as: (HRR x PRR) / 100
Notes:
• An incomplete household interview (i.e., roster could not be finished) was considered a nonrespondent to the GATS. Thus, these cases (HINC) were not included in the numerator
of the household response rate.
• The Total Number of Sampled Persons should be equal to the number of Completed [HC] household interviews.
• A completed person interview [PC] includes respondents who had completed at least question E01 and who provided valid answers to questions B01/B02/B03. Respondents who
did not meet these criteria were cons idered as incomplete (PINC) nonrespondents to GATS and thus, were not included in the numerator of the person-level response rate.

Page 16
13
3.2 Characteristics of Survey persons). However, the weighted urban population is higher
than the weighted rural population, with a ratio of approxi-
Respondents mately 75:25. A large number of adults was in the 25-44 age
group (37.8%). Other age groups resulted in the following:
Table 3.2 presents the unweighted sample population ac- 12.5% (for 15-24 years), 33.0% (for 45-64 years) and 16.7% (for
cording to various household and individual demograph- 65+ years).
ic characteristics, including age, gender, place of residence
and level of education. The data collected on eligible respondents’ education level
was divided into three categories: primary, secondary and
Eleven thousand,four hundred fifty-eight adults completed higher education. Primary education included no formal
individual interviews. By the end of 2016, the size of the Rus- schooling and primary school completed. Secondary educa-
sian population aged 15 years and older was 119.6 million. Ac- tion included completed secondary school, vocational train-
cording to gender distribution, 4,786 males interviewed, and ing school or trade school. Higher education included data on
6,672 females interviewed. These results correspond with the incomplete or completed higher education and an advanced
size of the male and female population of the country: 54.2 degree (this classification of education level was used for the
million (45.3%) and 61.4 million (54.7%) respectively. The un- entire report). The majority of respondents had secondary ed-
weighted sample of the urban population (6,129 people) ex- ucation (62.6%), fewer had higher education (34.4%), and only
ceeds the unweighted sample of the rural population (5,329 3.0% of adults had primary education alone or less than that.

Table 3.2: Distribution of adults ≥ 15 years old by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Weighted
Unweighted Number of Adults
Characteristics Percentage (95% CI1) Number of Adults (in thousands)

Overall 100 119,615.7 11,458

Gender

Male 45.3 (44.1, 46.5) 54,207.1 4,786

Female 54.7 (53.5, 55.9) 65,408.6 6,672

Age (years)

15-24 12.5 (11.4, 13.7) 14,950.2 949

25-44 37.8 (36.4, 39.2) 45,244.7 3,969

45-64 33.0 (31.6, 34.4) 39,442.5 4,186

65+ 16.7 (15.7, 17.8) 19,978.3 2,354

Residence

Urban 75.0 (74.3, 75.7) 89,714.7 6,129

Rural 25.0 (24.3, 25.7) 29,901.0 5,329

Education Level 2

Primary 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) 3,584.0 469

Secondary 62.6 (60.6, 64.6) 74,740.4 7,583

High 34.4 (32.4, 36.5) 41,088.9 3,389

Note: The following observations were missing: 0 for age, 0 for gender, 0 for residence, and 17 for education.
1
95% Confidence Interval
2
Education level: Primary = primary general, basic general (incomplete secondary); Secondary = complete general secondary, secondary professional; Higher = Bachelor’s degree,
Specialist, Master’s degree, high-skilled professionals.

Page 17
14
 4. TOBACCO USE
This chapter presents data on the prevalence of smoking and daily smokers and occasional smokers. Non-smokers includ-
smokeless tobacco use among adults aged 15 and older in the ed former daily smokers and never daily smokers. Among
Russian Federation. Tobacco product consumption among dif- the Russian Federation adult population, 26.1% (31.2 million)
ferent age, gender, residence (urban and rural), and education were daily smokers and 4.3% (5.1 million) were occasional
groups was analyzed using indicators such as age of daily smok- smokers. The daily smoking prevalence rate among men was
ing initiation, number of cigarettes smoked daily, time since 43.9% (23.8 million) and 11.3% (7.3 million) among women.
smoking cessation for former daily smokers, and time to first to- The daily smoking prevalence rate in urban areas was 25.8%
bacco use upon waking. (23.2 million) and 26.7% (8 million) in rural areas. The preva-
lence rate of occasional smoking among men was 5.6% (3.1
Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 present the smoking status among million) and 3.1% (2.1 million) among women. The prevalence
adults 15 and older in the Russian Federation in 2016 by gen- rate of occasional smoking in urban areas was 4.6% (4.2 mil-
der and residence. The overall prevalence of current smoking lion) and 3.2% (950,000) in rural areas. Non-smokers account-
among adults was 30.3% (36.3 million). It was higher among ed for 69.7% of the surveyed population (83.4 million); 9.4%
men (49.5%, or 26.8 million) than it was for women (14.4%, or (11.2 million) were former daily smokers and 60.3% (72.1 mil-
9.4 million). In urban areas, 30.5% (27.3 million) of adults were lion) were never daily smokers. Over half (54.1% or 64.8 mil-
current smokers, and 29.9% (8.9 million) of adults in rural ar- lion) had never smoked in their lifetime, and 6.2% (7.4 million)
eas were current smokers. Current tobacco smokers included were former occasional smokers.

Table 4.1: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old, by detailed smoking status, gender and residence – GATS Russian Federation,
2016.

Smoking Status Overall Male Female Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)1

Current tobacco smoker 30.3 (29.0, 31.7) 49.5 (47.5, 51.5) 14.4 (13.1, 15.9) 30.5 (28.7, 32.2) 29.9 (28.1, 31.8)

Daily smoker 26.1 (24.9, 27.3) 43.9 (41.9, 45.8) 11.3 (10.2, 12.5) 25.8 (24.4, 27.3) 26.7 (25.0, 28.5)

Occasional smoker 4.3 (3.7, 4.9) 5.6 (4.7, 6.7) 3.1 (2.6, 3.8) 4.6 (3.9, 5.4) 3.2 (2.6, 3.8)

Occasional smoker, formerly daily 2.0 (1.6, 2.3) 2.9 (2.3, 3.6) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) 2.1 (1.7, 2.6) 1.4 (1.1, 1.9)

Occasional smoker, never daily 2.3 (1.9, 2.8) 2.7 (2.1, 3.5) 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) 2.5 (2.0, 3.2) 1.8 (1.4, 2.3)

Non-smoker 69.7 (68.3, 71.0) 50.5 (48.5, 52.5) 85.6 (84.1, 86.9) 69.5 (67.8, 71.3) 70.1 (68.2, 71.9)

Former daily smoker 9.4 (8.6, 10.2) 14.9 (13.6, 16.2) 4.8 (4.1, 5.7) 9.8 (8.9, 10.9) 7.9 (7.0, 9.0)

Never daily smoker 60.3 (58.8, 61.8) 35.6 (33.5, 37.8) 80.8 (79.0, 82.4) 59.7 (57.7, 61.6) 62.1 (60.2, 64.1)

Former occasional smoker 6.2 (5.5, 6.9) 6.4 (5.5, 7.3) 6.0 (5.2, 6.9) 6.5 (5.7, 7.4) 5.2 (4.4, 6.1)

Never smoker 54.1 (52.5, 55.8) 29.2 (27.2, 31.4) 74.8 (72.8, 76.6) 53.2 (51.1, 55.3) 57.0 (54.8, 59.1)
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval

Page 18
15
Table 4.2: Number of adults ≥15 years old, by detailed smoking status by gender and residence – GATS Russian Federation,
2016.

Smoking Status Overall Male Female Urban Rural

Number in thousands

Current tobacco smoker 36,263.7 26,831.3 9,432.5 27,319.7 8,944.0

Daily smoker 31,163.7 23,781.9 7,381.8 23,169.8 7,993.9

Occasional smoker 5,100.1 3,049.4 2,050.7 4,149.9 950.2

Occasional smoker, formerly daily 2,338.4 1,578.4 760.1 1,912.5 426.0

Occasional smoker, never daily 2,761.6 1,471.0 1,290.6 2,237.4 524.2

Non-smoker 83,351.9 27,375.8 55,976.1 62,394.9 20,957.0

Former daily smoker 11,210.9 8,066.0 3,144.9 8,836.2 2,374.7

Never daily smoker 72 ,141.0 19,309.8 52,831.2 53,558.8 18,582.2

Former occasional smoker 7,379.8 3,457.5 3,922.3 5,832.3 1,547.4

Never smoker 64,761.2 15,852.3 48,908.9 47,726.4 17,034.8

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.

Table 4.1A and Table 4.2A present the status of smokeless tobacco users. Less than one percent (0.2% or 161,000) of
tobacco use among adults in the Russian Federation. The the urban population and none of the rural population were
overall prevalence rate of current smokeless tobacco use daily smokeless tobacco users. The prevalence of occasional
was 0.4% (506,000): 0.8% (421,000) among men and 0.1% smokeless tobacco use was 0.5% (260,000) among men and
(85,000) among women. The prevalence of smokeless to- 0.1% (85,000) among women. Non-smokeless tobacco users
bacco use in urban areas was 0.5% (403,000) compared to accounted for 99.6% of the surveyed population (119.6 mil-
0.3% (103,000) in rural areas. Among all adults in Russia, lion). Former daily smokeless tobacco users were few, with an
0.1% (161,000) were daily smokeless tobacco users, and overall prevalence of 0.1% (0.2% of men and 0.1% of wom-
0.3% (344,000) were occasional smokeless tobacco users. en; 0.1% of both the urban and rural populations). Most had
The prevalence of daily smokeless tobacco use among men never used smokeless tobacco in their lifetime (98.1%), and
was 0.3% (161,000), while no women were daily smokeless only 1.3% were former occasional smokeless tobacco users.

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16
Table 4.1A: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old, by detailed smokeless tobacco use status by gender and residence – GATS
Russian Federation, 2016.

Overall Male Female Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI) 1

Current smokeless tobacco user 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7)

Daily user 0.1 (0.1, 0.3) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.0 (N/A) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.0 (N/A)

Occasional user 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7)

Occasional user, formerly daily 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4)

Occasional user, never daily 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6)

Non-user of smokeless tobacco 99.6 (99.3, 99.7) 99.2 (98.7, 99.5) 99.9 (99.6, 100) 99.5 (99.2, 99.7) 99.7 (99.3, 99.8)

Former daily user 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.1, 0.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3)

Never daily user 99.4 (99.2, 99.6) 99.0 (98.5, 99.3) 99.8 (99.6, 99.9) 99.4 (99.1, 99.6) 99.5 (99.2, 99.7)

Former occasional user 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) 2.3 (1.7, 3.1) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9)

Never user 98.1 (97.6, 98.5) 96.7 (95.7, 97.5) 99.3 (99.0, 99.5) 97.8 (97.2, 98.3) 99.0 (98.5, 99.3)
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
N/A - The estimate is "0.0".
1
95% Confidence Interval.

Table 4.2A: Number of adults ≥15 years old, by detailed smokeless tobacco use status by gender and residence – GATS Russian
Federation, 2016.

Smokeless Tobacco Use Status Overall Male Female Urban Rural

Number in thousands

Current smokeless tobacco user 506.0 421.5 84.5 403.0 103.1

Daily user 161.3 161.3 0.0 161.3 0.0

Occasional user 344.7 260.1 84.5 241.6 103.1

Occasional user, formerly daily 58.4 36.4 22.0 29.8 28.6

Occasional user, never daily 286.3 223.8 62.5 211.8 74.4

Non-user of smokeless tobacco 118,643.1 53,509.4 65,133.7 88,970.3 29,672.8

Former daily user 153.8 118.9 34.9 120.0 33.7

Never daily user 118,489.3 53,390.5 65,098.8 88,850.2 29,639.1

Former occasional user 1,575.2 1,239.9 335.2 1,412.9 162.3

Never user 116,914.2 52,150.6 64,763.6 87,437.3 29,476.9

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.

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17
Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 present the percentage and number highest among people with secondary education (33.8%
of current smokers of various smoked-tobacco products. The or 25.3 million) followed by people with higher education
overall percentage of current smokers who used any smoked (25.6% or 10.5 million) and people with primary education
tobacco product was 30.3% (36.3 million). Use of any type (12.3% or 442,000). Hand-rolled cigarettes were more pop-
of cigarettes (i.e., manufactured, hand-rolled, papirosy) was ular in rural areas (1.2% v.s. 0.5% in urban areas) and among
significantly higher (29.9% or 35.8 million) than calean use smokers with a lower level of education (1.6% of smokers
(2.8% or 3.3 million) or other smoked tobacco (1.5% or 1.7 with primary education; 0.9% of smokers with secondary
million). The most popular type of cigarettes was manufac- education; 0.3% of smokers with higher education). Calean
tured (29.7% or 35.8 million). There was no significant differ- with tobacco was more popular in urban areas (3.2% v.s.
ence in the prevalence rate of smoking any smoked tobac- 1.4% in rural areas) and among smokers with higher educa-
co product between urban (30.5% or 27.3 million) and rural tion (3.6% v.s. 0.9% of smokers with primary education and
(29.9% or 9 million) areas. The percentage of smokers was 2.4% of smokers with secondary education).

Table 4.3: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who are current tobacco smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by
selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Any smoked Type of Cigarette Calean with Other smoked

Any cigarette2
Characteristics tobacco product Manufactured Hand-rolled Papirosy tobacco tobacco3

Percentage(95% CI) 1

Overall 30.3 (29.0, 31.7) 29.9 (28.6, 31.3) 29.7 (28.3, 31.0) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 2.8 (2.2, 3.5) 1.5 (1.1, 1.9)

Age (years)

15-24 26.7 (23.3, 30.3) 25.9 (22.7, 29.4) 25.9 (22.7, 29.4) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 8.3 (6.4, 10.8) 0.7 (0.2, 2.0)

25-44 38.0 (36.1, 40.0) 37.5 (35.6, 39.4) 37.4 (35.5, 39.3) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 3.9 (3.1, 5.0) 1.9 (1.3, 2.6)

45-64 31.0 (29.0, 33.1) 30.8 (28.8, 32.9) 30.6 (28.6, 32.7) 0.9 (0.7, 1.4) 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) 1.6 (1.2, 2.3)

65+ 14.2 (12.3, 16.3) 14.0 (12.1, 16.0) 13.1 (11.3, 15.1) 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) 0.0 (N/A) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5)

Residence

Urban 30.5 (28.7, 32.2) 30.0 (28.3, 31.7) 29.8 (28.1, 31.5) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 3.2 (2.5, 4.2) 1.6 (1.2, 2.2)

Rural 29.9 (28.1, 31.8) 29.8 (28.0, 31.7) 29.3 (27.5, 31.2) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)

Education Level

Primary 12.3 (8.6, 17.3) 12.3 (8.6, 17.3) 11.9 (8.2, 16.9) 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) 0.9 (0.1, 6.3) 0.4 (0.1, 1.7)

Secondary 33.8 (32.2, 35.5) 33.6 (32.1, 35.3) 33.3 (31.7, 34.9) 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) 2.4 (1.9, 3.1) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4)

High 25.6 (23.7, 27.7) 24.8 (22.9, 26.8) 24.7 (22.8, 26.7) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) 3.6 (2.7, 4.9) 2.2 (1.4, 3.4)
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled, and papirosy.
3
Includes any other reported smoking tobacco products such as pipes, cigars/cheroots/cigarillos.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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18
Table 4.3 (cont.) and Table 4.4 (cont.) present the percent- group was 12.5% (2.7 million) and only 2.7% (360,000) in
age and number of current adult male and female smok- the 65+ age group. Manufactured cigarettes were the most
ers who smoked various types of tobacco products. Men popular smoked tobacco product among men (48.2% or
smoked any tobacco product more (49.5% or 27 million) than 26.1 million) and women (14.2% or 9.3 million). Over four
women (14.4% or nine million). The prevalence of smoking percent (4.1% or 2.2 million) of men and 1.7% (1.1 million)
among men was highest in the 25-44 age group (54.4% or of women smoked calean with tobacco. For men, there was
12 million) followed by the 45-64 age group (53.8% or 9 mil- no significant difference in the prevalence of smoking any
lion). Prevalence of smoking among men was lowest in the smoked tobacco product between urban (48.9% or 19.6
youngest age group, 15-24-year-olds (34.8% or 2.6 million) million) and rural (51.2% or 7.33 million) areas, but wom-
and in the 65+ age group (38.2% or 2.5 million). For women, en smoked more in urban areas (15.6% or 7.7 million) than
prevalence of smoking was highest in the 25-44 age group in rural (10.7% or 1.7 million) areas. Hand-rolled cigarettes
(21.9% or 5 million) and in the 15-24 age group (18.2% or were more popular among men (1.3% or 691,000) than
1.3 million). Prevalence of female smokers in the 45-64 age among women (0.2% or 155,000).

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19
Table 4.3 (cont.): Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by
gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016 .

Demographic Any smoked Type of Cigarette Calean with Other smoked

Any cigarette2
Characteristics tobacco product Manufactured Hand-rolled Papirosy tobacco tobacco3

Percentage(95% CI)1

Male 49.5 (47.5, 51.5) 48.8 (46.8, 50.9) 48.2 (46.3, 50.2) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) 4.1 (3.2, 5.2) 2.8 (2.1, 3.6)

Age (years)

15-24 34.8 (29.8, 40.1) 34.3 (29.4, 39.5) 34.3 (29.4, 39.5) 1.4 (0.6, 2.9) 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) 10.2 (7.5, 13.8) 1.0 (0.4, 2.5)

25-44 54.4 (51.7, 57.0) 53.5 (50.9, 56.1) 53.3 (50.6, 55.9) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) 5.2 (4.0, 6.8) 3.3 (2.3, 4.7)

45-64 53.8 (50.5, 57.1) 53.3 (50.0, 56.7) 52.8 (49.4, 56.2) 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) 1.5 (0.7, 3.3) 3.1 (2.2, 4.4)

65+ 38.2 (33.6, 43.0) 37.4 (32.8, 42.3) 34.8 (30.3, 39.5) 1.8 (0.7, 4.9) 3.9 (2.2, 6.8) 0.0 (N/A) 1.9 (0.9, 4.1)

Residence

Urban 48.9 (46.3, 51.4) 48.0 (45.5, 50.6) 47.6 (45.1, 50.1) 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) 4.8 (3.6, 6.3) 3.2 (2.4, 4.2)

Rural 51.2 (48.3, 54.2) 51.1 (48.2, 54.0) 50.1 (47.2, 53.0) 2.2 (1.5, 3.3) 2.2 (1.5, 3.2) 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) 1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

Education Level

Primary 29.6 (20.7, 40.3) 29.6 (20.7, 40.3) 28.2 (19.5, 39.0) 3.6 (1.8, 7.2) 2.4 (1.0, 5.9) 2.8 (0.4, 17.5) 1.3 (0.3, 5.3)

Secondary 53.5 (51.1, 55.8) 53.2 (50.9, 55.5) 52.4 (50.1, 54.8) 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) 2.0 (1.5, 2.8) 3.4 (2.6, 4.5) 2.0 (1.5, 2.6)

High 42.4 (39.0, 45.8) 40.7 (37.4, 44.2) 40.6 (37.2, 44.0) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 5.6 (4.1, 7.7) 4.6 (3.2, 6.7)

Female 14.4 (13.1, 15.9) 14.2 (12.9, 15.7) 14.2 (12.9, 15.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7)

Age (years)

15-24 18.2 (14.5, 22.6) 17.1 (13.6, 21.4) 17.1 (13.6, 21.4) 0.2 (0.0, 1.4) 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 6.3 (4.2, 9.5) 0.4 (0.1, 2.8)

25-44 21.9 (19.5, 24.6) 21.8 (19.4, 24.4) 21.8 (19.4, 24.4) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 2.7 (1.9, 3.8) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8)

45-64 12.5 (10.8, 14.5) 12.5 (10.8, 14.5) 12.5 (10.8, 14.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 0.2 (0.0, 0.7) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9)

65+ 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 (N/A) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7)

Residence

Urban 15.6 (13.9, 17.4) 15.4 (13.7, 17.2) 15.4 (13.7, 17.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8)

Rural 10.7 (9.2, 12.4) 10.6 (9.2, 12.3) 10.6 (9.1, 12.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6)

Education Level

Primary 4.0 (1.9, 8.0) 4.0 (1.9, 8.0) 4.0 (1.9, 8.0) 0.7 (0.1, 3.6) 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A)

Secondary 15.2 (13.6, 17.0) 15.1 (13.5, 16.9) 15.1 (13.5, 16.9) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

High 14.3 (12.3, 16.5) 14.0 (12.0, 16.2) 14.0 (12.0, 16.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) 0.6 (0.2, 1.5)
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional(less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled, and papirosy.
3
Includes any other reported smoking tobacco products such as pipes, cigars/cheroots/cigarillos.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

Page 23
20
Table 4.3a and Table 4.4a present the percentage and num- compared to 0.6% of users in the 25-44 age group, 0.2% in
ber of current smokeless tobacco users. The overall percent- the 45-64 age group and none in the 65+ age group. Smoke-
age of current smokeless tobacco users was 0.4% (506,000). less tobacco was also more popular in urban (0.5%) than in
More men used any kind of smokeless tobacco product rural (0.3%) areas and among adults with primary education
(0.8%) than women did (0.1%). Smokeless tobacco products (0.9%) than among adults with secondary or higher educa-
were most popular in the youngest age group 15-24 (1.1%), tion (0.4%).

Table 4.3a: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokeless tobacco users of various smokeless tobacco
products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Any smokeless Chewing tobacco Other smokeless

Snus Snuff Nasvai
Characteristics tobacco product except nasvai tobacco

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.0 (N/A)

Sex

Male 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.0 (N/A)

Female 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 (N/A)

Age (years)

15-24 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 (N/A) 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) 0.0 (N/A)

25-44 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A)

45-64 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A)

65+ 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A)

Residence

Urban 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A)

Rural 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A)

Education Level

Primary 0.9 (0.1, 6.3) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 0.9 (0.1, 6.3) 0.0 (N/A)

Secondary 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.0 (N/A)

High 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) 0.0 (N/A)
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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21
Table 4.4: Number of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Any smoked Type of Cigarette Calean with Other smoked

Any cigarette1
Characteristics tobacco product Manufactured Hand-rolled Papirosy tobacco tobacco2

Number in thousands

Overall 36,263.7 35,789.7 35,466.4 845.6 1,164.1 3,319.7 1,743.3

Age (years)

15-24 3,989.0 3,872.7 3,872.7 117.9 114.5 1,242.8 105.5

25-44 17,204.3 16,972.7 16,915.6 223.2 398.0 1,775.3 839.9

45-64 12,233.4 12,157.1 12,063.8 372.9 383.4 301.6 641.8

65+ 2,837.0 2,787.2 2,614.3 131.7 268.2 0.0 156.1

Residence

Urban 27,319.7 26,881.5 26,698.5 476.6 791.2 2,903.4 1,465.2

Rural 8,944.0 8,908.2 8,767.9 369.0 372.9 416.4 278.1

Education Level

Primary 442.3 442.3 426.8 58.6 49.6 33.2 15.4

Secondary 25,275.7 25,145.5 24,865.7 655.8 859.1 1,791.6 822.6

High 10,532.4 10,188.5 10,160.5 131.3 255.3 1,495.0 905.4

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled, and papirosy.
2
Includes any other reported smoking tobacco products such as pipes, cigars/cheroots/cigarillos.

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22
Table 4.4 (cont.): Number of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender
and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Any smoked Type of Cigarette

Demographic Calean with Other smoked
tobacco Any cigarette1
Characteristics Manufactured Hand-rolled Papirosy tobacco tobacco2
product
Number in thousands

Male 26,831.3 26,471.9 26,150.9 690.8 975.6 2,212.7 1,501.7

Age (years)

15-24 2,655.8 2,618.2 2,618.2 104.0 54.6 780.6 76.7

25-44 12,194.9 11,999.3 11,942.2 147.3 344.7 1,163.6 744.4

45-64 9,504.5 9,428.2 9,337.1 322.3 326.3 268.4 555.1

65+ 2,476.1 2,426.3 2,253.4 117.3 250.1 0.0 125.6

Residence

Urban 19,576.0 19,237.5 19,054.5 378.0 668.4 1,914.6 1,263.8

Rural 7,255.3 7,234.5 7,096.4 312.8 307.2 298.1 237.9

Education Level

Primary 346.7 346.7 331.2 42.4 28.2 33.2 15.4

Secondary 19,430.9 19,342.2 19,064.6 545.7 733.7 1,249.4 715.8

High 7,040.3 6,769.7 6,741.7 102.7 213.7 930.1 770.5

Female 9,432.5 9,317.7 9,315.5 154.9 188.5 1,107.1 241.7

Age (years)

15-24 1,333.3 1,254.5 1,254.5 14.0 59.9 462.2 28.8

25-44 5,009.4 4,973.4 4,973.4 75.9 53.3 611.7 95.6

45-64 2,728.9 2,728.9 2,726.7 50.6 57.1 33.2 86.7

65+ 360.9 360.9 360.9 14.4 18.1 0.0 30.5

Residence

Urban 7,743.7 7,644.0 7,644.0 98.7 122.8 988.8 201.4

Rural 1,688.7 1,673.7 1,671.5 56.2 65.7 118.3 40.3

Education Level

Primary 95.6 95.6 95.6 16.2 21.4 0.0 0.0

Secondary 5,844.8 5,803.3 5,801.1 110.1 125.5 542.2 106.7

High 3,492.1 3,418.8 3,418.8 28.6 41.6 564.9 134.9

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled, and papirosy.
2
Includes any other reported smoking tobacco products such as pipes, cigars/cheroots/cigarillos.

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23
Table 4.4a: Number of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokeless tobacco users of various smokeless tobacco products,
by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Any smokeless Chewing tobacco Other smokeless

Snus Snuff Nasvai
Characteristics tobacco product except nasvai tobacco

Number in Thousands

Overall 506.0 249.8 89.6 102.1 243.5 0.0

Gender

Male 421.5 205.9 64.7 97.6 210.2 0.0

Female 84.5 43.9 24.9 4.5 33.3 0.0

Age (years)

15-24 158.5 87.0 17.5 0.0 110.7 0.0

25-44 253.4 149.7 52.0 75.7 80.8 0.0

45-64 85.2 7.2 17.2 20.5 52.0 0.0

65+ 8.8 5.9 2.9 5.9 0.0 0.0

Residence

Urban 403.0 177.3 52.0 97.6 188.3 0.0

Rural 103.1 72.5 37.7 4.5 55.2 0.0

Education Level

Primary 33.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.2 0.0

Secondary 303.9 184.8 62.8 5.9 140.8 0.0

High 164.5 65.0 22.3 91.7 69.5 0.0

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.

Table 4.5 and Table 4.5 (cont.) show the smoking frequen- el, the prevalence of daily smoking was higher among those
cy in three categories: daily smokers, occasional smokers with a secondary education (30.2%) than among those with
and non-smokers. Smoking frequency among adults aged higher (20%) and primary (10.2%) education. The prevalence
15 years and older in each of these categories total was of occasional smoking was 5.6% among people with higher
26.1% (daily smokers), 4.3% (occasional smokers) and 69.7% education, 3.6% among those with secondary education and
(non-smokers). More men were daily smokers (43.9%) than 2.2% among those with primary education.
women were (12%). However, there were fewer male oc-
casional smokers (5.6%) than female occasional smokers While the number of daily smokers differed in each age group,
(6.2%). By age group, the highest prevalence of daily smok- the proportions varied among men and women. Among men,
ing was in the 25–44 and 45–59 age groups (32.4% and there were 48.5% and 48% of daily smokers in the 45-64 and
27.5%, respectively). The lowest prevalence of occasional 25-44 age groups respectively. There was 27.9% in the 15-24
smoking was found in the 65+ years age group (1%), and age group and 35.7% in the 65+ age group. Among women,
the highest (6.5%) was in the 15-24 age group. By residence, there were more smokers in the younger age groups than in
the proportion of daily smokers in urban and rural areas was the older age groups. Seventeen percent of women in the
similar (25.8% and 26.7% respectively), but there were more 25-44 age group were daily smokers, 12% in the 15-24 age
occasional smokers among the urban population (4.6%) group were daily smokers, 10.5% in the 45-64 age group were
than among the rural (3.2%) population. By education lev- daily smokers, and only 2.5% in the 65+ age group were daily

Page 27
24
smokers. The proportions of occasional smokers were similar There were more daily smokers among men with second-
among men and women: there were more occasional smok- ary education (48.7%) than with higher (34.8%) and primary
ers in younger age groups and fewer in the older age groups. (24.7%) education. The proportion of occasional smokers was
higher among men with higher education (7.5%) than with
More male daily smokers lived in rural areas (46.9%) than in ur- primary (4.9%) and secondary (4.8%) education. There were
ban areas (42.8%). The prevalence among women was smaller: also more daily smokers among women with secondary ed-
12.1% in urban areas and 8.6% in rural areas. There were more ucation (12.7%) than with higher (10%) and primary (3.1%)
occasional smokers among men and women in urban areas education. The proportion of occasional smokers was also
(6.1% of urban men v.s. 4.3% of rural men, and 3.4% of urban higher among women with higher education (4.3%) than with
women v.s. 2.2% of rural women). secondary (2.5%) and primary (0.9%) education.

Table 4.5: Percentage distribution of adults ≥15 years old, by smoking frequency and selected demographic characteristics
– GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Smoking Frequency

Total
Characteristics Daily Occasional2 Non-smoker

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 26.1 (24.9, 27.3) 4.3 (3.7, 4.9) 69.7 (68.3, 71.0) 100

Age (years)

15-24 20.1 (17.2, 23.4) 6.5 (4.9, 8.7) 73.3 (69.7, 76.7) 100

25-44 32.4 (30.6, 34.2) 5.6 (4.8, 6.6) 62.0 (60.0, 63.9) 100

45-64 27.5 (25.7, 29.5) 3.5 (2.8, 4.4) 69.0 (66.9, 71.0) 100

65+ 13.2 (11.4, 15.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 85.8 (83.7, 87.7) 100

Residence

Urban 25.8 (24.4, 27.3) 4.6 (3.9, 5.4) 69.5 (67.8, 71.3) 100

Rural 26.7 (25.0, 28.5) 3.2 (2.6, 3.8) 70.1 (68.2, 71.9) 100

Education Level

Primary 10.2 (7.0, 14.6) 2.2 (1.1, 4.2) 87.7 (82.7, 91.4) 100

Secondary 30.2 (28.7, 31.7) 3.6 (3.0, 4.4) 66.2 (64.5, 67.8) 100

High 20.0 (18.4, 21.8) 5.6 (4.7, 6.7) 74.4 (72.3, 76.3) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval
2
Occasional refers to less than daily use.

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25
Table 4.5 (cont.): Percentage distribution of adults ≥15 years old, by smoking frequency, gender and selected demographic
characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Smoking Frequency Total

Characteristics Daily Occasional2 Non-smoker Daily

Percentage (95% CI)1

Male 43.9 (41.9, 45.8) 5.6 (4.7, 6.7) 50.5 (48.5, 52.5) 100

Age (years)

15-24 27.9 (23.4, 33.0) 6.9 (4.6, 10.1) 65.2 (59.9, 70.2) 100

25-44 48.0 (45.3, 50.8) 6.4 (5.1, 7.9) 45.6 (43.0, 48.3) 100

45-64 48.5 (45.3, 51.7) 5.3 (4.0, 7.0) 46.2 (42.9, 49.5) 100

65+ 35.7 (31.2, 40.4) 2.5 (1.5, 4.2) 61.8 (57.0, 66.4) 100

Residence

Urban 42.8 (40.4, 45.2) 6.1 (5.0, 7.5) 51.1 (48.6, 53.7) 100

Rural 46.9 (44.0, 49.8) 4.3 (3.4, 5.5) 48.8 (45.8, 51.7) 100

Education Level

Primary 24.7 (16.5, 35.3) 4.9 (2.3, 10.1) 70.4 (59.7, 79.3) 100

Secondary 48.7 (46.3, 51.0) 4.8 (3.8, 6.0) 46.5 (44.2, 48.9) 100

High 34.8 (31.6, 38.3) 7.5 (5.8, 9.6) 57.6 (54.2, 61.0) 100

Female 11.3 (10.2, 12.5) 3.1 (2.6, 3.8) 85.6 (84.1, 86.9) 100

Age (years)

15-24 12.0 (9.1, 15.7) 6.2 (4.2, 9.0) 81.8 (77.4, 85.5) 100

25-44 17.0 (15.0, 19.2) 4.9 (3.9, 6.3) 78.1 (75.4, 80.5) 100

45-64 10.5 (8.9, 12.4) 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) 87.5 (85.5, 89.2) 100

65+ 2.5 (1.6, 3.8) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 97.3 (96.0, 98.2) 100

Residence

Urban 12.1 (10.8, 13.6) 3.4 (2.7, 4.3) 84.4 (82.6, 86.1) 100

Rural 8.6 (7.3, 10.1) 2.2 (1.6, 2.8) 89.3 (87.6, 90.8) 100

Education Level

Primary 3.1 (1.3, 7.0) 0.9 (0.2, 3.7) 96.0 (92.0, 98.1) 100

Secondary 12.7 (11.2, 14.3) 2.5 (2.0, 3.3) 84.8 (83.0, 86.4) 100

High 10.0 (8.5, 11.7) 4.3 (3.3, 5.5) 85.7 (83.5, 87.7) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval
2
Occasional refers to less than daily use.

Page 29
26
Table 4.6 shows the number and percentage distribu- number of smoked cigarettes per day in urban areas (16.1
tion of cigarettes smoked per day among daily smokers. cigarettes per day) and in rural areas (16.7 cigarettes per
Overall, daily smokers smoked 16.3 cigarettes per day on day). There was also no significant difference in cigarettes
average. Approximately 46.1% of daily smokers smoked smoked per day among people with primary (16 cigarettes
more than 20 cigarettes per day, 23.8% smoked 10-14 cig- per day), secondary (16.7 cigarettes per day) or higher (15.1
arettes per day, 14% smoked 15-19 cigarettes per day, 12% cigarettes per day) education. Except for the youngest age
smoked 5-9 cigarettes per day, and 4.1% smoked less than group, who smoked an average of 13.4 cigarettes per day,
five cigarettes per day. On average, men smoked more cig- there was no significant difference in the average number
arettes per day than women did (17.1 v.s. 13.7 cigarettes of cigarettes smoked per day in the 25-44 (15 per day), 45-
per day). There was no significant difference in the average 64 (17.4 per day) or 65+ (16.7 per day) age groups.

Table 4.6: Average number and percentage distribution of cigarettes smoked per day among daily cigarette smokers ≥15
years old, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Average Distribution of number of cigarettes smoked on average per day2

Demographic
number of cigarettes
Characteristics <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 ≥20 Total
smoked per day2
Mean (95% CI) Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 16.3 (15.7, 16.9) 4.1 (3.0, 5.5) 12.0 (10.2, 14.0) 23.8 (21.8, 26.0) 14.0 (12.4, 15.7) 46.1 (43.1, 49.1) 100

Gender

Male 17.1 (16.5, 17.7) 3.1 (2.2, 4.2) 9.8 (7.9, 12.1) 21.3 (19.1, 23.7) 14.8 (12.9, 16.8) 51.1 (47.8, 54.4) 100

Female 13.7 (12.3, 15.1) 7.4 (4.7, 11.3) 19.0 (15.5, 23.0) 32.0 (27.9, 36.3) 11.5 (9.1, 14.5) 30.2 (25.6, 35.2) 100

Age (years)

15-24 13.4 (12.2, 14.6) 4.5 (2.1, 9.3) 19.7 (14.2, 26.6) 31.8 (24.9, 39.6) 15.4 (10.4, 22.2) 28.6 (21.9, 36.4) 100

25-44 16.0 (15.1, 16.8) 4.3 (2.9, 6.4) 11.8 (9.5, 14.5) 24.0 (21.2, 27.1) 14.1 (12.0, 16.5) 45.8 (42.3, 49.4) 100

45-64 17.4 (16.4, 18.4) 3.6 (2.4, 5.2) 10.8 (8.3, 13.8) 19.6 (16.6, 23.1) 13.8 (11.2, 17.0) 52.2 (47.7, 56.7) 100

65+ 16.7 (14.9, 18.5) 4.6 (2.4, 8.5) 9.3 (5.8, 14.7) 31.6 (23.9, 40.6) 12.2 (8.2, 17.8) 42.2 (34.3, 50.6) 100

Residence

Urban 16.1 (15.3, 16.9) 3.9 (2.6, 5.8) 12.6 (10.4, 15.2) 24.6 (22.1, 27.4) 14.6 (12.6, 16.9) 44.2 (40.5, 48.0) 100

Rural 16.7 (16.0, 17.5) 4.6 (3.2, 6.6) 10.1 (7.8, 13.1) 21.6 (18.9, 24.5) 12.2 (10.1, 14.5) 51.5 (47.2, 55.8) 100

Education Level

Primary 16.0 (12.4, 19.6) 6.8 (1.2, 31.2) 19.9 (6.9, 45.3) 18.7 (8.9, 35.3) 14.1 (5.6, 31.2) 40.5 (24.6, 58.6) 100

Secondary 16.7 (15.9, 17.5) 4.4 (3.1, 6.1) 11.1 (9.4, 13.0) 22.6 (20.4, 24.9) 13.1 (11.4, 15.0) 48.9 (45.8, 52.1) 100

High 15.1 (14.2, 16.0) 3.2 (2.0, 5.0) 14.2 (10.2, 19.4) 27.6 (23.4, 32.2) 16.5 (13.4, 20.1) 38.6 (33.2, 44.2) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled or papirosy.

Page 30
27
Table 4.7 shows the distribution of 20-34-year-old daily smok- or living areas (average age of daily smoking initiation was 16.9
ers’ initiation age. On average, daily users aged 20-34 began years in urban areas and 17.2 years in rural areas). Ever daily
smoking when they were 17 years old, with no significant dif- smokers mostly began smoking daily at the age of 17-19 years
ferences between sexes (average age of daily smoking initia- (36.3%) or 15-16 years (31.7%). Seventeen percent began at
tion was 16.8 years among men and 17.2 years among women) 20+ years, and 14.9% began at younger than 15 years old.

Table 4.7: Average and percentage distribution of age at daily smoking initiation among ever daily smokers 20-34 years old,
by gender and residence – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Average age of Age at Daily Smoking Initiation (years)2

Total
Characteristics initiation <15 15-16 17-19 20+

Mean (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 17.0 (16.7, 17.2) 14.9 (12.5, 17.6) 31.7 (28.5, 35.2) 36.3 (32.8, 40.0) 17.0 (14.6, 19.7) 100

Gender

Male 16.8 (16.6, 17.1) 16.8 (13.8, 20.2) 30.9 (27.2, 34.9) 36.0 (32.0, 40.2) 16.4 (13.5, 19.7) 100

Female 17.2 (16.9, 17.6) 10.7 (7.5, 15.2) 33.6 (27.7, 40.1) 37.1 (31.3, 43.3) 18.5 (14.3, 23.7) 100

Residence

Urban 16.9 (16.6, 17.2) 15.6 (12.8, 18.8) 32.6 (28.7, 36.7) 35.9 (31.8, 40.2) 15.9 (13.2, 19.1) 100

Rural 17.2 (16.8, 17.6) 12.3 (8.2, 18.0) 28.5 (23.5, 34.2) 37.9 (31.7, 44.6) 21.3 (16.7, 26.7) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among respondents 20-34 years of age who are ever daily smokers.

Table 4.8 presents the prevalence of former daily smokers 64 age group, and 11% in the 65+ age group. There was only
among all adults aged 15 years and older and the quit ratio 2.7% of former daily smokers in the 15-24 age group. The quit
among ever daily smokers. Quit ratio is the percentage of ever ratio was also the highest among the 65+ age group (44.4%),
daily tobacco smokers who currently do not smoke tobacco. followed by 25% for 45-64, 22.9% for 25-44 and 11.2% for
It is a key indicator of the success of cessation efforts among 15-24. There were more former smokers among all adults in
established tobacco smokers. The prevalence of former dai- urban areas (9.8%) than in rural areas (7.9%), and the quit ra-
ly smoking among adults 15 years and above was 9.4%, and tio was also higher for the urban population (26.1% v.s. 22%).
the quit ratio was 25.1%. By selected demographic status, the While the number of former smokers among all adults was
prevalence of former daily smoking among men was high- highest in more educated people (5.4% of those with primary
er than among women (14.9% v.s. 4.8%). Female ever daily education were former smokers, 8.7% of those with second-
smokers had a higher quit ratio than male ever daily smokers ary education were former smokers, and 10.9% of those with
(27.9% v.s. 24.1%). higher education were former smokers), the quit rates were
almost the same for people with primary (32.3%) and higher
There was a higher percentage of former daily smokers in old- (32.7%) education, while it was 21.4% for those with second-
er age groups: 10.4% in the 25-44 age group, 9.9% in the 45- ary education.

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Table 4.8: Percentage of all adults and ever daily smokers ≥15 years old who are former daily smokers, by selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Former Daily Smokers2 Former Daily Smokers2

Characteristics (Among All Adults) (Among Ever Daily Smokers)3

Percentage (95% CI )1

Overall 9.4 (8.6, 10.2) 25.1 (23.3, 26.9)

Gender

Male 14.9 (13.6, 16.2) 24.1 (22.2, 26.1)

Female 4.8 (4.1, 5.7) 27.9 (24.4, 31.6)

Age (years)

15-24 2.7 (1.9, 4.0) 11.2 (7.7, 16.1)

25-44 10.4 (9.2, 11.8) 22.9 (20.5, 25.5)

45-64 9.9 (8.7, 11.2) 25.0 (22.2, 28.0)

65+ 11.0 (9.5, 12.8) 44.4 (39.1, 49.9)

Residence

Urban 9.8 (8.9, 10.9) 26.1 (23.9, 28.3)

Rural 7.9 (7.0, 9.0) 22.0 (19.6, 24.6)

Education Level

Primary 5.4 (3.4, 8.5) 32.3 (20.4, 47.1)

Secondary 8.7 (7.9, 9.5) 21.4 (19.6, 23.4)

High 10.9 (9.6, 12.4) 32.7 (29.5, 36.0)

1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Current Non-smokers.
3
Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.

Table 4.9 shows the time since quitting among former daily mostly quit over ten years ago (50.9% and 72.3% respective-
smokers aged 15 years and older, divided into four categories: ly), while 25-44-year-old former smokers mostly quit one to
less than one year, one to less than five years, five to less than five years ago (37.9%) or from five to ten years ago (32.3%). In
ten years, and ten years or more. Among these categories, the the youngest age group, 15-24, 62.4% of former smokers quit
majority quit for ten years or more (39.2%). smoking one to five years ago, and 31.8% quit less than a year
ago. Only 5.8% in this group quit five to ten years ago, and
In the older age groups (45-64 and 65+ years), former smokers none have quit more than ten years ago.

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29
Table 4.9: Percentage distribution of former daily smokers ≥15 years old, by time since quitting smoking and selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Time since quitting smoking (years)2

Demographic Characteristics Total
<1 1 to <5 5 to <10 ≥10

Percentage (95% CI )1

Overall 8.8 (6.7, 11.3) 28.7 (25.4, 32.2) 23.3 (20.4, 26.6) 39.2 (35.4, 43.2) 100

Gender

Male 8.1 (5.8, 11.2) 26.6 (22.5, 31.1) 23.8 (20.4, 27.7) 41.5 (37.1, 46.1) 100

Female 10.5 (7.2, 15.1) 34.0 (27.9, 40.8) 22.1 (16.6, 28.6) 33.4 (27.2, 40.2) 100

Age (years)

15-24 31.8 (16.5, 52.4) 62.4 (42.2, 79.0) 5.8 (1.9, 16.3) 0.0 (N/A) 100

25-44 12.3 (9.0, 16.7) 37.9 (32.3, 43.9) 32.3 (27.0, 38.1) 17.5 (13.5, 22.3) 100

45-64 4.5 (2.6, 7.8) 24.6 (19.4, 30.8) 19.9 (15.6, 25.0) 50.9 (44.4, 57.4) 100

65+ 4.4 (2.1, 9.0) 9.8 (5.7, 16.4) 13.5 (9.2, 19.3) 72.3 (64.4, 79.0) 100

Residence

Urban 8.7 (6.3, 11.9) 29.1 (25.1, 33.4) 24.1 (20.5, 28.1) 38.1 (33.5, 43.0) 100

Rural 9.1 (6.4, 12.9) 27.1 (22.6, 32.1) 20.5 (16.7, 24.7) 43.3 (37.9, 48.9) 100

Education Level

Primary 14.8 (5.0, 36.2) 13.9 (4.2, 37.6) 19.6 (6.7, 45.0) 51.7 (30.9, 72.0) 100

Secondary 9.0 (6.5, 12.3) 29.0 (24.9, 33.5) 22.1 (18.5, 26.2) 39.9 (35.1, 44.9) 100

High 8.2 (5.5, 12.2) 29.0 (23.4, 35.2) 25.4 (20.7, 30.8) 37.4 (31.2, 44.0) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among former daily smokers (current non-smokers).
N/A - The estimate is "0.0"

Table 4.10 describes the prevalence of current tobacco use different forms of tobacco in urban and rural areas.
and the percentage distribution of current patterns of to-
bacco use in different forms (smoked and/or smokeless). While 12.4% of adults with primary education were current
tobacco users, 34.1% of people with secondary and 25.7% of
While 98.6% of current tobacco users only used smoked to- people with higher education were current users. None of the
bacco, 0.4% only used smokeless tobacco and 1% used both people with primary education used smokeless tobacco, and
smoked and smokeless tobacco. There were less tobacco users 7.5% used both smoked and smokeless tobacco. Less than
among women (14.5% v.s. 49.5% among men), and less women one percent (0.5%) of people with secondary education used
also used both smoked and smokeless tobacco than men (0.5% only smokeless tobacco, and 0.7% used both smoked and
v.s. 1.2%). Using only smokeless tobacco or both smoked and smokeless tobacco. Only 0.1% of people with higher educa-
smokeless tobacco was more popular among younger users. tion used smokeless tobacco, and 1.5% used both smoked
There were no significant differences in the patterns of using and smokeless tobacco.

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30
Table 4.10: Percentage distribution of current tobacco users ≥15 years old, by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic
characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Type of Current Tobacco Use

Demographic Current
Characteristics Tobacco Users2 Both smoked and
Smoked only Smokeless only Total
smokeless
Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 30.5 (29.1, 31.9) 98.6 (97.9, 99.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 100

Gender

Male 49.8 (47.7, 51.8) 98.4 (97.5, 99.0) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) 100

Female 14.5 (13.2, 15.9) 99.1 (97.6, 99.7) 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) 0.5 (0.1, 2.3) 100

Age (years)

15-24 27.1 (23.7, 30.7) 96.0 (91.8, 98.1) 1.4 (0.4, 4.6) 2.5 (1.0, 6.6) 100

25-44 38.2 (36. 3, 40.1) 98.5 (97.6, 99.1) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) 1.1 (0.7, 2.0) 100

45-64 31.1 (29.1, 33.2) 99.3 (98.2, 99.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.5 (0.2, 1.6) 100

65+ 14.3 (12.4, 16.5) 99.7 (98.6, 99.9) 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) 0.0 (N/A) 100

Residence

Urban 30.6 (28.9, 32.4) 98.5 (97.6, 99.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) 100

Rural 30.1 (28.3, 32.0) 98.8 (97.6, 99.4) 0.3 (0.1, 1.3) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) 100

Education Level

Primary 12.4 (8.7, 17.4) 92.5 (64.1, 98.8) 0.0 (N/A) 7.5 (1.2, 35.9) 100

Secondary 34.1 (32.4. 35.8) 98.8 (98.0. 99.3) 0.5 (0.3. 1.1) 0.7 (0.4. 1.2) 100

High 25.7 (23.7. 27.8) 98.4 (96.6. 99.3) 0.1 (0.0. 0.5) 1.5 (0.7. 3.4) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers or smokeless users. N/A- The estimate is "0.0"

Table 4.11 shows the level of tobacco addiction by reporting en tended to take their first smoke later in the day than men,
the time of first nicotine administration upon waking. Most and the same pattern was shown in the youngest age group
daily smokers had their first smoke of the day between 6-30 (15-24) compared to the all older age groups. Patterns were
minutes after waking up in all selected demographic groups— the same in urban and rural areas. People with primary and
age, gender, residence and education level. Twenty-four per- secondary education also had similar patterns in the time of
cent of daily smokers (25.5% men and 19.1% women) first their first smoke, but people with higher education started
smoked within five minutes after waking up. Generally, wom- smoking later in the day.

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Table 4.11: Percentage distribution of daily smokers ≥15 years old, by time to first smoke upon waking and selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Time to first smoke

Demographic Characteristics Total
≤5 minutes 6-30 minutes 31-60 minutes >60 minutes

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 24.0 (21.7, 26.5) 40.0 (37.5, 42.6) 20.9 (18.9, 23.1) 15.0 (13.0, 17.3) 100

Gender

Male 25.5 (22.9, 28.3) 41.6 (38.8, 44.4) 20.5 (18.1, 23.0) 12.4 (10.5, 14.7) 100

Female 19.1 (15.8, 23.0) 35.0 (30.6, 39.7) 22.5 (18.9, 26.6) 23.3 (19.2, 28.0) 100

Age (years)

15-24 16.8 (11.3, 24.3) 33.5 (26.7, 41.0) 19.5 (13.9, 26.6) 30.2 (23.3, 38.0) 100

25-44 24.1 (21.1, 27.3) 38.6 (35.4, 41.9) 22.1 (19.3, 25.2) 15.2 (12.7, 18.2) 100

45-64 27.7 (24.3, 31.3) 41.4 (37.6, 45.3) 19.6 (16.7, 23.0) 11.3 (9.0, 14.0) 100

65+ 16.8 (12.4, 22.4) 49.8 (42.4, 57.1) 21.5 (16.2, 27.9) 12.0 (7.4, 18.7) 100

Residence

Urban 23.5 (20.7, 26.6) 40.1 (37.0, 43.3) 20.6 (18.1, 23.3) 15.8 (13.2, 18.7) 100

Rural 25.4 (22.2, 28.9) 39.7 (36.1, 43.5) 22.0 (19.0, 25.3) 12.9 (10.5, 15.8) 100

Education Level

Primary 18.9 (10.2, 32.4) 50.3 (31.6, 68.8) 16.8 (6.9, 35.5) 14.0 (4.6, 35.4) 100

Secondary 26.3 (23.7, 29.1) 41.4 (38.7, 44.1) 18.6 (16.6, 20.8) 13.7 (11.9, 15.8) 100

High 17.8 (14.2, 22.1) 36.0 (31.2, 41.0) 27.6 (23.3, 32.3) 18.6 (14.2, 24.1) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.

Table 4.12 presents the percentage of calean users with or with- use calean with tobacco at all, and only 0.1% used calean without
out tobacco by smoking frequency (among all population). Over- tobacco. Calean with or without tobacco was also more popu-
all, there were 2.8% users of calean with tobacco: 0.5% were daily lar in urban areas than in rural areas and among more educated
users, and 2.3% were occasional users. Over one percent (1.3%) people (0.9% of people with primary education used any kind of
used calean without tobacco. Women used calean with tobac- calean, 2.4% and 1.1% of people with secondary education used
co less than men (1.7% v.s. 4.1%). Men and women used calean calean with and without tobacco respectively, and 3.6% and
without tobacco with almost the same frequency (1.4% and 1.3% 1.9% of people with higher education used calean with and with-
respectively). Younger age groups used calean more often than out tobacco respectively). Most people used calean occasionally,
older groups (with or without tobacco). People aged 65+ did not regardless of gender, residence, age or education.

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32
Table 4.12: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old, by calean smoking frequency, and selected demographic characteristics –
GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Calean with tobacco smoking frequency

Demographic Characteristics Calean without tobacco
Current Daily Occasional

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 2.8 (2.2, 3.5) 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) 1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

Gender

Male 4.1 (3.2, 5.2) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 3.2 (2.4, 4.3) 1.4 (0.9, 1.9)

Female 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) 1.3 (1.0, 1.9)

Age (years)

15-24 8.3 (6.4, 10.8) 1.8 (1.0, 2.9) 6.6 (4.7, 9.0) 2.9 (1.9, 4.4)

25-44 3.9 (3.1, 5.0) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) 3.3 (2.5, 4.3) 2.0 (1.4, 2.8)

45-64 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2)

65+ 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3)

Residence

Urban 3.2 (2.5, 4.2) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 2.7 (2.0, 3.6) 1.5 (1.1, 2.1)

Rural 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2)

Education Level

Primary 0.9 (0.1, 6.3) 0.9 (0.1, 6.3) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A)

Secondary 2.4 (1.9, 3.1) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) 1.1 (0.8, 1.5)

High 3.6 (2.7, 4.9) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 3.3 (2.4, 4.6) 1.9 (1.3, 2.8)
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
N/A - The estimate is "0.0".

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33
Table 4.13 shows the characteristics of calean smoking by to urban areas (50% v.s. 43.2%). The average age of initiation
current tobacco calean smokers. Approximately 44.1% of us- to calean tobacco smoking was 22.7 years. The average du-
ers of calean with tobacco also used calean without tobacco ration of the last tobacco calean smoking session was 43.8
(42.7% of male users and 46.9% of female users). Younger us- minutes. Approximately 71.2% of tobacco calean smokers
ers of calean with tobacco also used it without tobacco more shared the pipe with others in the last session, and 32.4%
often than older groups. Users of calean with tobacco also had other substances mixed in the calean tank during the
used calean without tobacco more in rural areas compared last session.

Table 4.13: Characteristics of calean smoking among current calean tobacco smokers ≥15 years old, by selected demographic
characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Current calean tobacco Last calean tobacco smoking session2

Age of initiation
Demographic smokers who also Water in the calean
of calean tobacco Average duration of Shared the same pipe
Characteristics smoke calean without tank mixed with other
smoking2 session in minutes with others
tobacco2 substances
Percentage (95% CI)1 Mean (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 44.1 (35.7, 52.8) 22.7 (21.3, 24.0) 43.8 (36.9, 51.0) 71.2 (59.1, 83.3) 32.4 (24.3, 41.7)

Gender

Male 42.7 (33.8, 52.2) 22.8 (21.0, 24.5) 43.2 (35.9, 50.8) 72.6 (57.3, 87.9) 32.8 (22.6, 44.8)

Female 46.9 (33.2, 61.0) 22.5 (20.9, 24.2) 44.8 (34.6, 55.5) 68.6 (51.4, 85.7) 31.9 (21.3, 44.8)

Age (years)

15-24 46.5 (34.1, 59.4) 17.8 (17.2, 18.3) 38.8 (28.2, 50.5) 68.6 (51.4, 85.7) 30.4 (18.5, 45.8)

25-44 43.0 (32.1, 54.7) 24.7 (23.3, 26.0) 48.4 (40.1, 56.7) 75.3 (58.2, 92.4) 33.9 (23.7, 45.8)

45-64 40.4 (25.2, 57.9) 32.7 (23.3, 42.2) 31.6 (20.5, 45.2) -- --

65+ -- - - -- -- --

Residence

Urban 43.2 (33.9, 53.0) 22.4 (20.9, 24.9) 42.0 (34.4, 50.0) 75.7 (62.3, 89.1) 34.5 (25.8, 44.5)

Rural 50.0 (36.1, 64.0) 25.1 (22.1, 27.8) 56.6 (42.4, 69.8) 37.4 (26.7, 48.1) 12.1 (3.8, 32.5)

Education Level

Primary -- - - -- -- --

Secondary 45.1 (34.8, 55.8) 22.1 (20.6, 23.8) 39.8 (31.1, 49.2) 73.5 (61.0, 86.1) 33.1 (22.4, 45.9)

High 41.7 (29.7, 54.8) 23.4 (21.6, 25.2) 47.1 (37.3, 57.0) 68.9 (50.3, 87.6) 31.9 (21.7, 44.1)
- Indicates estimate based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among current calean with tobacco smokers. Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.

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34
Table 4.14 shows percentage distribution of current adult present in this table, 15-24 and 25-44 years old. The most
calean tobacco smokers by the last place of tobacco calean popular places these age groups smoked calean with tobacco
smoking. Among current tobacco calean smokers, 37.4% were home and shisha bars (34.8% and 35.2% for 15-24-year-
smoked last at home, 32.6% smoked at a shisha bar, 11.9% olds, respectively; 39.1% and 30.2% for 25-44-year-olds, re-
smoked at other bars or clubs, 11.4% smoked at a café or spectively). 25-44 year olds last smoked calean more often
restaurant, and 6.7% smoked in some other place. There were than 15-24 at home (39.1% v.s. 34.8%) and in cafés and restau-
no significant differences in the last place of tobacco calean rants (13.6% v.s. 6.1% among the 15-24 age group) and less
smoking between sexes. Only two younger age groups are often at a shisha bar.

Table 4.14: Percentage distribution of current calean with tobacco smokers ≥15 years old, by last place of calean with
tobacco smoking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic
Home Shisha bar Other bar/club Café/Restaurant Others Total
Characteristics

Percentage (95% CI)1

Current calean
37.4 (31.4, 43.7) 32.6 (26.2, 39.7) 11.9 (7.8, 17.6) 11.4 (7.4, 17.3) 6.7 (4.0, 11.2) 100
smokers

Gender

Male 38.8 (31.1, 47.1) 33.2 (25.9, 41.4) 10.4 (6.3, 16.5) 10.8 (6.6, 17.4) 6.8 (3.4, 13.0) 100

Female 34.5 (24.4, 46.1) 31.4 (22.2, 42.5) 14.8 (8.1, 25.5) 12.6 (6.3, 23.6) 6.7 (2.5, 16.7) 100

Age (years)

15-24 34.8 (24.7, 46.6) 35.2 (24.0, 48.3) 15.9 (9.1, 26.4) 6.1 (2.3, 14.9) 8.0 (3.3, 18.0) 100

25-44 39.1 (30.7, 48.3) 30.2 (22.6, 39.1) 11.0 (6.7, 17.6) 13.6 (8.2, 21.9) 6.0 (2.9, 12.1) 100

45-64 -- -- -- -- -- --

65+ -- -- -- -- - - - -

Residence

Urban 39.2 (32.6, 46.2) 32.4 (25.6, 40.1) 11.3 (6.9, 17.8) 11.3 (6.9, 17.9) 5.9 (3.2, 10.6) 100

Rural 24.9 (14.2, 39.9) 33.9 (18.0, 54.5) 16.1 (7.7, 30.6) 12.4 (5.4, 26.1) 12.7 (4.8, 29.5) 100

Education Level

Primary -- -- -- -- -- - -

Secondary 39.2 (31.3, 47.6) 31.2 (23.2, 40.4) 8.9 (4.8, 15.7) 11.9 (6.3, 21.3) 8.9 (4.9, 15.7) 100

High 33.8 (24.9, 44.1) 35.0 (26.9, 44.2) 15.6 (9.2, 25.3) 11.2 (6.5, 18.4) 4.3 (1.5, 11.6) 100
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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35
Table 4.15 shows the percentage of adults who were proximately 27.1% of adults aged 15-24 ever used an e-cig-
aware of or use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Over- arette, 21.5% of adults aged 25-44 ever used an e-cigarette,
all, 79.9% of all adults in the Russian Federation have heard 7.7% of adults aged 45-64 ever used an e-cigarette and
of e-cigarettes, and 14.2% have ever used an e-cigarette. only 1% of adults 65+ years old used e-cigarettes. E-cig-
Among current e-cigarette users (3.5% of all adults), 0.7% arettes were better known and used more in urban areas
were daily users and 2.8% were occasional users. More (82% and 15.7%) than in rural areas (73.5% and 9.8%). Fur-
men knew about and used (86.3% and 21.3% respectively) thermore, e-cigarettes were better known and more used
e-cigarettes than women who knew about and used e-cig- among more educated people: of people with primary ed-
arettes (74.5% and 8.4% respectively). Younger age groups ucation, 34.6% have heard of e-cigarettes and 3.3% have
knew about e-cigarettes more than older groups (91.2% of ever used them; of people with secondary education, 77%
adults aged 15-24). Younger groups also used e-cigarettes have heard of e-cigarettes and 13.1% have used them; of
more than older groups: 92.1% of adults aged 25-44, 79.6% those with higher education, 89.3% have heard of e-ciga-
of adults aged 45-64, and 43.8% of adults aged 65+. Ap- rettes and 17.3% have ever used them.

Table 4.15: Prevalence of knowledge and use of electronic cigarettes, by selected demographic characteristics- GATS Russian
Federation, 2016

Demographic Ever heard of electronic Ever used an electronic Status of electronic cigarette use
Characteristics cigarettes2 cigarette2 Current user 2,3
Daily user2 Occasional user2

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 79.9 (78.2, 81.4) 14.2 (12.9, 15.7) 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 2.8 (2.3, 3.4)

Gender

Male 86.3 (84.5, 87.9) 21.3 (19.3, 23.5) 5.4 (4.5, 6.5) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) 4.2 (3.4, 5.1)

Female 74.5 (72.5, 76.4) 8.4 (7.2, 9.7) 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 1.7 (1.3, 2.2)

Age (years)

15-24 91.2 (88.6, 93.2) 27.1 (23.3, 31.2) 9.7 (7.5, 12.5) 1.5 (0.9, 2.7) 8.2 (6.2, 10.8)

25-44 92.1 (90.5, 93.5) 21.5 (19.3, 24.0) 4.6 (3.9, 5.5) 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) 3.5 (2.8, 4.4)

45-64 79.6 (77.3, 81.8) 7.7 (6.6, 9.0) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

65+ 43.8 (40.3, 47.5) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.0 (N/A) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6)

Residence

Urban 82.0 (80.0, 83.8) 15.7 (14.0, 17.6) 4.0 (3.3, 4.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 3.1 (2.5, 3.8)

Rural 73.5 (70.8, 75.9) 9.8 (8.4, 11.4) 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 1.9 (1.3, 2.7)

Education Level

Primary 34.6 (28.1, 41.7) 3.3 (1.5, 6.9) 1.6 (0.5, 4.7) 0.2 (0.0, 1.5) 1.4 (0.4, 4.7)

Secondary 77.0 (75.1, 78.7) 13.1 (11.9, 14.5) 3.2 (2.7, 3.9) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 2.7 (2.2, 3.3)

High 89.3 (87.3, 91.1) 17.3 (14.8, 20.2) 4.2 (3.3, 5.4) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 3.1 (2.3, 4.1)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among all adults.
3
Current use includes daily or less than daily use.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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36
Table 4.16 presents the average distribution of initiation age for use initiation was 19.1 years in the 15-24 age group, 30.1 years in
current e-cigarettes users aged 15 years and older. On average, the 25-44 age group, and 49.4 in the 45-64 age group. There were
current e-cigarette smokers began using at age 29.3 (men at 29.6 not enough cases among people 65+. Average age of initiation
years and women at 28.6 years). The average age of e-cigarettes of e-cigarettes was 28.9 in urban areas and 31.3 in rural areas.

Table 4.16: Average and percentage distribution of age of initiation of electronic cigarette use among current electronic
cigarette users ≥15 years old, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Average age of Age at initiation (years)

Total
Characteristics initiation <15 15-16 17-19 20+

Mean (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 29.3 (27.6, 31.0) 1.0 (0.2, 4.1) 3.7 (1.9, 7.2) 14.1 (9.4, 20.4) 81.2 (74.1, 86.7) 100

Gender

Male 29.6 (27.6, 31.6) 1.4 (0.3, 5.8) 2.1 (0.8, 5.2) 13.6 (8.6, 20.7) 82.9 (75.4, 88.5) 100

Female 28.6 (26.2, 31.0) 0.0 (N/A) 7.7 (2.9, 18.8) 15.2 (7.7, 27.7) 77.1 (64.2, 86.4) 100

Age (years)

15-24 19.1 (18.5, 19.6) 1.8 (0.3, 11.8) 10.8 (5.7, 19.5) 39.0 (28.3, 50.9) 48.4 (36.8, 60.1) 100

25-44 30.1 (29.0, 31.2) 0.8 (0.1, 5.5) 0.0 (N/A) 0.4 (0.1, 3.1) 98.8 (94.9, 99.7) 100

45-64 49.4 (46.8, 52.0) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 2.3 (0.3, 15.1) 97.7 (84.9, 99.7) 100

65+ -- -- -- -- -- --

Residence

Urban 28.9 (27.1, 30.8) 1.2 (0.3, 4.8) 3.9 (1.9, 8.0) 14.7 (9.5, 22.0) 80.2 (72.1, 86.3) 100

Rural 31.3 (27.8, 34.9) 0.0 (N/A) 2.7 (0.7, 10.0) 10.0 (4.2, 22.0) 87.3 (75.3, 93.9) 100

Education Level

Primary -- -- -- -- -- --

Secondary 28.3 (26.2, 30.4) 1.8 (0.4, 7.1) 4.5 (2.1, 9.6) 19.5 (12.6, 28.8) 74.3 (65.1, 81.7) 100

High 30.7 (28.2, 33.1) 0.0 (N/A) 1.3 (0.2, 8.6) 6.9 (2.0, 21.4) 91.8 (78.0, 97.3) 100
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
N/A - The estimate is "0.0".

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37
 5. CESSATION
This chapter presents findings on healthcare-seeking behavior were smokers who tried to quit. Smokers in rural areas tried to
and advice, use of cessation methods, and interest in quitting. quit more often than those in urban areas, 37.7% and 34.1%,
respectively. Approximately 31.1% of smokers with primary
Table 5.1 shows the proportion of adult smokers who in education tried to quit, 35.6% of smokers with secondary ed-
the past 12 months made a quit attempt, visited an health- ucation tried to quit, and 33.6% of smokers with higher educa-
care provider (HCP), were asked about smoking by an HCP, tion tried to quit. Among all current and former smokers who
and had received advice from an HCP on quitting smoking. quit less than a year ago, 48.9% visited an HCP. Of those who
Overall, 35% of smokers made a quit attempt in the past 12 visited an HCP, 61.7% had HCPs ask about smoking, and 47.4%
months. More women (39.3%) tried to quit smoking than men of these were advised to quit. Men were asked about smoking
(33.4%). More younger smokers attempted to quit than old- (64.1%) more than women (56.3%); men were also advised to
er smokers did—the younger the age group, the more there quit more than women (50.9%).

Table 5.1: Percentage of smokers ≥15 years old who made a quit attempt and received health care provider advice in the
past 12 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic
Made quit attempt2 Visited a HCP2,3 Asked by HCP if a smoker3,4 Advised to quit by HCP3,4
Characteristics

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 35.0 (32.6, 37.4) 48.9 (45.9, 52.0) 61.7 (57.6, 65.7) 47.4 (43.1, 51.8)

Gender

Male 33.4 (30.9, 36.1) 46.0 (42.8, 49.3) 64.1 (59.5, 68.5) 50.9 (46.0, 55.8)

Female 39.3 (34.9, 43.9) 57.1 (52.1, 62.0) 56.3 (50.3, 62.2) 39.6 (34.1, 45.3)

Age (years)

15-24 39.6 (33.1, 46.6) 50.1 (43.6, 56.6) 52.2 (42.8, 61.5) 32.2 (23.2, 42.8)

25-44 37.8 (34.9, 40.9) 47.3 (43.5, 51.2) 58.1 (52.7, 63.4) 42.2 (36.8, 47.8)

45-64 31.6 (28.4, 35.0) 47.4 (42.9, 51.9) 67.2 (61.7, 72.3) 54.7 (48.7, 60.5)

65+ 25.1 (19.7, 31.4) 63.1 (56.0, 69.7) 71.9 (61.4, 80.5) 66.0 (55.6, 75.1)

Residence

Urban 34.1 (31.2. 37.1) 50.0 (46.2. 53.8) 62.2 (57.1. 67.1) 47.6 (42.3. 52.9)

Rural 37.7 (34.3. 41.3) 45.4 (41.3. 49.6) 60.1 (53.8. 66.1) 47.0 (40.5. 53.6)

Education Level

Primary 31.1 (18.9. 46.6) 28.2 (15.4. 45.7) -- --

Secondary 35.6 (33.0. 38.4) 48.5 (45.4. 51.7) 62.1 (57.9. 66.1) 47.9 (43.5. 52.3)

High 33.6 (29.8. 37.7) 50.7 (45.2. 56.1) 60.7 (53.4. 67.5) 46.1 (39.1. 53.2)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.
3
HCP = health care provider.
4
Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months, and who visited a HCP during the past 12 months.
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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38
Table 5.2 shows the percentage of smokers who tried to quit more popular among men. Younger smokers used NRT less
by different methods in the last 12 months. Among those, often than older smokers (11.3%, 23.1%, 19.1% and 18% in
20.1% used nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT), 0.2% used age groups 15-24, 25-44, 45-64 and 65+, respectively). Smok-
other prescription medication (e.g., varenicline) and 11% used ers in all age groups mostly tried to quit without any assis-
over the counter medicine (e.g., Tabex). Approximately 2.7% tance (83.6% of 15-24-year-olds, 84.1% of 25-44-year-olds,
used counseling or advice, 17.2% used e-cigarettes, 1.2% 79.7% of 45-64-year-olds, and 86% of people 65 years old and
tried switching to smokeless tobacco, 7.6% used tradition- older). Switching to e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco was
al medicines (e.g., decactions, infusions, tea, etc), 0.9% used more popular among younger smokers. NRT was used to quit
non-medication therapy (e.g., acupuncture or reflexothera- smoking more often among the rural population (23.0%)
py), 5.1% used other methods, and 82.8% tried to quit with- than among the urban population (19.0%). Fewer smokers in
out assistance. Generally, the most popular method of quit- rural areas tried to quit without assistance than in urban ar-
ting was to use nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) or quit eas (75.9% v.s. 85.3%), and fewer rural residents tried to quit
without assistance. E-cigarettes and over the counter medi- by switching to e-cigarettes than urban residents (10.6% v.s.
cine were also among the most popular methods of smoking 19.5%). All of the specified methods of smoking cessation
cessation. NRT was more popular among men (21.6%) than were more popular among smokers with higher education
among women (16.4%). E-cigarette use (19.8% v.s. 10.7%) and than with secondary education (not enough data for prima-
switching to smokeless tobacco (1.5% v.s. 0.4%) were also ry education).

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Table 5.2: Percentage of smokers ≥15 years old who attempted to quit smoking in the past 12 months, by cessation methods
used and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Use of Cessation Method2

Pharmacotherapy
Demographic Traditional
Non-medication
Switching to medicines Attempt to
Characteristics Counseling/ Electronic therapy
Nicotine Other prescription Other over the smokeless (decactions, quit without Other4
Advice3 cigarettes (acupunture or
replacement medication (e.g., counter medicine tobacco infusions, tea, assistance
reflexotherapy)
therapy Varenicline) (e.g., Tabex) etc.)

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 20.1 (16.9, 23.7) 0.2 (0.0, 0.7) 11.0 (8.8, 13.8) 2.7 (1.7, 4.2) 17.2 (14.4, 20.3) 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) 7.6 (5.6, 10.2) 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) 82.8 (79.5, 85.7) 5.1 (3.7, 7.1)

Gender

Male 21.6 (17.9, 25.9) 0.2 (0.1, 1.0) 10.9 (8.3, 14.1) 3.3 (2.1, 5.3) 19.8 (16.5, 23.7) 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) 7.8 (5.4, 11.1) 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) 83.3 (79.6, 86.4) 5.2 (3.4, 7.7)

Female 16.4 (12.8, 20.9) 0.0 (N/A) 11.4 (8.4, 15.3) 1.2 (0.5, 2.6) 10.7 (7.3, 15.5) 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) 7.2 (4.4, 11.5) 0.8 (0.2, 3.5) 81.6 (75.9, 86.2) 5.0 (3.0, 8.3)

Age (years)

15-24 11.3 (6.2, 19.8) 0.0 (N/A) 8.9 (4.2, 18.1) 1.3 (0.3, 5.5) 29.8 (21.2, 40.1) 2.4 (0.7, 7.8) 1.9 (0.7, 5.0) 0.0 (N/A) 83.6 (75.3, 89.5) 3.0 (1.3, 7.1)

25-44 23.1 (19.0, 27.7) 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) 11.5 (8.7, 15.1) 2.5 (1.4, 4.3) 19.5 (15.8, 23.7) 1.7 (0.8, 3.2) 7.0 (4.8, 10.2) 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) 84.1 (80.1, 87.3) 6.8 (4.5, 10.1)

45-64 19.1 (14.2, 25.2) 0.0 (N/A) 10.3 (7.3, 14.4) 3.3 (1.7, 6.3) 9.9 (6.4, 14.9) 0.0 (N/A) 10.0 (6.6, 14.8) 0.9 (0.3, 3.0) 79.7 (74.3, 84.3) 3.7 (2.0, 6.5)

65+ 18.0 (9.4, 31.8) 0.0 (N/A) 15.2 (7.3, 29.0) 4.5 (1.8, 11.0) 5.5 (1.9, 14.9) 0.0 (N/A) 13.3 (6.8, 24.3) 2.0 (0.5, 8.3) 86.0 (74.8.92.8) 2.4 (0.6, 9.5)

Residence

Urban 19.0 (15.3, 23.4) 0.2 (0.0, 1.1) 10.5 (7.8, 13.9) 1.9 (1.0, 3.5) 19.5 (16.0, 23.5) 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) 7.6 (5.4, 10.8) 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) 85.3 (81.3, 88.5) 5.7 (3.8, 8.3)

Rural 23.0 (17.5, 29.7) 0.2 (0.0, 1.4) 12.6 (9.1, 17.3) 5.0 (2.7, 9.2) 10.6 (7.2, 15.5) 0.3 (0.0, 2.4) 7.5 (4.1, 13.3) 0.4 (0.1, 1.8) 75.9 (69.8, 81.1) 3.6 (2.0, 6.4)

Education Level

Primary -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Secondary 18.9 (15.8, 22.4) 0.2 (0.1, 1.0) 10.9 (8.4, 13.9) 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) 15.7 (12.9, 19.0) 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) 6.3 (4.4, 9.0) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 82.8 (79.2, 85.9) 4.7 (3.2, 6.9)

High 23.9 (17.9, 31.1) 0.0 (N/A) 11.9 (8.2, 17.0) 3.8 (1.9, 7.3) 21.3 (15.6, 28.3) 1.4 (0.4, 4.4) 10.7 (6.6, 16.9) 1.0 (0.3, 3.1) 83.3 (77.3, 88.0) 6.3 (3.8, 10.3)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among current smokers who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.
3 Includes counseling at a cessation clinic and a telephone quit line/helpline.
4 Any other reported methods.
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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40
Table 5.3 presents five categories of interest in quitting smok- age groups who wanted to quit in the next month or in the
ing: (1) planning to quit within the next month, (2) thinking next 12 months. There was no significant difference in the in-
about quitting within the next 12 months, (3) will quit some- terest in smoking cessation between smokers who lived in ur-
day but not in the next 12 months, (4) not interested in quit- ban or rural areas. Regarding education, there was almost the
ting, and (5) don’t know. The largest proportions of current same number of smokers who plan to quit in the next month
smokers reported that they were not interested in quitting among all education groups. Fewer smokers with primary ed-
(39.7%) and will quit someday, but not in the next 12 months ucation were planning to quit in the next 12 months (3.6%)
(34.1%). Women said that they are not interested in quitting than with secondary (16.3%) and higher (21.9%) education.
less often than men (35.4% v.s. 41.3%). The number of those Also, fewer smokers with primary education were planning
who said they are not interested in quitting grows bigger with to quit someday but not in the next 12 months (21.9%) than
age: the older the age group, the less smokers are interested with secondary (32.2%) or higher (39%) education. There were
in cessation. Contrarily, the younger the age, the more smok- more smokers who were not interested in quitting among
ers said they want to quit smoking someday, but not in the people with primary education (59.2%) than with secondary
next 12 months. There were also more smokers in younger (43.2%) and higher (30.6%) education.

Table 5.3: Percentage distribution of current smokers ≥15 years old by interest in quitting smoking and selected demographic
characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Interest in Quitting Smoking2

Demographic Thinking About Will Quit Someday,
Planning to Quit Not Interested in Total
Characteristics Quitting Within Next But Not in the Next Don’t Know
Within Next Month Quitting
12 Months 12 Months

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 4.4 (3.6, 5.4) 17.7 (15.8, 19.9) 34.1 (31.8, 36.4) 39.7 (37.3, 42.2) 4.0 (3.1, 5.3) 100

Gender

Male 4.1 (3.2, 5.2) 17.7 (15.6, 20.0) 32.6 (30.2, 35.1) 41.3 (38.5, 44.1) 4.3 (3.2, 5.7) 100

Female 5.3 (3.9, 7.3) 17.8 (14.9, 21.1) 38.2 (34.0, 42.5) 35.4 (31.4, 39.6) 3.3 (2.1, 5.1) 100

Age (years)

15-24 6.9 (4.3, 10.9) 16.3 (12.0, 21.8) 38.9 (32.0, 46.4) 33.5 (27.1, 40.5) 4.3 (2.4, 7.9) 100

25-44 4.7 (3.5, 6.3) 20.8 (18.3, 23.6) 36.3 (33.1, 39.5) 34.8 (31.7, 38.0) 3.4 (2.4, 4.7) 100

45-64 3.3 (2.4, 4.6) 15.5 (12.6, 18.9) 32.3 (29.0, 35.7) 44.1 (40.5, 47.7) 4.8 (3.3, 7.1) 100

65+ 3.7 (2.1, 6.4) 10.9 (6.8, 17.2) 21.6 (16.6, 27.6) 59.7 (52.7, 66.4) 4.1 (2.2, 7.7) 100

Residence

Urban 4.4 (3.5, 5.7) 18.3 (15.9, 21.0) 33.4 (30.8, 36.2) 39.8 (36.8, 42.8) 4.1 (2.9, 5.7) 100

Rural 4.3 (3.2, 5.9) 16.1 (13.7, 18.8) 36.0 (32.2, 39.9) 39.7 (35.9, 43.6) 3.9 (2.9, 5.3) 100

Education Level

Primary 4.1 (1.3, 12.1) 3.6 (1.1, 11.4) 21.9 (11.3, 38.4) 59.2 (42.5, 74.0) 11.2 (3.1, 33.4) 100

Secondary 4.4 (3.5, 5.6) 16.3 (14.4, 18.4) 32.2 (29.7, 34.9) 43.2 (40.5, 45.9) 3.9 (2.9, 5.2) 100

High 4.4 (3.2, 6.0) 21.9 (18.0, 26.3) 39.0 (35.2, 42.9) 30.6 (26.5, 34.9) 4.1 (2.6, 6.5) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among current daily or less than daily smokers.

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41
 6. SECONDHAND SMOKE
This chapter measures exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at smoke at work. Men were exposed more often than women
home and in public places, including indoor workplaces, gov- (28.1% v.s. 15.7%). In addition, more male non-smokers were
ernment buildings, health care facilities, restaurants, bars and exposed to SHS than women (22.7% v.s. 14.1%). Younger
night clubs, cafés/cafeterias, public transportion, schools, col- age groups were exposed to SHS more often than older age
leges/universities, and workplaces. groups, and the urban population was also more exposed to
SHS than the rural population (22% v.s. 20.8% among all adults
Table 6.1 shows the percentage and number of adults in the and 17.6% v.s. 15.6% among non-smokers respectively). Peo-
Russian Federation who work indoors and are exposed to to- ple with secondary education were exposed to SHS more of-
bacco smoke at work. Overall, 21.8% of all adults and 17.2% of ten (25.8% and 20.4% among non-smokers) than people with
non-smokers who work indoors were exposed to secondhand higher education (17.4% and 14.4% among non-smokers).

Table 6.1: Percentage and number of adults ≥15 years old who work indoors and are exposed to tobacco smoke at work, by
smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke at Work2

Characteristics Overall Non-smokers

Percentage (95% CI) 1

Number in thousands Percentage (95% CI)1 Number in thousands

Overall 21.8 (19.5, 24.3) 12673.9 17.2 (14.9, 19.8) 6571.2

Gender

Male 28.1 (25.0, 31.5) 7970.6 22.7 (19.2, 26.5) 3162.3

Female 15.7 (13.5, 18.2) 4703.4 14.1 (11.9, 16.6) 3409.0

Age (years)

15-24 23.1 (18.0, 29.2) 1232.6 20.1 (14.3, 27.5) 662.8

25-44 22.0 (19.3, 25.0) 6936.7 17.7 (14.8, 21.0) 3505.0

45-64 21.0 (18.3, 24.1) 4226.8 15.8 (13.3, 18.8) 2234.8

65+ 21.6 (12.2, 35.2) 277.8 17.7 (8.8, 32.4) 168.6

Residence

Urban 22.0 (19.3, 25.1) 10202.1 17.6 (14.8, 20.8) 5334.3

Rural 20.8 (17.9, 24.0) 2471.9 15.6 (13.1, 18.6) 1237.0

Education Level

Primary -- - -- -

Secondary 25.8 (23.1, 28.7) 7703.9 20.4 (17.6, 23.4) 3604.2

High 17.4 (14.8, 20.5) 4883.0 14.4 (11.6, 17.8) 2930.3

1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
In the past 30 days. Among those respondents who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors.
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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42
Table 6.1a shows the percentage distribution of adults who men and 3.7% of women reported no policy on smoking at
work indoors or outdoors in an enclosed area by the smoking work. The younger the age group, the more people reported
policy they have at work. Among all adults who work indoors smoking was allowed everywhere at work, and less report-
or outdoors in an enclosed area, 60.4% worked where smoking ed smoking was allowed only in some enclosed areas. More
was allowed everywhere, 26.1% worked where smoking was people with higher education (72.8%) reported smoking was
not allowed in any enclosed areas, 7.6% worked where there allowed everywhere at work than with secondary education
was no policy, and 5.1% worked where smoking was allowed (53.9%), but less reported smoking was allowed only in some
in some enclosed areas. More women reported smoking was enclosed areas (1.7% of people with higher education v.s.
allowed everywhere at work (69.4%) than men (57.4%), and 6.8% with secondary education) and that smoking was not
more men reported smoking was not allowed in any enclosed allowed in any enclosed area (18.9% with higher and 29.9%
areas (27.2%) than women (23%). Approximately 8.9% of with secondary education).

Table 6.1a: Percentage distribution of current smokers ≥15 years old who work indoors or outdoors with an enclosed area, by the
smoking policy they have at work and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Smoking policy at work2

Demographic
Allowed only in Not allowed in any Total
Characteristics Allowed everywhere No policy Don’t know
some enclosed areas enclosed area
Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 60.4 (56.5, 64.2) 5.1 (4.0, 6.3) 26.1 (22.9, 29.6) 7.6 (5.9, 9.7) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 100

Gender

Male 57.4 (53.1, 61.5) 5.7 (4.5, 7.2) 27.2 (23.6, 31.1) 8.9 (6.9, 11.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) 100

Female 69.4 (64.3, 74.1) 3.2 (1.9, 5.4) 23.0 (18.6, 28.1) 3.7 (2.2, 6.4) 0.7 (0.2, 1.9) 100

Age (years)

15-24 67.0 (57.9, 74.9) 3.4 (1.5, 7.7) 23.8 (16.9, 32.4) 4.6 (2.0, 9.9) 1.2 (0.3, 4.8) 100

25-44 60.9 (56.4, 65.2) 4.5 (3.3, 6.1) 27.4 (23.5, 31.6) 6.4 (4.8, 8.4) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) 100

45-64 57.8 (51.9, 63.6) 6.1 (4.3, 8.6) 24.5 (20.1, 29.6) 10.9 (7.6, 15.4) 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) 100

65+ 54.4 (31.9, 75.2) 13.8 (3.9, 38.5) 25.1 (11.4, 46.7) 6.7 (1.3, 27.5) 0.0 (N/A) 100

Residence

Urban 61.0 (56.2, 65.6) 4.7 (3.5, 6.2) 26.4 (22.4, 30.7) 7.3 (5.3, 10.0) 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) 100

Rural 58.4 (53.1, 63.4) 6.4 (4.7, 8.8) 25.3 (21.3, 29.8) 8.5 (6.3, 11.5) 1.4 (0.6, 3.0) 100

Education Level

Primary -- -- -- -- -- --

Secondary 53.9 (49.6, 58.1) 6.8 (5.4, 8.6) 29.9 (26.2, 33.8) 8.5 (6.6, 10.8) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) 100

High 72.8 (67.6, 77.5) 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) 18.9 (15.0, 23.4) 6.0 (3.7, 9.7) 0.5 (0.2, 1.8) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among current smokers who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or outdoors with an enclosed area.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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43
Table 6.1b shows the percentage distribution of adults who differences in age groups or by region. Approximately 75.8%
work indoors or outdoors in an enclosed area and are exposed of adults with higher education, 61.2% of adults with second-
to SHS by the smoking policy they have at work. Approximately ary education and 48.1% with primary education who were
67.8% of people who work indoors or outdoors in an enclosed exposed to SHS at work reported smoking was allowed every-
area and are exposed to SHS reported smoking was allowed ev- where; 32.5% of people with primary education, 26.8% of peo-
erywhere (59.8% of men and 76.4% of women). Approximately ple with secondary education and 18% with higher education
22.8% reported smoking was not allowed in any enclosed area who were exposed to SHS at work reported smoking was not
(27.2% of men and 18.1% of women). There were no significant allowed in any enclosed areas.

Table 6.1b: Percentage of all adults ≥15 years old who work indoors or outdoors with an enclosed area and are exposed
to tobacco smoke at work, by the policy they have at work and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian
Federation, 2016.

Smoking policy at work2

Demographic
Allowed only in some Not allowed in any Total
Characteristics Allowed everywhere No policy Don’t know
enclosed areas enclosed area

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 67.8 (64.5, 70.8) 2.8 (2.3, 3.4) 22.8 (20.1, 25.8) 5.4 (4.4, 6.6) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 100

Gender

Male 59.8 (55.9, 63.5) 4.3 (3.5, 5.4) 27.2 (23.9, 30.7) 7.6 (6.1, 9.5) 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) 100

Female 76.4 (73.0, 79.5) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 18.1 (15.4, 21.2) 3.0 (2.1, 4.1) 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) 100

Age (years)

15-24 68.8 (62.5, 74.5) 3.7 (1.8, 7.6) 23.5 (18.4, 29.4) 2.9 (1.7, 5.1) 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) 100

25-44 68.0 (64.4, 71.3) 2.6 (2.0, 3.4) 23.1 (20.2, 26.4) 5.1 (4.1, 6.3) 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) 100

45-64 67.3 (63.4, 71.0) 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) 22.4 (19.0, 26.1) 6.3 (4.7, 8.5) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 100

65+ 65.4 (55.0, 74.5) 5.3 (2.2, 12.4) 20.1 (13.1, 29.5) 8.1 (3.8, 16.1) 1.1 (0.2, 7.8) 100

Residence

Urban 67.9 (63.9, 71.6) 2.7 (2.1, 3.5) 23.1 (19.8, 26.8) 5.3 (4.1, 6.8) 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) 100

Rural 67.4 (63.5, 71.1) 3.2 (2.4, 4.3) 21.7 (18.7, 25.0) 5.9 (4.5, 7.7) 1.7 (0.8, 3.5) 100

Education Level

Primary 48.1 (26.8, 70.1) 7.3 (1.6, 27.3) 32.5 (15.5, 55.7) 6.7 (1.5, 25.9) 5.4 (0.7, 30.0) 100

Secondary 61.2 (57.6, 64.6) 4.5 (3.6, 5.5) 26.8 (23.7, 30.1) 6.2 (5.0, 7.7) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) 100

High 75.8 (72.2, 79.0) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 18.0 (15.2, 21.2) 4.4 (3.2, 6.0) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among those who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or outdoors with an enclosed area, and reported that smoking occurred inside their workplace in the past 30
days.

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44
Table 6.2 shows the percentage and number of adults who least exposed to SHS at home. People in urban areas were
were exposed to SHS at home. Overall, 23.0% of all adults more exposed to SHS than in rural areas (24.2% v.s. 19.4%).
were exposed to SHS at home (25.5% of men and 20.9% of The same was true among non-smokers in urban and rural
women), and 12.9% of non-smokers were exposed to SHS at areas (13.3% v.s. 11.6%). More people with secondary educa-
home (9.1% of men and 14.7% of women). Of all age groups, tion were exposed to SHS at home (25.1%) than those with
fewer people (18%) were exposed to SHS at home among the primary education (19.3%) and those with higher education
oldest group (65+), whereas 24.1% of 15-24-year-olds, 23.2% (19.6%). Among non-smokers, people with higher education
of 25-44-year-olds, and 25% of 45-64-year-olds were exposed were less exposed to SHS at home (10.3%) than people with
to SHS at home. Among non-smokers, 25-44-year-olds were primary education (14%) and secondary education (14.3%).

Table 6.2: Percentage and number of adults ≥15 years old who are exposed to tobacco smoke at home, by smoking status
and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russia, 2016.

Demographic Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke at Home2

Characteristics Overall Non-smokers

Percentage (95% CI) 1

Number in thousands Percentage (95% CI)1 Number in thousands

Overall 23.0 (21.2, 24.9) 27,324.1 12.9 (11.5, 14.3) 10,627.0

Gender

Male 25.5 (23.4, 27.8) 13,731.1 9.1 (7.6, 10.9) 2,470.2

Female 20.9 (19.1, 22.9) 13,593.0 14.7 (13.1, 16.5) 8,156.8

Age (years)

15-24 24.1 (20.5, 28.2) 3,570.1 14.6 (11.3, 18.6) 1,577.4

25-44 23.2 (21.1, 25.5) 10,406.0 11.6 (10.0, 13.5) 3,225.8

45-64 25.0 (22.7, 27.4) 9,767.7 13.9 (12.0, 16.0) 3,742.9

65+ 18.0 (15.6, 20.7) 3,580.3 12.2 (10.1, 14.8) 2,080.8

Residence

Urban 24.2 (22.0, 26.6) 21,562.6 13.3 (11.6, 15.1) 8,204.1

Rural 19.4 (17.2, 21.7) 5761.5 11.6 (10.0, 13.5) 2,422.9

Education Level

Primary 19.3 (14.1, 25.7) 679.4 14.0 (9.2, 20.7) 431.3

Secondary 25.1 (23.1, 27.2) 18,604.5 14.3 (12.6, 16.2) 7,035.9

High 19.6 (17.2, 22.3) 7,997.5 10.3 (8.7, 12.2) 3,117.2

1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Adults reporting that smoking inside their home occurs daily, weekly, or monthly.

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45
Table 6.3 shows the percentage of adults exposed to SHS in (6.9% v.s. 4%). In rural areas, people were more exposed in
various public places in the past 30 days. Overall, 0.9% of all government buildings and health care facilities. People with
adults were exposed to SHS in government buildings, 1.5% at primary education were more exposed to SHS only at schools
health care facilities, 0.8% at schools, 0.7% at universities, 2.9% (1.9% v.s. 0.8% and 0.7% among adults with secondary and
at restaurants, 4.1% at bars or night clubs, 2.2% at cafés/cafete- higher education). Compared to those with primary educa-
rias, and 6.1% on public transportation. In most places, wom- tion, people with secondary education were more exposed
en were less exposed to SHS than men, with the exception of to SHS at all places except schools. They were less exposed
health care facilities (1.6% v.s. 1.3%) and public transportation than people with higher education at government buildings
(6.8% v.s. 5.3%). Younger people were more exposed to SHS (0.7% v.s. 1.4%), restaurants (1.9% v.s. 5.1%), bars and night-
in all places except health care facilities, where older people clubs (3.5% v.s. 5.4%), café/cafeterias (1.9% v.s. 2.8%) and on
were more exposed—specifically those 65 and older (2.1% public transportation (6% v.s. 6.6%). Generally, people with
v.s. 1.2% aged 15-24, 1.3% aged 25-44 and 1.4% aged 45-64). higher education were more exposed to SHS in public places
People in urban areas were more exposed to SHS than in ru- except at schools and universities. There were no differences
ral schools, universities, and restaurants (3.7% v.s. 0.8%), bars in exposure to SHS at health care facilities among all levels of
and nightclubs (4.6% v.s. 2.6%), and on public transportation education (1.5% in all education groups).

Table 6.3: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who were exposed to tobacco smoke in various public places in the past 30
days, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke2 in…

Demographic
Characteristics Government Health care Public
Schools Universities Restaurants Bars, night clubs Café/cafeterias
buildings facilities transportation

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) 4.1 (3.4, 4.9) 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) 6.1 (5.2, 7.3)

Gender

Male 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) 3.4 (2.6, 4.5) 5.4 (4.4, 6.5) 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) 5.3 (4.4, 6.5)

Female 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) 2.5 (1.9, 3.3) 3.0 (2.4, 3.8) 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) 6.8 (5.6, 8.2)

Age (years)

15-24 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) 1.2 (0.7, 2.3) 3.0 (1.9, 4.8) 3.9 (2.6, 5.8) 4.2 (2.9, 6.1) 13.2 (10.5, 16.6) 4.4 (3.0, 6.3) 8.4 (6.3, 11.1)

25-44 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 4.5 (3.4, 5.9) 5.6 (4.6, 6.7) 3.1 (2.4, 4.0) 5.8 (4.6, 7.3)

45-64 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) 6.1 (5.0, 7.5)

65+ 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) 0.1 (0.1, 0.4) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) 5.1 (3.8, 6.9)

Residence

Urban 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) 3.7 (2.9, 4.7) 4.6 (3.7, 5.6) 2.2 (1.6, 2.8) 6.9 (5.6, 8.4)

Rural 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 2.6 (2.0, 3.5) 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) 4.0 (3.1, 5.1)

Education Level

Primary 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) 1.5 (0.6, 4.1) 1.9 (0.6, 5.7) 0.0 (N/A) 0.2 (0.0, 1.5) 0.2 (0.0, 1.7) 1.1 (0.4, 2.9) 4.2 (2.2, 7.6)

Secondary 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) 3.5 (2.9, 4.3) 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) 6.0 (4.9, 7.2)

High 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 5.1 (3.8, 6.8) 5.4 (4.4, 6.7) 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) 6.6 (5.4, 8.1)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among all adults in the past 30 days.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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46
Table 6.3a shows the percentage of non-smokers who while in rural areas non-smokers were more exposed in
were exposed to SHS in various public places in the past 30 government buildings and health care facilities. Non-smok-
days. Overall, 0.9% of non-smokers were exposed to SHS in ers with primary education were more exposed to SHS in
government buildings, 1.4% at health care facilities, 0.8% health care facilities (1.7%) and at schools (1.6%) compared
at schools, 0.7% at universities, 2.2% at restaurants, 2.7% to non-smokers with secondary education (1.3% and .9%,
at bars or nightclubs, 1.8% at cafés/cafeterias, and 6% on respectively) and non-smokers with higher education (1.5%
public transportation. In most places, non-smoking women and .6%, respectively). Non-smokers with secondary educa-
were less exposed to SHS than non-smoking men, with the tion were more exposed to SHS compared to non-smokers
exception of health care facilities (1.5% v.s. 1.2%) and public with primary education at all places except health care fa-
transportation (6.3% v.s. 5.3%). Younger non-smokers were cilities and schools. They were less exposed compared to
more exposed to SHS in all places except health care facil- non-smokers with higher education at government build-
ities, where older people were more exposed—specifically ings (0.8% v.s. 1.2%), health care facilities (1.3% v.s. 1.5%),
the 65+ age group (1.7% v.s. 1.0% aged 15-24, 1.4% aged restaurants (1.4% v.s. 3.8%), bars and nightclubs (2.4% v.s.
25-44 and 1.3% aged 45-64). Non-smokers in urban areas 3.6%), cafés/cafeterias (1.5% v.s. 2.3%), and on public trans-
were more exposed to SHS than in rural areas at schools, portation (5.5% v.s. 7%). Generally, non-smokers with high-
universities, restaurants (3.7% vs 0.8%), bars and night clubs er education were more exposed to SHS at public places
(4.6% vs 2.6%) and on public transportation (6.9% vs 4%), except at schools and universities.

Table 6.3a: Percentage of non-smokers ≥15 years old who were exposed to tobacco smoke in various public places in the
past 30 days, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke2 in…

Demographic
Characteristics Government Health care Bars, night Café/ Public
Schools Universities Restaurants
buildings facilities clubs cafeterias transportation

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) 2.7 (2.2, 3.4) 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) 6.0 (5.0, 7.2)
Gender
Male 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) 1.2 (0.7, 1.8) 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) 2.9 (2.1, 4.0) 4.4 (3.3, 5.7) 3.0 (2.2, 4.0) 5.3 (4.1, 6.8)
Female 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) 6.3 (5.2, 7.7)
Age (years)
15-24 1.5 (0.6, 3.5) 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) 3.6 (2.1, 5.9) 3.9 (2.4, 6.3) 3.4 (2.1, 5.5) 9.2 (6.7, 12.7) 3.9 (2.6, 6.0) 7.5 (5.4, 10.4)

25-44 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 3.5 (2.6, 4.9) 4.1 (3.3, 5.2) 3.0 (2.1, 4.2) 6.1 (4.8, 7.7)

45-64 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 5.8 (4.6, 7.3)
65+ 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.4) 0.2 (0.0, 0.7) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) 5.1 (3.7, 7.0)
Residence
Urban 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) 3.1 (2.4, 3.9) 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) 6.7 (5.4, 8.2)
Rural 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 0.3 (0.2, 0.8) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) 1.8 (1.3, 2.7) 3.8 (2.9, 5.1)
Education Level
Primary 0.1 (0.0, 0.7) 1.7 (0.6, 4.7) 1.6 (0.4, 6.2) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (N/A) 0.9 (0.3, 3.0) 4.7 (2.5, 8.6)
Secondary 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) 2.4 (1.8, 3.2) 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) 5.5 (4.4, 6.7)
High 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) 3.8 (2.7, 5.2) 3.6 (2.8, 4.6) 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) 7.0 (5.6, 8.6)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among non-smokers in the past 30 days.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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47
Table 6.4 shows the percentage of adults who visited various ment buildings, health care facilities, schools and cafés/caf-
public places in the past 30 days and were exposed to tobac- eterias (10.3% v.s. 6.6% in urban areas). People with primary
co smoke. Overall, 3.5% of adults who visited various public education were exposed to SHS in health care facilities (4.1%)
places in the past 30 days were exposed to SHS in government more than people with secondary education (3.4%) and high-
buildings, 3.4% at health care facilities, 3.1% at schools, 8.9% at er education (3.2%). They were also more exposed in schools
universities, 20.0% at restaurants, 42.6% at bars or nightclubs, (8.4%) than people with secondary education (3.5%) and pri-
7.4% at cafés/cafeterias, and 10.5% on public transportation. mary education (2.3%). Compared only to those with second-
In all places, women were less exposed to SHS. Younger peo- ary education, people with primary education were also more
ple were more exposed to SHS in all places except health care exposed on public transportation (10% v.s. 9.9%). People with
facilities and cafés/cafeterias, where the oldest group (65+) secondary education were more exposed to SHS compared to
was most exposed (4.0% v.s. 3.3%, 3.2% and 3.2% among people with higher education at health care facilities, schools
younger age groups in health care facilities and 8.7% v.s. 8%, and universities (10.7% v.s. 6.3%), restaurants, and cafés/cafe-
7.8% and 5.3% among younger age groups in café/cafeterias). terias. They were less exposed compared to people with high-
People in urban areas were more exposed to SHS than people er education at government buildings, bars and nightclubs
in rural areas: at universities and restaurants (21.1% v.s. 11.6%), and on public transportation. People with higher education
bars and nightclubs, and on public transportation (10.8% v.s. were generally more exposed to SHS at public places except
8.9%). People in rural areas were more exposed in govern- at schools and universities.

Table 6.4: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who visited various public places in the past 30 days and were exposed to
tobacco smoke, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke2 in…

Demographic
Characteristics Government Health care Bars, night Public
Schools Universities Restaurants Café/cafeterias
buildings facilities clubs transportation
Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 3.5 (2.7, 4.6) 3.4 (2.7, 4.2) 3.1 (2.3, 4.1) 8.9 (6.4, 12.4) 20.0 (16.4, 24.1) 42.5 (36.9, 48.3) 7.3 (5.8, 9.0) 10.5 (8.8, 12.4)

Gender

Male 4.2 (3.0, 5.8) 3.8 (2.8, 5.1) 4.2 (2.8, 6.2) 12.5 (8.5, 18.2) 21.6 (17.0, 26.9) 45.2 (39.1, 51.6) 9.4 (7.4, 11.8) 10.7 (8.8, 13.0)

Female 3.0 (2.1, 4.3) 3.1 (2.4, 4.1) 2.5 (1.7, 3.6) 5.9 (3.7, 9.4) 18.5 (14.6, 23.2) 39.0 (32.2, 46.2) 5.4 (4.0, 7.2) 10.3 (8.5, 12.4)

Age (years)

15-24 6.5 (3.2, 12.7) 3.3 (1.8, 6.1) 10.1 (6.5, 15.4) 11.0 (7.4, 16.1) 20.0 (14.4, 27.0) 45.4 (36.9, 54.1) 8.0 (5.5, 11.5) 10.9 (8.2, 14.4)

25-44 3.9 (2.9, 5.4) 3.2 (2.2, 4.6) 2.0 (1.3, 3.1) 7.5 (4.1, 13.2) 20.9 (16.5, 26.1) 41.0 (35.2, 47.1) 7.8 (6.0, 10.2) 10.6 (8.5, 13.2)

45-64 2.7 (1.8, 4.1) 3.2 (2.2, 4.7) 1.6 (0.8, 3.5) 3.4 (1.0, 11.1) 18.4 (13.5, 24.7) 41.1 (28.8, 54.7) 5.3 (3.7, 7.7) 10.7 (8.8, 13.1)

65+ 1.8 (0.7, 4.3) 4.0 (2.8, 5.6) 1.7 (0.6, 4.7) -- 15.6 (6.4, 33.6) -- 8.7 (3.5, 19.9) 9.2 (6.9, 12.1)

Residence

Urban 3.6 (2.6, 5.1) 3.1 (2.3, 4.3) 3.3 (2.3, 4.5) 9.0 (6.1, 13.0) 21.1 (17.1, 25.7) 43.0 (36.6, 49.7) 6.6 (5.0, 8.7) 10.8 (8.9, 13.2)

Rural 3.2 (2.2, 4.7) 4.0 (3.0, 5.3) 2.6 (1.5, 4.5) 8.6 (4.8, 15.0) 11.6 (7.7, 17.1) 39.8 (30.7, 49.7) 10.3 (7.7, 13.7) 8.9 (7.0, 11.2)

Education Level

Primary 1.7 (0.4, 6.9) 4.1 (1.5, 10.6) 8.4 (2.8, 22.8) -- -- -- -- 10.0 (5.3, 18.1)

Secondary 3.3 (2.3, 4.6) 3.4 (2.7, 4.4) 3.5 (2.4, 5.0) 10.7 (7.2, 15.6) 20.2 (15.9, 25.3) 42.4 (35.7, 49.4) 8.4 (6.4, 10.9) 9.9 (8.2, 12.0)

High 3.8 (2.6, 5.6) 3.2 (2.2, 4.6) 2.3 (1.4, 3.6) 6.3 (3.5, 11.0) 19.8 (15.3, 25.3) 42.7 (35.9, 49.6) 6.2 (4.5, 8.5) 11.5 (9.4, 14.0)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among those that visited the place in the past 30 days.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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48
Table 6.4a shows the percentage of non-smokers who visited were more exposed to SHS than in rural areas in all places
various public places in the past 30 days and were exposed except health care facilities (2.8% in urban and 3.5% in rural
to tobacco smoke. Overall, 3.3% of non-smokers were ex- areas) and in cafés/cafeterias (5.6% in urban and 9.3% in rural
posed to SHS in government buildings, 2.9% at health care areas). Non-smokers with primary education were more ex-
facilities, 3.1% at schools, 8.5% at universities, 16.9% at restau- posed to SHS in health care facilities (4.4%) and at schools
rants, 38.5% at bars or nightclubs, 6.2% at cafés/cafeterias and (6.9%) compared to those with secondary education (2.9%
9.9% on public transportation. In most places, non-smoking in health care facilities and 3.9% in schools) and those with
women were less exposed to SHS. Younger non-smokers were higher education (2.9% in health care facilities and 2% at
more exposed to SHS in most public places except in health schools). Non-smokers with secondary education were more
care facilities, where older people were more exposed—spe- exposed to SHS compared to non-smokers with higher ed-
cifically people 65 and older (3.3% v.s. 2.6%, 3% and 2.8% ucation at all places except health care facilities (2.9% and
among younger age groups). Non-smokers in urban areas 2.9%) and public transportation (8.8% v.s. 11.7%).

Table 6.4a: Percentage of non-smokers ≥15 years old who visited various public places in the past 30 days and were exposed to
tobacco smoke, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke2 in…

Demographic
Characteristics Government Health care Café/ Public
Schools Universities Restaurants Bars, night clubs
buildings facilities cafeterias transportation

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 3.3 (2.3, 4.6) 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) 3.1 (2.2, 4.4) 8.5 (5.7, 12.6) 16.9 (13.5, 21.0) 38.5 (31.9, 45.5) 6.2 (4.8, 8.1) 9.9 (8.3, 11.8)

Gender

Male 4.7 (3.1, 7.2) 3.1 (2.0, 4.8) 4.9 (2.9, 8.0) 13.8 (8.4, 22.0) 19.3 (14.3, 25.6) 47.0 (38.4, 55.8) 9.1 (6.8, 12.2) 10.7 (8.3, 13.6)

Female 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) 2.9 (2.2, 3.7) 2.4 (1.6, 3.6) 5.2 (3.1, 8.7) 15.4 (11.6, 20.2) 31.9 (24.6, 40.2) 4.5 (3.1, 6.3) 9.7 (8.0, 11.7)

Age (years)

15-24 7.8 (3.5, 16.3) 2.6 (1.1, 6.1) 10.2 (6.3, 16.3) 10.5 (6.5, 16.5) 18.1 (11.9, 26.6) 43.6 (32.8, 55.0) 7.4 (4.8, 11.2) 9.8 (7.0, 13.5)

25-44 3.3 (2.1, 5.2) 3.0 (2.0, 4.4) 1.8 (1.0, 3.0) 6.8 (3.3, 13.7) 16.7 (12.4, 22.0) 37.4 (30.6, 44.7) 7.1 (5.0, 10.1) 11.0 (8.7, 13.7)

45-64 2.6 (1.6, 4.2) 2.8 (1.9, 4.1) 1.7 (0.7, 4.0) 3.9 (1.0, 14.4) 17.6 (12.0, 25.2) 20.1 (8.9, 39.3) 3.2 (1.9, 5.4) 9.5 (7.6, 11.9)

65+ 1.7 (0.7, 4.2) 3.3 (2.2, 5.0) 1.0 (0.3, 4.0) -- 8.2 (2.1, 27.1) -- 6.3 (1.7, 20.4) 9.1 (6.7, 12.4)

Residence

Urban 3.4 (2.2, 5.3) 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) 3.4 (2.3, 4.9) 8.7 (5.5, 13.5) 18.2 (14.4, 22.8) 39.4 (31.8, 47.5) 5.6 (4.0, 7.7) 10.3 (8.4, 12.6)

Rural 2.9 (1.9, 4.4) 3.5 (2.5, 4.8) 2.4 (1.3, 4.5) 7.3 (3.4, 15.0) 7.6 (4.3, 12.9) 34.0 (23.9, 45.8) 9.3 (6.5, 13.2) 8.4 (6.3, 11.0)

Education Level

Primary 1.2 (0.2, 8.1) 4.4 (1.7, 11.4) 6.9 (1.8, 23.5) -- -- -- -- 11.6 (6.1, 20.8)

Secondary 3.5 (2.4, 5.1) 2.9 (2.2, 3.8) 3.9 (2.5, 5.9) 10.4 (6.4, 16.4) 18.3 (13.6, 24.2) 41.5 (32.7, 50.9) 7.1 (5.2, 9.8) 8.8 (7.2, 10.8)

High 3.1 (1.9, 5.1) 2.9 (1.9, 4.5) 2.0 (1.1, 3.5) 5.8 (3.0, 10.7) 16.2 (12.0, 21.5) 35.8 (28.7, 43.6) 5.3 (3.5, 8.1) 11.7 (9.4, 14.5)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among those that visited the place in the past 30 days.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

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 7. ECONOMICS
This chapter focuses on the economic aspects of tobacco use: smokers. There were no significant differences in popularity
the last time smokers purchased manufactured cigarettes, in- of other brands named in this table among men and wom-
cluding the source and expenditure. en. Winston, Bondstreet and Parliament were more popular
among younger age groups. Winston and Parliament were
Table 7.1 shows the last cigarette brand purchased by cur- more popular in urban areas, while Bondstreet and Alliance
rent manufactured cigarette smokers. Overall, 16.3% pur- were more popular in rural areas. The higher the education
chased Winston cigarettes, 6.9% purchased Bondstreet, 6.9% level, the more smokers preferred Winston and Parliament
purchased Parliament, 5.8% purchased Yava, 4.4% purchased and fewer preferred Yava and Alliance. Bondstreet was more
Alliance and 59.7% purchased other brands. Yava and Alliance popular among people with secondary education than with
brands were more popular among men and among older primary and higher education.

Table 7.1: Percentage of current manufactured cigarette smokers ≥15 years old, by last brand purchased and selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Last cigarette brand purchased

Total
Characteristics Winston Bondstreet Parliament Yava Alliance All others2

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 16.3 (14.7, 18.1) 6.9 (5.8, 8.3) 6.9 (5.7, 8.4) 5.8 (4.6, 7.2) 4.4 (3.6, 5.5) 59.7 (57.4, 61.9) 100

Gender

Male 16.3 (14.4, 18.3) 7.2 (5.8, 8.8) 7.0 (5.5, 8.9) 7.2 (5.8, 8.9) 4.9 (3.9, 6.2) 57.5 (55.0, 59.9) 100

Female 16.4 (13.5, 19.9) 6.3 (4.6, 8.5) 6.8 (4.8, 9.3) 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) 2.9 (1.9, 4.5) 65.8 (61.7, 69.8) 100

Age (years)

15-24 29.9 (23.4, 37.4) 9.0 (5.7, 13.8) 11.7 (7.9, 17.1) 0.0 (N/A) 1.0 (0.4, 3.1) 48.3 (41.5, 55.2) 100

25-44 19.1 (16.8, 21.5) 9.1 (7.2, 11.3) 8.6 (6.7, 11.0) 4.2 (3.1, 5.7) 3.4 (2.4, 4.7) 55.7 (52.5, 58.8) 100

45-64 10.3 (8.2, 12.8) 4.4 (3.3, 6.0) 4.3 (2.9, 6.2) 7.8 (5.9, 10.4) 6.2 (4.6, 8.3) 67.0 (63.5, 70.2) 100

65+ 6.0 (2.9, 12.3) 1.6 (0.6, 4.5) 0.9 (0.2, 4.6) 15.1 (9.6, 23.0) 7.9 (4.7, 12.8) 68.4 (60.6, 75.3) 100

Residence

Urban 17.2 (15.2, 19.4) 6.3 (5.0, 8.1) 8.6 (7.0, 10.6) 5.8 (4.4, 7.5) 4.2 (3.1, 5.5) 57.9 (55.1, 60.7) 100

Rural 13.6 (11.3, 16.4) 8.7 (6.9, 10.9) 1.7 (1.0, 3.1) 5.8 (4.3, 7.8) 5.2 (3.9, 6.9) 64.9 (61.5, 68.2) 100

Education Level

Primary 10.1 (2.5, 32.6) 3.4 (0.8, 12.5) 0.6 (0.1, 4.3) 8.4 (3.1, 21.1) 5.2 (1.6, 15.0) 72.4 (54.0, 85.4) 100

Secondary 15.8 (13.8, 17.9) 8.0 (6.7, 9.6) 4.4 (3.3, 5.7) 6.6 (5.2, 8.3) 5.2 (4.1, 6.5) 60.2 (57.5, 62.7) 100

High 17.7 (14.8, 21.1) 4.5 (2.9, 6.9) 13.4 (10.4, 17.0) 3.7 (2.3, 6.1) 2.6 (1.5, 4.3) 58.1 (53.4, 62.6) 100
Note: Current manufactured cigarette smokers includes daily and occasional(less than daily) use. The top five reported brands last purchased among all manufactured cigarette
smokers are shown here.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Example of all others: Kent, LD, Optima, Petr I etc.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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Table 7.2 presents the last place manufactured cigarette places of last purchase by gender, except that women pur-
smokers purchased cigarettes. Overall, the most common chased cigarettes from another person more often than
sources of purchase were stores (84.6%), followed by ki- men did (1.4% v.s. 0.6%). Street vendors were used only
osks (11.9%) and street vendors (1.6%). Only 2% of smok- by smokers older than 25. Urban smokers purchased cig-
ers last purchased cigarettes in any of the other sources arettes outside the country more often (13.8%) than rural
outlined below. There were no significant differences in smokers (6.1%).

Table 7.2: Percentage distribution of manufactured cigarette smokers ≥15 years old, by the source of last purchase of
cigarettes and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Gender Age (years) Residence

Source Overall
Male Female 15-24 ≥ 25 Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)

Vending machine 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.0 (N/A)

Store 84.6 (82.2, 86.8) 84.7 (82.0, 87.0) 84.5 (80.3, 88.0) 84.7 (78.2, 89.5) 84.6 (82.1, 86.9) 82.3 (79.2, 85.1) 91.7 (88.9, 93.9)

Street vendor 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) 0.0 (N/A) 1.8 (1.1, 2.8) 1.8 (1.0, 3.0) 1.1 (0.5, 2.0)

Military store 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (N/A) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2)

Duty-free shop 0.4 (0.1, 1.1) 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) 0.4 (0.1, 1.7) 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) 0.5 (0.2, 1.4) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2)

Outside the
0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A) 0.6 (0.1, 4.2) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 (N/A)
country

Kiosks 11.9 (9.9, 14.3) 11.9 (9.7, 14.4) 12.2 (9.0, 16.2) 12.4 (8.2, 18.3) 11.9 (9.8, 14.3) 13.8 (11.3, 16.8) 6.1 (4.3, 8.7)

From another
0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.8 (0.2, 3.7) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7)
person

Other 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 1.4 (0.7, 2.9) 1.2 (0.4, 3.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) 0.7 (0.2, 2.2)

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1
95% Confidence Interval.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0”.

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51
Table 7.3 presents the average (median) expenditure on cig- purchased expensive cigarettes; however, the smaller the
arettes per month and the number of cigarettes smokers last number of cigarettes last purchased. Urban and rural smok-
purchased. The average cost of 20 manufactured cigarettes ers spent nearly the same amount of money on cigarettes
was Rub 79.7, and cigarette expenditure per month was Rub (Rub 1,672.9 and Rub 1,632.1 per month respectively). Al-
1,672.4. On average, manufactured cigarette smokers last pur- though urban smokers purchased more expensive ciga-
chased 20.1 cigarettes. Men spent more on cigarettes on av- rettes than rural smokers, the quantity of cigarettes they
erage than women (Rub 1,818.7 v.s. Rub 1,212.9 per month). purchased was smaller (19.7 v.s. 34.5 cigarettes). Smokers
Women purchased more expensive cigarettes than men: with primary education spent less per month on cigarettes
the average cost of 20 cigarettes was Rub 79.6 for men and than smokers with secondary and higher education, and
Rub 81.8 for women. Men bought more cigarettes during they purchased cheaper cigarettes. Smokers with higher ed-
their last purchase than women did (31.2 v.s. 18.7). Smokers ucation purchased significantly more expensive cigarettes
in the youngest and oldest age groups spent less on ciga- and bought more than ten cigarettes less in their last pur-
rettes per month. The younger the age, the more smokers chase than smokers with primary and secondary education.

Table 7.3: Average (median) cigarette expenditure per month and number of cigarettes purchased last time among manufactured
cigarette smokers ≥15 years old, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Cigarette expenditure per Average cost of 20 manufactured Number of cigarettes

month cigarettes purchased last time
Demographic
Characteristics (Russian Rubles)
Percentage(95%CI)
Median (95% CI)

Overall 1,672.4 (1,565.9, 1,828.5) 79.7 (79.5, 80.0) 20.1 (19.9, 30.7)

Gender

Male 1,818.7 (1,740.2, 1,953.6) 79.6 (79.4, 80.0) 31.2 (21.7, 32.8)

Female 1,212.9 (1,122.4, 1,436.2) 81.8 (80.7, 85.4) 18.7 (18.2, 19.3)

Age (years)

15-24 1,463.9 (1,221.0, 1,629.2) 96.9 (89.4, 99.4) 16.5 (15.9, 17.2)

25-44 1,809.8 (1,617.5, 1,872.2) 84.5 (80.5, 90.8) 19.4 (19.2, 19.7)

45-64 1,746.0 (1,520.5, 1,908.2) 74.4 (72.0, 75.0) 35.7 (33.5, 37.9)

65+ 1,352.9 (1,205.7, 1,637.0) 69.3 (66.6, 74.2) 39.8 (33.8, 57.4)

Residence

Urban 1,672.9 (1,559.5, 1,851.4) 79.9 (79.6, 84.9) 19.7 (19.4, 20.0)

Rural 1,632.1 (1525.3, 1,863.9) 74.4 (73.3, 75.7) 34.5 (32.4, 36.7)

Education Level

Primary 1,525.2 (1,193.9, 1,801.1) 74.0 (71.7, 79.6) 30.1 (18.4, 81.5)

Secondary 1,672.1 (1,566.2, 1,836.4) 79.3 (75.8, 80.0) 30.5 (20.0, 32.2)

High 1,662.7 (1,512.0, 1,884.0) 94.3 (89.5, 100.6) 19.4 (19.0, 19.8)

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Table 7.4 shows the packaging type of cigarettes smokers last groups. Older smokers bought a pack of ten or other quanti-
purchased. Overall, 5.1% purchased a single stick, 0.7% pur- ties more often than younger smokers. Smokers with primary
chased a pack of ten, 75.7% purchased a pack of 20, and 16.2% education purchased a single stick (12.7%) more often than
purchased other quantities. Women purchased packs of ten smokers with secondary (5.2%) and higher (4.6%) education.
more often than men. Younger age groups bought a single Packs of 20 were more popular among smokers with higher
stick or a pack of 20 cigarettes more often than older age levels of education.

Table 7.4: Percentage distribution of manufactured cigarette smokers ≥15 years old, by the packaging type of last purchase
of cigarettes and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Type of package

Total
Characteristics Single stick Pack of 10 Pack of 20 Other quantities

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 5.1 (4.0, 6.6) 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) 75.7 (73.5, 77.8) 16.2 (14.5, 18.0) 100

Gender

Male 5.1 (3.8, 6.9) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) 73.8 (71.3, 76.1) 18.2 (16.3, 20.4) 100

Female 5.1 (3.5, 7.3) 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) 81.1 (77.1, 84.6) 10.3 (7.8, 13.5) 100

Age (years)

15-24 5.3 (3.0, 9.0) 0.2 (0.0, 1.3) 89.4 (84.6, 92.8) 5.1 (3.0, 8.4) 100

25-44 5.5 (4.1, 7.4) 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) 80.4 (77.6, 83.0) 10.9 (9.1, 12.9) 100

45-64 4.6 (3.2, 6.6) 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 67.8 (64.0, 71.5) 24.1 (20.7, 27.9) 100

65+ 4.7 (2.6, 8.3) 1.1 (0.2, 7.4) 61.8 (54.5, 68.7) 29.5 (23.4, 36.3) 100

Residence

Urban 5.0 (3.6, 6.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) 76.6 (73.8, 79.1) 15.7 (13.7, 18.0) 100

Rural 5.5 (3.9, 7.7) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) 73.1 (70.0, 76.0) 17.5 (15.1, 20.1) 100

Education Level

Primary 12.7 (4.7, 29.9) 0.0 (N/A) 64.3 (42.3, 81.6) 19.5 (8.5, 38.7) 100

Secondary 5.2 (3.9, 6.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 73.7 (71.2, 76.1) 17.5 (15.6, 19.7) 100

High 4.6 (3.0, 7.0) 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) 81.0 (77.2, 84.4) 12.7 (10.0, 16.1) 100
1
95% Confidence Interval.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0".

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53
 8. MEDIA
The data presented in this chapter relay information on aware- ing information in any location. Women noticed anti-cigarette
ness of anti-tobacco information in various mass media and information more often than men in newspapers or in mag-
public places, effects of health warnings on cigarette packag- azines, on television or the radio, on billboards and at public
es, and awareness of various forms of tobacco marketing. transportation stations. Men noticed anti-cigarette informa-
tion in stores more often than women. Younger people (15-
Table 8.1 shows the percentage of adults who noticed an- 24 years old) noticed more anti-cigarette information than
ti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in people 25 years old and older on billboards, at public trans-
various places. Most people noticed anti-cigarette smoking portation stations, in stores and ‘somewhere else.’ Smokers
information while watching television or listening to the ra- aged 25 and older noticed more anti-cigarette information
dio (75.8%, 75.1% on television only and 20% on radio only), than younger people in newspapers or in magazines and on
followed by those who noticed messages in newspapers or television or the radio. People in urban areas noticed more an-
in magazines (37.7%), on billboards (28.9%), in stores (25.6%), ti-cigarette information on billboards, and in rural areas peo-
at public transportation stations (19.2%) or somewhere else ple noticed more anti-cigarette information in all other places.
(5.6%). Overall, 81.8% of adults noticed anti-cigarette smok-

Table 8.1: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in various
places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Gender Age (years) Residence

Places Overall
Male Female 15-24 ≥ 25 Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI) 1

Overall

In newspapers or in magazines 37.7 (35.0, 40.5) 35.7 (32.7, 38.7) 39.4 (36.6, 42.3) 35.4 (31.1, 40.0) 38.1 (35.4, 40.8) 37.3 (33.9, 40.8) 39.0 (35.6, 42.4)

On television or the radio 75.8 (72.9, 78.5) 74.4 (71.2, 77.4) 76.9 (73.9, 79.7) 72.5 (67.6, 76.9) 76.3 (73.3, 79.0) 73.9 (70.1, 77.4) 81.4 (78.1, 84.4)

On television 75.1 (72.1, 77.9) 73.6 (70.3, 76.7) 76.3 (73.2, 79.1) 71.3 (66.3, 75.9) 75.6 (72.6, 78.4) 73.2 (69.4, 76.7) 80.7 (77.2, 83.7)

On the radio 20.0 (17.7, 22.5) 20.3 (17.9, 23.0) 19.8 (17.4, 22.4) 19.5 (16.3, 23.1) 20.1 (17.7, 22.7) 20.0 (17.2, 23.2) 19.9 (17.0, 23.2)

On billboards 28.9 (26.4, 31.5) 27.9 (25.1, 30.9) 29.7 (27.1, 32.4) 34.3 (30.4, 38.5) 28.1 (25.6, 30.7) 29.4 (26.3, 32.8) 27.2 (23.9, 30.7)

On public transportation stations 19.2 (17.2, 21.4) 18.6 (16.4, 21.0) 19.7 (17.6, 22.1) 25.3 (21.6, 29.4) 18.3 (16.4, 20.4) 18.7 (16.3, 21.4) 20.6 (17.7, 23.9)

In stores 25.6 (23.0, 28.4) 26.5 (23.6, 29.6) 24.9 (22.3, 27.7) 28.0 (24.0, 32.5) 25.3 (22.7, 28.0) 24.4 (21.2, 28.0) 29.1 (25.7, 32.7)

Somewhere else 5.6 (4.7, 6.7) 5.4 (4.4, 6.7) 5.7 (4.7, 6.9) 11.9 (9.0, 15.5) 4.7 (3.9, 5.6) 5.6 (4.5, 7.0) 5.6 (4.4, 7.2)

Any Location 81.8 (79.2, 84.1) 80.8 (78.0, 83.4) 82.6 (79.9, 85.1) 80.7 (75.8, 84.9) 82.0 (79.3, 84.3) 80.6 (77.3, 83.6) 85.4 (82.3, 87.9)

1
95% Confidence Interval.

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54
Table 8.1 (Cont.) shows the percentage of smokers and smoking information on billboards with the same frequency;
non-smokers who noticed anti-cigarette information during however, male non-smokers noticed anti-cigarette information
the last 30 days in various places. In general, non-smokers in stores more than female non-smokers. On the other hand,
noticed anti-cigarette smoking information more often than female smokers noticed anti-cigarette information more than
smokers. Male and female non-smokers noticed anti-cigarette male smokers did, and they noticed it in stores more than men.

Table 8.1 (Cont.): Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in
various places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Gender Age(years) Residence

Places Overall
Male Female 15-24 ≥ 25 Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)1

Current smokers2

In newspapers or in magazines 34.4 (31.3, 37.6) 33.5 (30.3, 36.9) 36.8 (32.1, 41.7) 28.5 (22.8, 35.1) 35.1 (31.9, 38.4) 34.9 (31.1, 38.9) 32.6 (28.6, 36.9)

On television or the radio 73.6 (70.0, 76.9) 73.2 (69.3, 76.8) 74.7 (69.9, 78.9) 70.4 (63.5, 76.6) 74.0 (70.3, 77.4) 72.0 (67.4, 76.2) 78.5 (74.1, 82.4)

On television 72.8 (69.1, 76.2) 72.5 (68.5, 76.1) 73.6 (68.9, 77.9) 68.9 (61.6, 75.3) 73.3 (69.5, 76.7) 71.1 (66.5, 75.4) 77.8 (73.2, 81.8)

On the radio 18.7 (16.2, 21.4) 19.2 (16.6, 22.2) 17.1 (13.7, 21.1) 15.9 (11.4, 21.6) 19.0 (16.5, 21.9) 18.8 (15.8, 22.2) 18.4 (14.8, 22.6)

On billboards 29.3 (26.2, 32.6) 27.1 (23.9, 30.6) 35.5 (31.0, 40.2) 34.9 (28.6, 41.8) 28.6 (25.4, 32.0) 30.0 (26.2, 34.1) 27.1 (22.8, 31.8)

On public transportation
19.8 (17.5, 22.4) 18.5 (16.1, 21.2) 23.7 (19.9, 27.9) 28.3 (21.9, 35.7) 18.8 (16.5, 21.3) 19.7 (16.9, 22.8) 20.3 (16.7, 24.5)
stations

In stores 26.7 (23.5, 30.1) 26.2 (22.9, 29.8) 28.1 (23.6, 32.9) 30.7 (24.1, 38.2) 26.2 (23.0, 29.7) 25.9 (22.0, 30.2) 29.2 (25.0, 33.7)

Somewhere else 5.8 (4.6, 7.2) 5.7 (4.4, 7.2) 6.0 (4.3, 8.3) 11.0 (7.3, 16.2) 5.1 (4.0, 6.5) 6.1 (4.7, 8.0) 4.6 (3.3, 6.4)

Any Location 80.2 (77.1, 83.0) 79.5 (76.2, 82.6) 82.2 (77.9, 85.8) 80.7 (74.2, 85.9) 80.2 (77.0, 83.0) 79.3 (75.4, 82.8) 83.0 (79.0, 86.3)

Current non-smokers3

In newspapers or in magazines 39.2 (36.4, 42.1) 37.8 (34.3, 41.4) 39.9 (36.9, 42.9) 37.9 (32.7, 43.4) 39.4 (36.6, 42.2) 38.4 (34.8, 42.0) 41.6 (38.0, 45.4)

On television or the radio 76.8 (73.8, 79.5) 75.6 (72.2, 78.7) 77.3 (74.2, 80.2) 73.2 (67.7, 78.1) 77.3 (74.3, 80.0) 74.8 (71.0, 78.2) 82.7 (79.3, 85.6)

On television 76.1 (73.1, 78.8) 74.7 (71.2, 78.0) 76.7 (73.6, 79.6) 72.2 (66.5, 77.3) 76.7 (73.6, 79.5) 74.1 (70.3, 77.6) 81.9 (78.5, 84.9)

On the radio 20.6 (18.2, 23.2) 21.3 (18.5, 24.5) 20.2 (17.7, 23.0) 20.8 (17.2, 25.1) 20.6 (18.0, 23.3) 20.6 (17.6, 24.0) 20.6 (17.6, 23.9)

On billboards 28.7 (26.1, 31.4) 28.7 (25.4, 32.2) 28.7 (26.1, 31.5) 34.1 (29.5, 39.1) 27.9 (25.3, 30.6) 29.2 (26.0, 32.6) 27.2 (23.9, 30.8)

On public transportation
19.0 (16.8, 21.3) 18.7 (16.0, 21.7) 19.1 (16.9, 21.5) 24.2 (20.2, 28.8) 18.2 (16.1, 20.4) 18.3 (15.7, 21.3) 20.8 (17.7, 24.3)
stations

In stores 25.1 (22.5, 28.0) 26.8 (23.4, 30.4) 24.4 (21.7, 27.2) 27.1 (22.5, 32.2) 24.9 (22.3, 27.7) 23.8 (20.6, 27.4) 29.1 (25.6, 32.9)

Somewhere else 5.5 (4.5, 6.7) 5.2 (4.0, 6.9) 5.7 (4.6, 6.9) 12.2 (8.7, 16.9) 4.5 (3.7, 5.5) 5.3 (4.2, 6.9) 6.0 (4.6, 7.8)

Any Location 82.5 (79.9, 84.8) 82.1 (79.1, 84.7) 82.7 (79.9, 85.2) 80.8 (75.1, 85.3) 82.8 (80.1, 85.1) 81.2 (77.8, 84.2) 86.4 (83.3, 89.0)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occassional (less than daily) smokers.
3
Includes former and never smokers.

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Table 8.2 shows the percentage of current adult smokers aged sidered quitting because of labels the least often. Current
15 years and above who reported noticing health warnings smokers in the 25-44 age group noticed health warnings the
on cigarette packets during the past 30 days, leading them most often and were led to consider quitting the most often.
to consider quitting. Among current smokers, 97.2% noticed Urban and rural smokers reported noticing health warnings
health warnings on manufactured cigarette packets, and in the same numbers, but rural smokers considered quit-
35.9% thought about quitting because of those health warn- ting because of warnings more often (by almost 10% more).
ings. There were no significant differences between men and Among smokers with different levels of education, smokers
women. Current smokers in the youngest age group (15-24 with secondary education noticed health warnings the most
years old) noticed health warnings less often than older (by 1%), and they also considered quitting because of warn-
people (by less than 1%). They also thought about quitting ings more often. Smokers with primary education consid-
because of those labels less often than older smokers with ered quitting because of health warning the least often (by
the exception of the oldest group (65 and older), who con- more than 15%).

Table 8.2: Percentage of current smokers ≥15 years old who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages and considered
quitting because of the warning labels during the last 30 days, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian
Federation, 2016.

Demographic Current smokers2 who…

Characteristics Noticed health warnings on cigarette package3 Thought about quitting because of warning label3

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 97.2 (96.0, 98.1) 35.9 (33.3, 38.6)

Gender

Male 97.5 (96.4, 98.3) 35.7 (32.8, 38.7)

Female 96.4 (94.0, 97.8) 36.5 (32.6, 40.7)

Age (years)

15-24 96.7 (93.2, 98.5) 28.1 (22.2, 34.8)

25-44 97.4 (96.1, 98.3) 40.6 (37.1, 44.1)

45-64 97.1 (95.3, 98.3) 34.2 (30.7, 37.8)

65+ 97.2 (92.4, 99.0) 26.4 (20.7, 33.1)

Residence

Urban 97.2 (95.7, 98.3) 33.7 (30.6, 37.0)

Rural 97.2 (95.8, 98.1) 42.6 (38.6, 46.6)

Education Level

Primary 96.6 (88.8, 99.0) 19.3 (9.6, 35.2)

Secondary 97.7 (96.3, 98.6) 36.6 (33.7, 39.5)

High 96.2 (94.3, 97.4) 35.0 (31.0, 39.3)

1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.
3
During the last 30 days.

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Table 8.3 shows the percentage of adults aged 15 years in rural areas noticed any kind of cigarette marketing. Cig-
and older who noticed cigarette marketing in various plac- arette advertisements were mostly noticed on the inter-
es during the last 30 days, including advertising, sports net (7.8%), in stores where cigarettes are sold (5.3%) and
sponsorship or cigarette promotions. Overall, 22.5% re- on television (4.8%). About 1.2% of adults noticed sports
ported noticing any cigarette advertisement, sponsorship sponsorships. Among different kinds of cigarette promo-
or promotion in the past 30 days (25.3% of men and 20.2% tions, adults mostly noticed clothing/items with a brand
of women). Adults aged 15-24 noticed any kind of cigarette name/logo (4%), free gifts or special discount offers on oth-
marketing more than those 25 and older (33.7% v.s. 20.9%). er products (2.9%), free samples of cigarettes (2.7%) and
Approximately 23.7% of adults in urban areas and 19.2% cigarettes at sale prices (2.3%).

Table 8.3: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by
selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Gender Age(years) Residence

Source Overall
Male Female 15-24 ≥ 25 Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)

Noticed advertisements

In stores where cigarettes are sold 5.3 (4.3, 6.6) 5.9 (4.7, 7.5) 4.8 (3.8, 6.1) 6.8 (5.0, 9.2) 5.1 (4.1, 6.4) 5.9 (4.6, 7.6) 3.5 (2.6, 4.6)

On television 4.8 (3.7, 6.1) 4.3 (3.2, 5.6) 5.2 (4.0, 6.8) 5.8 (4.1, 8.0) 4.7 (3.6, 6.0) 4.3 (3.1, 6.0) 6.3 (4.4, 8.9)

On the radio 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) 1.0 (0.6, 1.4)

On billboards 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) 1.8 (1.0, 2.9) 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) 1.7 (1.0, 2.8)

On posters 1.9 (1.4, 2.4) 2.0 (1.4, 2.7) 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) 2.3 (1.4, 3.5) 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) 2.0 (1.3, 3.0)

In newspapers or magazines 2.9 (2.2, 3.7) 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) 3.0 (2.2, 4.0) 3.3 (2.0, 5.1) 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) 2.9 (2.1, 3.9) 2.8 (2.0, 3.9)

In cinemas 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) 2.5 (1.4, 4.6) 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.3)

On the internet 7.8 (6.6, 9.1) 9.0 (7.6, 10.7) 6.7 (5.6, 8.0) 16.3 (13.3, 19.7) 6.5 (5.5, 7.8) 7.9 (6.6, 9.6) 7.2 (5.5, 9.5)

On public transportation vehicles or stations 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) 2.8 (1.7, 4.4) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.5 (0.9, 2.5)

On public walls 2.3 (1.8, 3.0) 2.7 (1.9, 3.7) 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) 5.0 (3.4, 7.4) 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) 2.5 (1.9, 3.4) 1.7 (0.9, 3.1)

Anywhere else 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.5 (0.3, 1.0)

Noticed sports sponsorship 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 1.7 (1.0, 2.7) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 1.6 (0.7, 3.4) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1)

Noticed cigarette promotions

Free samples of cigarettes 2.7 (2.1, 3.5) 3.2 (2.4, 4.4) 2.3 (1.7, 3.1) 3.9 (2.4, 6.0) 2.6 (2.0, 3.3) 3.4 (2.6, 4.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1)

Cigarettes at sale prices 2.3 (1.8, 3.0) 2.6 (1.9, 3.4) 2.0 (1.5, 2.8) 2.9 (2.0, 4.2) 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) 1.6 (1.2, 2.2)

Coupons for cigarettes 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.5 (0.2, 1.2)
Free gifts or special discount offers on other
2.9 (2.2, 3.7) 3.0 (2.2, 4.1) 2.7 (2.1, 3.7) 4.3 (2.9, 6.4) 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) 3.5 (2.6, 4.6) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
products
Clothing/items with a brand name/logo 4.0 (3.2, 5.1) 5.3 (4.1, 6.8) 3.0 (2.2, 4.0) 6.8 (4.9, 9.4) 3.6 (2.8, 4.7) 4.2 (3.2, 5.5) 3.5 (2.1, 5.9)

Cigarette promotions in the mail 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7)
Noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or
22.5 (20.1, 25.2) 25.3 (22.5, 28.4) 20.2 (17.8, 22.8) 33.7 (29.5, 38.1) 20.9 (18.6, 23.5) 23.7 (20.6, 27.0) 19.2 (16.1, 22.7)
promotion
Note: Current smokers include daily and occassional (less than daily) smokers
1
95% Confidence Interval

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Table 8.4 presents the percentage of current smokers who vision (4.1%). About 1.8% of current smokers noticed sports
noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in vari- sponsorships. Among different kinds of cigarette promotions,
ous places. About 28.1% reported noticing any cigarette ad- current smokers mostly noticed clothing/items with a brand
vertisement, sponsorship or promotion. The most common name/logo (6.8%), free gifts or special discount offers on oth-
places they noticed cigarette marketing was on the internet er products (5.1%), free samples of cigarettes (4.8%) and ciga-
(9.3%), in stores where cigarettes are sold (6%), and on tele- rettes at sale prices (4.8%).

Table 8.4: Percentage of current smokers ≥15 years old who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various
places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Gender Age(years) Residence

Places Overall
Male Female 15-24 ≥ 25 Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)1

Noticed advertisements

In stores where cigarettes are sold 6.0 (4.7, 7.7) 5.9 (4.6, 7.6) 6.2 (4.1, 9.1) 8.2 (5.0, 13.2) 5.7 (4.4, 7.4) 6.9 (5.2, 9.1) 3.3 (2.2, 4.8)

On television 4.1 (3.0, 5.7) 3.7 (2.6, 5.2) 5.4 (3.3, 8.7) 6.8 (4.1, 11.1) 3.8 (2.6, 5.5) 4.1 (2.7, 6.1) 4.3 (2.9, 6.5)

On the radio 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) 0.3 (0.1, 1.3) 0.7 (0.2, 2.9) 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 1.0 (0.5, 1.8)

On billboards 1.9 (1.2, 2.8) 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) 2.3 (1.3, 4.3) 1.2 (0.4, 3.6) 1.9 (1.3, 3.0) 2.0 (1.2, 3.2) 1.5 (0.8, 2.8)

On posters 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) 2.1 (1.5, 3.0) 2.3 (1.3, 4.2) 2.6 (1.2, 5.7) 2.1 (1.5, 3.0) 2.1 (1.4, 3.1) 2.5 (1.6, 3.9)

In newspapers or magazines 3.0 (2.2, 4.1) 2.6 (1.8, 3.6) 4.3 (2.6, 6.9) 3.0 (1.3, 7.0) 3.0 (2.2, 4.1) 3.1 (2.1, 4.6) 2.7 (1.8, 3.9)

In cinemas 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 2.3 (1.0, 5.0) 3.1 (1.2, 7.9) 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) 1.6 (0.9, 2.7) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3)

On the internet 9.3 (7.7, 11.2) 8.5 (6.9, 10.4) 11.5 (8.8, 14.9) 20.7 (15.6, 26.8) 7.9 (6.4, 9.7) 9.9 (7.9, 12.2) 7.6 (5.5, 10.3)

On public transportation vehicles

1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) 1.7 (0.7, 3.7) 2.8 (1.3, 6.0) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) 1.9 (1.0, 3.3)
or stations

On public walls 2.7 (1.9, 3.9) 2.6 (1.7, 3.8) 3.2 (1.9, 5.4) 6.9 (4.0, 11.8) 2.2 (1.5, 3.2) 3.3 (2.2, 4.8) 1.1 (0.6, 2.0)

Anywhere else 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 0.6 (0.1, 2.6) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) 0.6 (0.2, 1.5)

Noticed sports sponsorship 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) 1.9 (1.0, 3.3) 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) 2.8 (1.0, 7.3) 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4)

Noticed cigarette promotions

Free samples of cigarettes 4.8 (3.6, 6.3) 4.1 (3.0, 5.6) 6.6 (4.5, 9.5) 8.2 (5.1, 12.9) 4.3 (3.3, 5.8) 6.0 (4.4, 8.0) 1.0 (0.5, 2.1)

Cigarettes at sale prices 4.8 (3.7, 6.2) 4.2 (3.2, 5.6) 6.3 (4.3, 9.1) 7.6 (4.8, 11.9) 4.4 (3.4, 5.8) 5.2 (3.8, 7.0) 3.5 (2.6, 4.8)

Coupons for cigarettes 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 1.6 (0.6, 4.2) 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) 1.2 (0.4, 3.5)

Free gifts or special discount offers

5.1 (3.9, 6.7) 4.4 (3.1, 6.0) 7.3 (5.1, 10.3) 9.1 (5.6, 14.3) 4.6 (3.5, 6.1) 6.1 (4.5, 8.2) 2.1 (1.2, 3.4)
on other products
Clothing/items with a brand name/
6.8 (5.3, 8.6) 6.8 (5.2, 8.8) 6.6 (4.6, 9.4) 13.5 (9.7, 18.6) 5.9 (4.4, 7.9) 7.5 (5.6, 9.9) 4.5 (2.7, 7.5)
logo

Cigarette promotions in the mail 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) 1.3 (0.5, 2.9) 1.7 (0.6, 4.5) 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7)
Noticed any advertisement,
28.1 (24.9, 31.5) 27.6 (24.4, 31.0) 29.6 (25.1, 34.4) 44.9 (38.5, 51.4) 26.0 (22.8, 29.4) 30.3 (26.3, 34.6) 21.4 (17.6, 25.7)
sponsorship, or promotion
Note: Current smokers includes daily and occasional(less than daily) smokers.
1
95% Confidence Interval

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Table 8.5 presents the percentage of non-smokers who no- cigarettes are sold (5%). Only 0.9% of non-smokers noticed
ticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various sports sponsorships. Among different kinds of cigarette pro-
places. About 20.1% reported noticing any cigarette adver- motions, non-smokers mostly noticed clothing/items with a
tisement, sponsorship or promotion. The most common brand name/logo (2.8%), free gifts or special discount offers
place non-smokers noticed cigarette marketing was on the on other products (1.9%), free samples of cigarettes (1.8%)
internet (7.1%), on television (5.1%) and in stores where and cigarettes at sale prices (1.2%).

Table 8.5: Percentage of non-smokers ≥15 years old who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various
places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Gender Age(years) Residence

Places Overall
Male Female 15-24 ≥ 25 Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)

Noticed advertisements

In stores where cigarettes are sold 5.0 (4.0, 6.3) 6.0 (4.5, 7.9) 4.6 (3.5, 5.9) 6.3 (4.4, 9.1) 4.8 (3.8, 6.2) 5.5 (4.2, 7.2) 3.6 (2.5, 5.1)

On television 5.1 (4.0, 6.5) 4.9 (3.6, 6.6) 5.2 (4.0, 6.8) 5.4 (3.7, 7.9) 5.0 (3.9, 6.5) 4.4 (3.1, 6.2) 7.1 (4.9, 10.2)

On the radio 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.8 (0.4, 2.0) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.6 (0.4, 1.2) 0.9 (0.6, 1.5)

On billboards 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) 1.9 (1.1, 3.4) 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) 1.8 (1.0, 3.2)

On posters 1.7 (1.3, 2.4) 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) 2.1 (1.2, 3.7) 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) 1.8 (1.2, 2.5) 1.7 (1.0, 3.0)

In newspapers or magazines 2.8 (2.1, 3.6) 2.8 (2.0, 4.0) 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) 3.3 (2.1, 5.3) 2.7 (2.1, 3.6) 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) 2.9 (1.9, 4.4)

In cinemas 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) 2.3 (1.2, 4.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6)

On the internet 7.1 (6.0, 8.4) 9.6 (7.8, 11.8) 5.9 (4.8, 7.1) 14.7 (11.6, 18.3) 5.9 (4.9, 7.2) 7.1 (5.7, 8.8) 7.1 (5.2, 9.5)

On public transportation vehicles

1.2 (0.8, 1.6) 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) 2.7 (1.6, 4.6) 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) 1.3 (0.7, 2.6)
or stations

On public walls 2.1 (1.6, 2.9) 2.8 (1.8, 4.2) 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) 4.3 (2.8, 6.7) 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) 1.9 (0.9, 4.0)

Anywhere else 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 1.1 (0.5, 2.8) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.5 (0.3, 1.1)

Noticed sports sponsorship 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1)

Noticed cigarette promotions

Free samples of cigarettes 1.8 (1.4, 2.5) 2.3 (1.5, 3.7) 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) 2.3 (1.3, 4.1) 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) 2.2 (1.6, 3.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0)

Cigarettes at sale prices 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3)

Coupons for cigarettes 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7)

Free gifts or special discount offers

1.9 (1.4, 2.6) 1.7 (1.0, 2.7) 2.0 (1.4, 2.7) 2.6 (1.5, 4.4) 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) 2.3 (1.7, 3.3) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3)
on other products
Clothing/items with a brand
2.8 (2.1, 3.7) 3.8 (2.6, 5.4) 2.4 (1.7, 3.3) 4.4 (2.7, 7.1) 2.6 (1.9, 3.5) 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) 3.1 (1.7, 5.5)
name/logo

Cigarette promotions in the mail 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5)

Noticed any advertisement,

20.1 (17.8, 22.7) 23.1 (20.0, 26.6) 18.6 (16.3, 21.2) 29.6 (25.0, 34.6) 18.7 (16.4, 21.2) 20.8 (17.9, 24.0) 18.2 (15.0, 22.0)
sponsorship, or promotion
Note: Current non-smokers includes former and never smokers.
1
95% Confidence Interval.

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 9. KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS
This chapter provides the findings on knowledge, attitudes that smoking causes stroke, heart attack (83.0%), lung cancer
and perceptions of tobacco use, specifically the beliefs among (93.6%), bladder cancer (48.1%) and addiction (94.1%). More
adults about illnesses from smoking tobacco, adverse health women than men believed that smoking causes all these
effects caused by secondhand smoke exposure, and the harm- diseases. Younger age groups believed that smoking causes
ful addictiveness of cigarettes. It also presents public opinion serious illness (89.0%, 90.2%, 91.8% and 91.7% in 15-24, 25-
about prohibiting indoor smoking in various places and poten- 44, 45-64 and 65+ age groups respectively). The older the age
tial tobacco control laws. group, the more people believed that smoking causes all list-
ed diseases. The youngest and oldest age groups (15-24 and
Table 9.1 shows percentages of adults who believe that smok- 65+) believed less that smoking causes addiction (91.6% and
ing causes serious illness and various diseases. Overall, 90.8% 93.6%, respectively) than people in the 25-44 and 45-64 age
of adults believed that smoking causes serious illness (87.9% groups (94.1% and 95.4%. respectively). More people believed
of men and 93.3% of women; 90.5% of adults in urban areas that smoking causes all listed diseases and addiction among
and 92.0% in rural areas). Among all adults, 81.1% believed people with more education.

Table 9.1: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by
smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Adults who believe that smoking causes…

Characteristics Serious illness Stroke Heart attack Lung cancer Bladder cancer Addiction

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 90.8 (89.7, 91.9) 81.1 (79.1, 83.0) 83.0 (81.1, 84.8) 93.6 (92.5, 94.5) 48.1 (45.4, 50.8) 94.1 (93.0, 95.1)

Gender

Male 87.9 (86.2, 89.4) 76.9 (74.3, 79.2) 78.7 (76.2, 81.0) 91.5 (89.9, 92.8) 43.1 (40.2, 46.0) 94.7 (93.4, 95.7)

Female 93.3 (92.2, 94.3) 84.7 (82.6, 86.5) 86.6 (84.7, 88.3) 95.3 (94.3, 96.2) 52.2 (49.3, 55.1) 93.7 (92.3, 94.8)

Age (years)

15-24 89.0 (85.9, 91.5) 73.6 (69.0, 77.8) 76.1 (71.8, 80.0) 92.3 (89.0, 94.6) 41.8 (37.2, 46.6) 91.6 (88.9, 93.7)

25-44 90.2 (88.7, 91.6) 80.4 (77.7, 82.8) 82.2 (79.7, 84.4) 92.9 (91.6, 94.1) 44.6 (41.4, 47.9) 94.1 (92.7, 95.3)

45-64 91.8 (90.3, 93.1) 83.3 (81.0, 85.4) 85.2 (83.0, 87.1) 94.2 (92.9, 95.3) 51.4 (48.3, 54.4) 95.4 (94.0, 96.5)

65+ 91.7 (89.7, 93.4) 84.1 (81.5, 86.4) 85.9 (83.5, 88.0) 94.7 (93.2, 95.9) 54.1 (50.6, 57.6) 93.5 (91.5, 95.0)

Residence

Urban 90.5 (89.0, 91.8) 81.1 (78.5, 83.4) 83.0 (80.6, 85.2) 93.5 (92.1, 94.7) 47.9 (44.6, 51.2) 93.8 (92.4, 95.0)

Rural 92.0 (90.3, 93.4) 81.3 (78.6, 83.7) 83.1 (80.6, 85.3) 93.8 (92.4, 95.0) 48.7 (44.9, 52.5) 95.0 (93.5, 96.1)

Education Level

Primary 86.9 (80.9, 91.2) 78.3 (72.1, 83.4) 79.6 (73.5, 84.6) 87.8 (81.7, 92.1) 48.9 (42.3, 55.6) 86.5 (80.7, 90.7)

Secondary 90.2 (88.8, 91.4) 80.1 (77.9, 82.2) 81.8 (79.7, 83.8) 93.0 (91.8, 94.0) 47.6 (44.8, 50.4) 94.0 (92.8, 95.0)

High 92.6 (91.1, 93.9) 83.3 (80.7, 85.5) 85.6 (83.1, 87.8) 95.2 (94.0, 96.2) 48.9 (45.5, 52.3) 95.1 (93.6, 96.2)
1
95% Confidence Interval

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Table 9.1 (cont.) shows percentages of adults who believe causes addiction than men. While rural smokers believed
that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases by that smoking causes serious diseases and addiction more
smoking status. than urban smokers, non-smokers in rural areas believed
that smoking causes stroke, heart attack and bladder can-
Approximately 82.7% of current smokers and 94.4% of cer less than urban non-smokers. Generally, people with
non-smokers believed that smoking causes serious illness. more education believed that smoking causes various
Among both categories, more women believed that smok- serious diseases and addiction among both smokers and
ing causes various diseases and believed less that smoking non-smokers.

Table 9.1 (cont.): Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases,
by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Adults who believe that smoking causes…

Characteristics Serious illness Stroke Heart attack Lung cancer Bladder cancer Addiction
Percentage(95% CI) 1

Current smokers2 82.7 (80.5, 84.7) 71.2 (68.1, 74.1) 72.9 (69.9, 75.7) 87.3 (85.2, 89.2) 34.7 (31.7, 37.8) 95.0 (93.6, 96.1)
Gender
Male 82.4 (79.9, 84.6) 71.0 (67.6, 74.1) 72.1 (68.8, 75.2) 87.1 (84.8, 89.2) 34.0 (31.0, 37.2) 95.3 (93.7, 96.6)
Female 83.7 (80.0, 86.7) 71.9 (67.1, 76.2) 75.2 (70.7, 79.2) 87.9 (84.9, 90.4) 36.4 (31.7, 41.5) 94.2 (91.8, 95.9)
Age (years)
15-24 80.8 (75.2, 85.4) 67.2 (60.4, 73.4) 68.2 (61.7, 74.1) 87.0 (81.1, 91.3) 29.9 (24.0, 36.4) 91.1 (86.0, 94.5)
25-44 83.8 (81.0, 86.3) 71.5 (67.8, 75.0) 73.2 (69.5, 76.6) 87.3 (84.8, 89.5) 34.9 (31.2, 38.8) 94.5 (92.8, 95.8)
45-64 82.7 (79.4, 85.6) 72.3 (68.4, 75.8) 73.9 (70.1, 77.5) 87.4 (84.6, 89.8) 35.7 (32.2, 39.4) 96.4 (94.2, 97.8)
65+ 78.8 (72.4, 84.0) 70.3 (62.1, 77.3) 72.8 (65.4, 79.1) 87.7 (82.7, 91.4) 35.3 (28.4, 42.9) 97.9 (96.0, 98.9)
Residence
Urban 82.0 (79.2, 84.4) 70.8 (66.9, 74.5) 72.5 (68.7, 75.9) 87.2 (84.5, 89.5) 33.4 (29.8, 37.2) 94.5 (92.6, 95.9)
Rural 85.0 (81.8, 87.7) 72.3 (68.1, 76.2) 74.2 (70.2, 77.8) 87.7 (84.8, 90.2) 38.5 (33.8, 43.4) 96.8 (95.2, 97.8)
Education Level
Primary 75.0 (51.8, 89.4) 60.4 (44.5, 74.4) 66.5 (50.3, 79.5) 78.3 (54.5, 91.6) 34.3 (21.1, 50.5) 95.0 (86.4, 98.2)
Secondary 82.3 (79.9, 84.4) 71.5 (68.3, 74.5) 72.6 (69.5, 75.6) 86.8 (84.6, 88.8) 35.0 (31.7, 38.5) 95.0 (93.3, 96.3)
High 84.2 (80.3, 87.4) 71.0 (65.9, 75.6) 73.8 (68.8, 78.3) 88.9 (85.3, 91.7) 33.9 (29.3, 38.8) 95.1 (92.9, 96.6)
Current non-smokers 3
94.4 (93.2, 95.4) 85.4 (83.5, 87.2) 87.4 (85.7, 89.0) 96.3 (95.4, 97.1) 53.9 (51.1, 56.7) 93.7 (92.4, 94.8)
Gender
Male 93.2 (91.2, 94.8) 82.6 (79.9, 85.1) 85.2 (82.5, 87.6) 95.7 (94.0, 96.9) 52.0 (48.4, 55.5) 94.0 (92.1, 95.5)
Female 95.0 (93.8, 95.9) 86.8 (84.8, 88.6) 88.5 (86.6, 90.2) 96.6 (95.5, 97.4) 54.9 (51.9, 57.8) 93.6 (92.1, 94.8)
Age (years)
15-24 92.0 (88.4, 94.5) 76.0 (70.6, 80.6) 79.0 (74.0, 83.3) 94.2 (90.6, 96.5) 46.2 (40.6, 51.9) 91.8 (88.6, 94.1)
25-44 94.2 (92.6, 95.5) 85.8 (83.2, 88.1) 87.6 (85.2, 89.8) 96.4 (95.0, 97.4) 50.5 (46.9, 54.2) 93.9 (91.9, 95.4)
45-64 95.9 (94.6, 96.9) 88.3 (86.1, 90.2) 90.3 (88.2, 91.9) 97.3 (96.3, 98.0) 58.4 (55.1, 61.7) 95.0 (93.2, 96.3)
65+ 93.9 (91.8, 95.5) 86.4 (83.6, 88.8) 88.1 (85.7, 90.1) 95.9 (94.2, 97.1) 57.3 (53.6, 60.9) 92.7 (90.6, 94.4)
Residence
Urban 94.2 (92.7, 95.4) 85.6 (83.1, 87.7) 87.6 (85.4, 89.6) 96.3 (95.0, 97.2) 54.2 (50.7, 57.7) 93.6 (91.8, 95.0)
Rural 95.0 (93.3, 96.3) 85.1 (82.4, 87.4) 86.9 (84.4, 89.0) 96.4 (95.2, 97.3) 53.1 (49.1, 57.0) 94.2 (92.3, 95.6)
Education Level
Primary 88.6 (82.6, 92.7) 80.8 (74.2, 86.0) 81.5 (74.8, 86.7) 89.2 (82.9, 93.3) 51.0 (44.0, 57.9) 85.3 (78.9, 90.0)
Secondary 94.2 (92.8, 95.3) 84.6 (82.3, 86.6) 86.5 (84.5, 88.4) 96.2 (95.1, 97.0) 54.1 (51.0, 57.1) 93.5 (92.0, 94.7)
High 95.6 (94.2, 96.6) 87.5 (85.2, 89.4) 89.7 (87.5, 91.5) 97.4 (96.4, 98.2) 54.1 (50.6, 57.6) 95.1 (93.3, 96.3)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.
3
Includes former and never smokers.

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Table 9.2 shows the percentage of adults (81.8%) who believe rural areas—both overall and among smokers—believed breath-
that breathing other people’s smoke causes serious illness in ing others’ smoke causes serious illness in non-smokers more
non-smokers. This perception increased as age and education than people in urban areas. However, more urban non-smokers
level increased, regardless of smoking status. Contrarily, this believed breathing others’ smoke causes serious illness than rural
perception slightly decreased in the oldest age group. People in non-smokers.

Table 9.2: Percentage of adults ≥ 15 years old who believe that breathing other people’s smoke causes serious illness in non-
smokers, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Believe that breathing other people’s smoke causes

Demographic serious illness in non-smokers
Characteristics
Overall Current smokers2 Non-smokers3

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 81.8 (80.1, 83.5) 66.4 (63.2, 69.4) 88.5 (87.1, 89.8)

Gender

Male 75.2 (72.7, 77.5) 64.6 (61.2, 67.8) 85.5 (83.2, 87.6)

Female 87.3 (85.7, 88.8) 71.5 (67.0, 75.7) 90.0 (88.6, 91.3)

Age (years)

15-24 79.3 (75.6, 82.5) 64.6 (57.5, 71.0) 84.7 (80.7, 87.9)

25-44 80.6 (78.3, 82.8) 68.0 (64.1, 71.6) 88.4 (86.4, 90.1)

45-64 83.5 (81.5, 85.3) 67.2 (62.9, 71.2) 90.8 (89.2, 92.2)

65+ 83.1 (80.4, 85.6) 55.9 (48.2, 63.3) 87.6 (84.9, 89.9)

Residence

Urban 81.3 (79.1, 83.4) 64.7 (60.6, 68.5) 88.6 (86.8, 90.2)

Rural 83.4 (81.0, 85.5) 71.7 (67.5, 75.6) 88.4 (86.3, 90.1)

Education Level

Primary 77.4 (71.2, 82.6) 58.3 (41.7, 73.1) 80.1 (73.7, 85.3)

Secondary 81.1 (79.1, 82.9) 67.2 (63.8, 70.3) 88.2 (86.5, 89.7)

High 83.7 (81.2, 86.0) 65.0 (59.2, 70.3) 90.2 (88.3, 91.8)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occasional(less than daily) smokers.
3
Includes former and never smokers.

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Table 9.3 shows the percentage of adults who believe that en). Belief grew with age and education with the exception
using smokeless tobacco causes serious illness. Overall, of the oldest age group (65 and older), who believed that
63.4% of all adults believed that using smokeless tobacco using smokeless tobacco causes serious illness slightly less
causes serious illness (59.5% of men and 66.6% of women), than younger groups. People in urban areas believed that
and 63.5% of non-smokers believed using smokeless tobac- using smokeless tobacco causes serious illness less than
co causes serious illness (59.7% of men and 66.7% of wom- people in rural areas.

Table 9.3: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who believe that using smokeless tobacco causes serious illness, by selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Believe that using smokeless tobacco causes serious illness

Characteristics Overall Non-users

Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 63.4 (60.5, 66.2) 63.5 (60.7, 66.3)

Gender

Male 59.5 (56.3, 62.6) 59.7 (56.5, 62.8)

Female 66.6 (63.6, 69.6) 66.7 (63.6, 69.6)

Age (years)

15-24 61.1 (56.3, 65.6) 61.6 (56.7, 66.2)

25-44 62.6 (59.2, 66.0) 62.8 (59.3, 66.1)

45-64 64.9 (61.8, 68.0) 65.0 (61.9, 68.0)

65+ 63.8 (59.9, 67.6) 63.9 (60.0, 67.6)

Residence

Urban 61.7 (58.0, 65.2) 61.9 (58.2, 65.4)

Rural 68.6 (65.3, 71.7) 68.6 (65.3, 71.7)

Education Level

Primary 59.7 (52.5, 66.6) 60.3 (53.2, 67.0)

Secondary 62.8 (59.7, 65.7) 62.9 (59.9, 65.9)

High 65.1 (61.5, 68.6) 65.1 (61.5, 68.6)

1
95% Confidence Interval.

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Table 9.4 shows the percentage of adults 15 and older who age in all groups by smoking status. Approximately 13.4%
think that some types of cigarettes could be less harmful of adults in urban areas and 11.9% in rural areas believed
than other types. Overall, 13.0% of all adults (16.4% of that some types of cigarettes could be less harmful than
men and 10.2% of women) believed that some types of other types. Education did not show a significant influence
cigarettes could be less harmful than other types (25.0% on this belief: 12.0% of adults with primary education,
of current smokers and 7.8% of non-smokers). Compared 13.6% of adults with secondary education and 12.0% of
to current male smokers, more current female believed adults with higher education believed that some types of
that some types are less harmful than other types. How- cigarettes could be less harmful than other types. Among
ever, fewer female non-smokers had the same belief than smokers and non-smokers, this belief became less popular
male non-smokers. This perception grew less popular with with more education.

Table 9.4: Percentage of adults ≥ 15 years old who think that some types of cigarettes could be less harmful than other types
by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Some type of cigarettes are less harmful than others

Characteristics Overall Current smokers2 Non-smokers3

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 13.0 (11.8, 14.4) 25.0 (22.3, 28.0) 7.8 (6.8, 8.8)

Gender

Male 16.4 (14.6, 18.4) 24.0 (21.1, 27.1) 9.0 (7.6, 10.8)

Female 10.2 (9.0, 11.5) 28.1 (23.7, 32.9) 7.2 (6.2, 8.3)

Age (years)

15-24 17.6 (14.6, 21.0) 30.8 (24.3, 38.2) 12.8 (10.0, 16.2)

25-44 13.9 (12.3, 15.7) 23.9 (20.7, 27.3) 7.9 (6.6, 9.4)

45-64 12.0 (10.5, 13.7) 24.6 (21.0, 28.6) 6.3 (5.2, 7.7)

65+ 9.5 (7.8, 11.5) 26.0 (19.2, 34.1) 6.7 (5.3, 8.5)

Residence

Urban 13.4 (11.8, 15.1) 26.2 (22.8, 30.0) 7.7 (6.6, 9.1)

Rural 11.9 (10.4, 13.7) 21.3 (18.0, 25.1) 8.0 (6.7, 9.4)

Education Level

Primary 12.0 (8.0, 17.7) 28.3 (12.9, 51.2) 9.7 (6.1, 15.2)

Secondary 13.6 (12.2, 15.2) 25.0 (22.2, 28.2) 7.8 (6.6, 9.1)

High 12.0 (10.4, 13.7) 24.8 (20.7, 29.4) 7.6 (6.3, 9.0)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occasional(less than daily) smokers.
3
Includes former and never smokers.

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Table 9.5 shows the percentage of adults aged 15 years and but less among current tobacco users. There were no signif-
older who favor increasing taxes on tobacco products. Overall, icant differences in opinion between different areas. People
54.5% of all adults (45.2% of men and 62.3% of women; 23.4% with secondary education (51.2%) favored increasing taxes on
of current tobacco users and 68.2% of non-users) favored in- tobacco products less than people with primary (56.3%) and
creasing taxes on tobacco products. Overall, the oldest age higher (60.5%) education. Among non-smokers, people with
group favored increasing taxes on tobacco products the most, more education favored tobacco tax increase.

Table 9.5: Percentage of adults ≥ 15 years old who favor increasing taxes on tobacco products by status of tobacco use and
selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Favor increasing taxes on tobacco products

Characteristics
Overall Current tobacco users Non-Users

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 54.5 (52.2, 56.9) 23.4 (20.8, 26.1) 68.2 (65.4, 70.9)

Gender

Male 45.2 (42.6, 47.8) 22.5 (19.9, 25.3) 67.7 (64.1, 71.0)

Female 62.3 (59.6, 65.0) 25.9 (22.1, 30.1) 68.5 (65.6, 71.3)

Age (years)

15-24 53.4 (49.0, 57.8) 23.0 (17.9, 29.2) 64.8 (59.6, 69.7)

25-44 53.6 (50.7, 56.4) 26.0 (22.7, 29.5) 70.6 (67.2, 73.8)

45-64 53.0 (50.1, 55.9) 20.9 (17.6, 24.5) 67.6 (64.2, 70.8)

65+ 60.7 (57.3, 64.0) 18.8 (13.6, 25.6) 67.7 (64.0, 71.2)

Residence

Urban 54.8 (51.8, 57.7) 22.9 (19.8, 26.4) 68.9 (65.4, 72.2)

Rural 53.8 (50.6, 57.1) 24.7 (21.2, 28.5) 66.4 (62.4, 70.1)

Education Level

Primary 56.3 (49.2, 63.1) 27.8 (14.9, 45.8) 60.3 (52.8, 67.4)

Secondary 51.2 (48.8, 53.7) 21.2 (18.7, 23.9) 66.8 (63.8, 69.6)

High 60.5 (57.2, 63.7) 28.4 (23.8, 33.6) 71.6 (67.7, 75.1)
1
95% Confidence Interval.

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Table 9.6 shows the percentage of adults aged 15 years and of non-users) favored a law prohibiting all advertisements for
older who favor a law prohibiting all advertisements for to- tobacco products. Women were more in favor than men. Gen-
bacco products. Overall, 86.8% of all adults (83.2% of men and erally, this law was more favored among older people, those
89.7% of women; 77.7% of current tobacco users and 90.7% with more education, and those who live in urban areas.

Table 9.6: Percentage of adults ≥ 15 years old who favor a law prohibiting all advertisements for tobacco products by
smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Demographic Favor a law prohibiting all advertisements for tobacco products

Characteristics
Overall Current tobacco users Non-Users

Percentage(95% CI) 1

Overall 86.8 (85.0, 88.4) 77.7 (74.8, 80.4) 90.7 (88.9, 92.2)

Gender

Male 83.2 (80.9, 85.2) 76.7 (73.6, 79.5) 89.6 (87.1, 91.7)

Female 89.7 (88.0, 91.3) 80.7 (76.7, 84.2) 91.3 (89.4, 92.8)

Age (years)

15-24 84.1 (80.5, 87.1) 70.6 (63.6, 76.8) 89.1 (85.3, 92.0)

25-44 86.8 (84.7, 88.7) 79.6 (76.0, 82.7) 91.2 (89.1, 93.0)

45-64 86.6 (84.2, 88.6) 76.3 (72.0, 80.1) 91.2 (89.0, 93.0)

65+ 89.0 (86.6, 91.1) 82.7 (77.3, 87.0) 90.1 (87.3, 92.3)

Residence

Urban 87.3 (85.1, 89.3) 78.4 (74.7, 81.6) 91.3 (89.0, 93.2)

Rural 85.0 (82.4, 87.3) 75.7 (71.4, 79.6) 89.0 (86.4, 91.1)

Education Level

Primary 79.9 (74.0, 84.8) 61.2 (44.6, 75.6) 82.6 (76.3, 87.4)

Secondary 85.2 (83.1, 87.1) 76.3 (73.2, 79.2) 89.7 (87.6, 91.6)

High 90.4 (88.4, 92.0) 81.8 (77.2, 85.6) 93.3 (91.4, 94.8)
1
95% Confidence Interval.

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66
Table 9.7 shows the percentage of adults aged 15 years and old- 78% in bars, 97.4% on public transportation vehicles, 98.9% in
er who support the law that prohibits smoking in various pub- schools, and 97.1% in universities. People supported these kinds
lic places. Overall, 91.8% of all adults supported prohibition of of smoking prohibitions more with age and education but less
smoking at work places, 96.7% in hospitals, 84.3% in restaurants, in urban areas than in rural.

Table 9.7: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who support the law that prohibits smoking in various public places, by
smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Support the law that prohibits smoking in…

Demographic Public
Characteristics Work places Hospitals Restaurants Bars transportation Schools Universities
vehicles

Percentage(95% CI)1

Overall 91.8 (90.7, 92.9) 96.7 (95.8, 97.4) 84.3 (82.4, 86.0) 78.0 (75.7, 80.1) 97.4 (96.7, 98.0) 98.9 (98.5, 99.1) 97.1 (96.2, 97.8)

Gender

Male 87.2 (85.4, 88.9) 95.1 (93.7, 96.1) 79.1 (76.5, 81.5) 70.9 (68.0, 73.6) 96.2 (95.1, 97.0) 98.5 (97.9, 98.9) 95.9 (94.5, 96.9)

Female 95.6 (94.6, 96.5) 98.1 (97.4, 98.6) 88.5 (86.6, 90.2) 83.9 (81.6, 85.9) 98.5 (97.8, 98.9) 99.2 (98.7, 99.4) 98.1 (97.2, 98.6)

Age (years)

15-24 90.2 (87.4, 92.5) 97.3 (95.8, 98.3) 83.7 (80.0, 86.8) 74.6 (70.5, 78.2) 96.6 (94.7, 97.8) 98.6 (96.8, 99.3) 95.3 (93.4, 96.7)

25-44 91.8 (90.4, 92.9) 96.8 (95.8, 97.6) 83.8 (81.5, 85.9) 76.6 (73.8, 79.2) 97.7 (96.9, 98.3) 99.0 (98.5, 99.3) 97.1 (96.0, 97.9)

45-64 91.9 (90.2, 93.4) 96.5 (95.2, 97.5) 84.5 (82.4, 86.5) 79.3 (76.7, 81.6) 97.3 (96.3, 98.0) 98.8 (98.3, 99.2) 97.5 (96.3, 98.3)

65+ 93.1 (91.3, 94.5) 96.3 (94.8, 97.4) 85.1 (82.4, 87.4) 81.2 (78.3, 83.8) 97.8 (96.7, 98.5) 98.9 (98.2, 99.4) 97.6 (96.5, 98.4)

Residence

Urban 91.8 (90.3, 93.1) 96.7 (95.6, 97.5) 83.9 (81.6, 86.1) 77.4 (74.5, 80.1) 97.5 (96.6, 98.2) 98.8 (98.3, 99.2) 96.8 (95.7, 97.7)

Rural 91.9 (90.3, 93.2) 96.7 (95.6, 97.5) 85.2 (82.7, 87.4) 79.8 (76.8, 82.4) 97.1 (96.2, 97.9) 99.0 (98.4, 99.3) 97.8 (96.9, 98.4)

Education Level

Primary 84.8 (77.8, 89.8) 93.1 (87.4, 96.3) 80.1 (74.1, 85.0) 77.8 (71.6, 83.0) 96.1 (92.4, 98.1) 97.2 (93.7, 98.8) 93.8 (88.6, 96.7)

Secondary 90.8 (89.5, 92.0) 96.1 (95.1, 96.8) 83.4 (81.3, 85.3) 77.9 (75.5, 80.1) 97.0 (96.2, 97.6) 98.8 (98.3, 99.1) 97.1 (96.1, 97.8)

High 94.4 (93.0, 95.6) 98.1 (97.2, 98.7) 86.3 (83.9, 88.3) 78.4 (75.4, 81.1) 98.4 (97.6, 98.9) 99.2 (98.7, 99.5) 97.5 (96.3, 98.2)
1
95% Confidence Interval.

Table 9.7 (Cont.) shows the percentage of adults aged 15 on public transportation vehicles, 98.1% of current smokers
years and older who support the law that prohibits smoking and 99.2% of non-smokers in schools, and 93.6% of current
in various public places by smoking status. Approximately smokers and 98.6% of non-smokers in universities. People
81.4% of current smokers and 96.4% of non-smokers sup- supported these kinds of smoking prohibitions more with
ported prohibition of smoking at work places, 93% of cur- age (with some exceptions in the eldest age group) and ed-
rent smokers and 98.3% of non-smokers in hospitals, 69.3% ucation. In general, smokers in urban areas were less sup-
of current smokers and 90.7% of non-smokers in restaurants, portive of smoking prohibitions than smokers in rural areas,
58.7% of current smokers and 86.4% of non-smokers in but non-smokers in urban areas were more supportive than
bars, 94.6% of current smokers and 98.6% of non-smokers non-smokers in rural areas.

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Table 9.7 (Cont.): Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who support the law that prohibits smoking in various public places,
by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation, 2016.

Support the law that prohibits smoking in…

Demographic Public
Characteristics Work places Hospitals Restaurants Bars transportation Schools Universities
vehicles

Percentage(95% CI)1

Current smokers2 81.4 (78.8, 83.8) 93.0 (91.1, 94.5) 69.3 (65.8, 72.7) 58.7 (54.9, 62.4) 94.6 (93.0, 95.9) 98.1 (97.4, 98.7) 93.6 (91.3, 95.4)

Gender
Male 79.5 (76.6, 82.2) 92.4 (90.3, 94.0) 69.0 (65.2, 72.5) 58.5 (54.6, 62.2) 94.2 (92.4, 95.6) 98.0 (97.0, 98.6) 93.5 (91.1, 95.3)
Female 86.8 (83.2, 89.8) 94.8 (92.0, 96.6) 70.4 (64.9, 75.4) 59.6 (53.8, 65.1) 95.8 (93.2, 97.5) 98.6 (97.4, 99.3) 94.0 (90.1, 96.4)
Age (years)
15-24 79.6 (73.0, 84.9) 94.9 (91.3, 97.1) 70.3 (62.6, 77.1) 52.8 (45.3, 60.3) 91.9 (86.4, 95.3) 97.3 (94.3, 98.7) 86.9 (81.3, 91.0)
25-44 82.5 (79.5, 85.2) 93.9 (91.7, 95.6) 70.4 (66.4, 74.1) 59.7 (55.5, 63.8) 95.7 (93.9, 97.0) 98.2 (97.1, 98.9) 94.2 (91.6, 96.1)
45-64 80.1 (75.8, 83.8) 92.1 (88.6, 94.5) 67.3 (62.6, 71.8) 58.3 (53.4, 63.1) 94.1 (91.6, 95.9) 98.4 (97.1, 99.1) 94.7 (91.1, 96.9)
65+ 83.4 (76.5, 88.6) 88.4 (82.8, 92.3) 70.3 (62.4, 77.1) 63.0 (54.5, 70.7) 94.6 (91.1, 96.8) 98.2 (95.4, 99.3) 95.3 (90.7, 97.7)
Residence
Urban 80.6 (77.3, 83.6) 92.7 (90.3, 94.6) 67.5 (63.0, 71.7) 56.4 (51.7, 61.0) 94.5 (92.4, 96.1) 98.0 (97.1, 98.6) 92.7 (89.6, 94.9)
Rural 83.9 (80.6, 86.8) 93.8 (91.2, 95.7) 75.0 (70.8, 78.8) 65.9 (61.1, 70.5) 95.0 (92.9, 96.6) 98.7 (97.5, 99.3) 96.6 (94.7, 97.9)
Education Level
Primary 70.9 (49.1, 86.1) 85.2 (66.5, 94.4) 68.5 (52.1, 81.2) 64.8 (44.9, 80.7) 85.3 (66.6, 94.4) 87.5 (67.1, 96.0) 86.8 (67.2, 95.5)
Secondary 80.5 (77.9, 82.9) 91.9 (89.9, 93.6) 70.0 (66.5, 73.4) 61.9 (58.1, 65.6) 93.9 (92.0, 95.3) 98.3 (97.5, 98.9) 94.2 (91.8, 95.9)
High 84.1 (79.4, 87.9) 95.8 (93.4, 97.3) 67.8 (61.7, 73.3) 51.0 (45.4, 56.5) 96.8 (94.8, 98.1) 98.3 (96.8, 99.1) 92.8 (88.8, 95.4)

Current non-
96.4 (95.6, 97.0) 98.3 (97.7, 98.8) 90.7 (89.2, 92.1) 86.4 (84.4, 88.1) 98.6 (98.2, 99.0) 99.2 (98.8, 99.4) 98.6 (98.1, 98.9)
smokers3

Gender
Male 94.8 (93.3, 96.0) 97.7 (96.4, 98.5) 89.1 (86.8, 91.0) 83.1 (80.3, 85.5) 98.1 (97.1, 98.7) 99.0 (98.4, 99.4) 98.2 (97.3, 98.8)
Female 97.1 (96.4, 97.7) 98.6 (98.1, 99.0) 91.6 (89.9, 93.0) 88.0 (86.0, 89.7) 98.9 (98.4, 99.3) 99.3 (98.8, 99.5) 98.7 (98.2, 99.1)
Age (years)
15-24 94.1 (91.5, 96.0) 98.1 (96.2, 99.1) 88.6 (84.8, 91.5) 82.5 (78.6, 85.8) 98.3 (96.6, 99.1) 99.0 (97.0, 99.7) 98.3 (96.5, 99.2)
25-44 97.4 (96.5, 98.1) 98.6 (97.8, 99.1) 92.0 (90.0, 93.6) 86.9 (84.2, 89.2) 98.9 (98.2, 99.3) 99.4 (98.9, 99.7) 98.8 (98.2, 99.3)
45-64 97.3 (96.3, 98.0) 98.5 (97.7, 99.1) 92.3 (90.6, 93.7) 88.7 (86.5, 90.6) 98.7 (98.0, 99.2) 99.1 (98.4, 99.5) 98.7 (98.0, 99.2)
65+ 94.6 (92.9, 96.0) 97.6 (96.0, 98.6) 87.6 (84.8, 89.9) 84.1 (81.3, 86.6) 98.3 (97.3, 99.0) 99.0 (98.2, 99.5) 98.0 (96.8, 98.7)
Residence
Urban 96.7 (95.8, 97.5) 98.4 (97.6, 99.0) 91.1 (89.2, 92.8) 86.6 (84.1, 88.8) 98.8 (98.3, 99.2) 99.2 (98.7, 99.5) 98.7 (98.1, 99.1)
Rural 95.3 (94.0, 96.4) 97.9 (97.1, 98.5) 89.5 (87.2, 91.5) 85.6 (82.9, 88.0) 98.0 (97.2, 98.6) 99.1 (98.6, 99.4) 98.3 (97.6, 98.8)
Education Level
Primary 86.7 (79.4, 91.7) 94.2 (87.9, 97.3) 81.8 (75.3, 86.8) 79.6 (73.2, 84.8) 97.7 (94.5, 99.0) 98.6 (96.6, 99.4) 94.8 (89.4, 97.5)
Secondary 96.1 (95.0, 96.9) 98.2 (97.4, 98.7) 90.2 (88.5, 91.8) 86.0 (83.8, 87.9) 98.5 (98.0, 98.9) 99.0 (98.4, 99.4) 98.6 (98.0, 99.0)
High 98.0 (97.2, 98.6) 98.9 (98.1, 99.4) 92.6 (90.8, 94.1) 87.8 (85.2, 90.0) 98.9 (98.2, 99.3) 99.5 (98.8, 99.8) 99.1 (98.5, 99.4)
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes daily and occassional (less than daily) smokers.
3
Includes former and never smokers.

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 10. COMPARISON
For comparisons, the same 60 regions from the GATS 2009 sam- 2016 was as follows: 17.8% v.s. 12.5% in the 15-24 age group,
ple were mapped with the GATS 2016 sample. Specifically, a 34.5% v.s. 37.5% in the 25-44 age group, 31.8% v.s. 32.9% in the
total of 10,688 interviews from GATS 2016 data were included 45-64 age group, and 15.9% v.s. 17.1% in the 65+ age group.
in the analysis to produce comparison estimates. Therefore, the
estimates used in this reduced sample might be different from Almost three-quarters (74.5%) of all adults lived in urban ar-
the full sample of GATS 2016. The weighted count of adults aged eas, and 25.5% lived in rural areas in 2009; 74.9% lived in ur-
15 years and older was 112,236 in 2009 and 111,250 in 2016. Ap- ban areas and 25.1% lived in rural areas in 2016. About 4% of
proximately 45.3% of all adults were male and 54.7% were fe- adults had primary education in 2009 v.s. 3% in 2016; 58.3%
male in 2009, and 45.2% were male and 54.8% were female in v.s. 62.4% had secondary education; and 37.7% v.s. 34.6% had
2016. The percentage of adults in each age group in 2009 v.s. higher education.

Table 10.0: Percentage distribution of adults ≥15 years old by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian
Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2 2016 3,4

Demographic
Characteristic Unweighted Percentage Percentage
Weighted count Unweighted Count Weighted count
Count (95% CI)1 (95% CI)1

Overall 11,406 112,236 10,688 111,250

Gender

Male 6,217 50,848 45.3 (44.7, 45.9) 4,462 50,306 45.2 (44.0, 46.5)

Female 5,189 61,388 54.7 (54.1, 55.3) 6,226 60,944 54.8 (53.5, 56.0)

Age (years)

15-24 1,613 19,970 17.8 (16.8, 18.8) 884 13,940 12.5 (11.4, 13.7)

25-44 3,996 38,710 34.5 (33.2, 35.8) 3,661 41,769 37.5 (36.1, 39.0)

45-64 4,195 35,670 31.8 (30.5, 33.1) 3,908 36,546 32.9 (31.4, 34.3)

65+ 1,602 17,887 15.9 (14.7, 17.3) 2,235 18,995 17.1 (16.0, 18.2)

Residence

Urban 5,989 83,651 74.5 (72.9, 76.1) 5,689 83,303 74.9 (74.2, 75.6)

Rural 5,417 28,585 25.5 (23.9, 27.1) 4,999 27,947 25.1 (24.4, 25.8)

Education Level2

Primary 501 4,530 4.0 (3.5, 4.7) 443 3,350 3.0 (2.6, 3.5)

Secondary 7,441 65,400 58.3 (56.2, 60.3) 7,071 69,304 62.4 (60.3, 64.5)

High 3,460 42,254 37.7 (35.5, 39.9) 3,157 38,394 34.6 (32.4, 36.8)

Note: For 2009 the following observations were missing: 0 for age, 0 for gender, 0 for residence, and 4 for education.
Note: For 2016 the following observations were missing: 0 for age, 0 for gender, 0 for residence, and 17 for education.
1
95% Confidence Interval
2
2009 Education Levels: Primary includes “No formal education” and “Primary school”; Secondary includes “Some high school,” “High school,” and “Vocational school/trade school”;
High includes “Some college,” “College,” and “Advanced degree”.
3
2016 Education Level: Primary = No formal schooling or Preschool education or Elementary general education; Secondary = Basic general education or Secondary education or
Secondary vocational education; High = Higher education - Bachelor or Higher education - Specialist, Magister or Higher education - highly qualified persons
4
The same regions from GATS 2009 sample were mapped with GATS 2016 sample and were included in the analysis to produce comparison estimates between 2009 and 2016.

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Since 2009, the percentage of current smokers decreased by 21.6%, the percentage of daily smokers decreased by 22%, and the
percentage of occasional smokers decreased by 18.6%. There were 16.0% fewer current smokers among men and 34.2% less
among women.

Table 10.1: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and
2016.

Smoking Status 2009 2016 Relative change

Overall Percentage (95% CI) 1
Percentage
Current tobacco smoker 39.1 (37.8, 40.5) 30.7 (29.3, 32.2) -21.6*
Daily smoker 33.8 (32.5, 35.1) 26.4 (25.1, 27.6) -22.0*
Occasional smoker 5.3 (4.8, 6.0) 4.3 (3.8, 5.0) -18.6*
Occasional smoker, formerly daily 2.2 (1.8, 2.6) 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) -8.4
Occasional smoker, never daily 3.2 (2.7, 3.7) 2.3 (1.9, 2.9) -25.8*
Non-smoker 60.9 (59.5, 62.2) 69.3 (67.8, 70.7) 13.9*
Former daily smoker 8.1 (7.4, 8.8) 9.3 (8.5, 10.1) 15.1*
Never daily smoker 52.8 (51.3, 54.3) 60.0 (58.4, 61.6) 13.7*
Former occasional smoker 5.8 (5.1, 6.4) 6.1 (5.4, 6.9) 6.5
Never smoker 47.0 (45.4, 48.6) 53.9 (52.1, 55.6) 14.6*
Male
Current tobacco smoker 60.2 (58.4, 62.0) 50.6 (48.5, 52.7) -16.0*
Daily smoker 55.0 (53.1, 56.8) 44.9 (42.9, 46.9) -18.3*
Occasional smoker 5.2 (4.5, 6.1) 5.7 (4.8, 6.8) 8.9
Occasional smoker, formerly daily 2.5 (2.0, 3.1) 3.0 (2.4, 3.7) 20.1
Occasional smoker, never daily 2.8 (2.3, 3.3) 2.7 (2.1, 3.6) -1.2
Non-smoker 39.8 (38.0, 41.6) 49.4 (47.3, 51.5) 24.2*
Former daily smoker 13.3 (12.2, 14.5) 14.7 (13.3, 16.1) 10.3
Never daily smoker 26.5 (24.9, 28.1) 34.7 (32.6, 37.0) 31.1*
Former occasional smoker 4.8 (4.1, 5.6) 6.2 (5.3, 7.2) 28.4*
Never smoker 21.7 (20.2, 23.2) 28.5 (26.4, 30.8) 31.8*
Female
Current tobacco smoker 21.7 (19.6, 23.8) 14.3 (12.9, 15.7) -34.2*
Daily smoker 16.3 (14.5, 18.2) 11.0 (9.9, 12.2) -32.1*
Occasional smoker 5.4 (4.6, 6.3) 3.2 (2.6, 3.9) -40.7*
Occasional smoker, formerly daily 1.9 (1.5, 2.6) 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) -38.4*
Occasional smoker, never daily 3.5 (2.8, 4.2) 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) -41.9*
Non-smoker 78.3 (76.2, 80.4) 85.7 (84.3, 87.1) 9.5*
Former daily smoker 3.8 (3.0, 4.6) 4.9 (4.1, 5.8) 29.5*
Never daily smoker 74.6 (72.2, 76.8) 80.9 (79.1, 82.6) 8.5*
Former occasional smoker 6.5 (5.6, 7.6) 6.1 (5.2, 7.1) -6.8
Never smoker 68.1 (65.4, 70.5) 74.8 (72.8, 76.8) 9.9*
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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Overall, the percentage of smokers who used any smoked to- The percentage of smokers of any smoked tobacco product
bacco product decreased by 21.6%, users of any cigarette de- decreased in the 15-24 age group by 35.2%, by 22.8% in the
creased by 21.9%, users of calean with tobacco decreased by 25-44 age group, by 16.3% in the 45-64 age group, and by
23.8%, and users of other smoked tobacco decreased by 31.8%. 4.7% in the 65+ age group. The percentage of smokers de-
The percentage among men v.s. women were as follows: 15.9% creased more prominently in urban areas (by 23.4%) than in
v.s. 34.2% who used smoked tobacco products, 16.4% v.s. 34.3% rural areas (15.7%). There are less smokers belonging to pri-
who used any cigarette, 6.7% v.s. 43.5% who used calean with mary and higher education categories than secondary edu-
tobacco, and 26.8% v.s. 51.5% who used other smoked tobacco. cation (16.6%).

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Table 10.2: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and
selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2016 Relative change

Demographic Any
Characteristics Any smoked Other Other Calean Other
Calean with Any smoked Calean with smoked Any
tobacco Any cigarette2 smoked Any cigarette2 smoked with smoked
tobacco tobacco product tobacco tobacco cigarette2
product tobacco3 tobacco3 tobacco tobacco3
product

Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage

Overall 39.1 (37.8, 40.5) 38.8 (37.4, 40.2) 3.8 (3.1, 4.6) 2.2 (1.8, 2.8) 30.7 (29.3, 32.2) 30.3 (28.9, 31.7) 2.9 (2.2, 3.6) 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) -21.6* -21.9* -23.8* -31.8*

Gender

Male 60.2 (58.4, 62.0) 59.8 (58.0, 61.5) 4.4 (3.6, 5.5) 3.9 (3.2, 4.9) 50.6 (48.5, 52.7) 50.0 (47.9, 52.1) 4.1 (3.2, 5.3) 2.9 (2.2, 3.7) -15.9* -16.4* -6.7 -26.8*

Female 21.7 (19.6, 23.8) 21.4 (19.4, 23.6) 3.2 (2.4, 4.3) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 14.2 (12.9, 15.7) 14.1 (12.7, 15.5) 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) -34.2* -34.3* -43.5* -51.5*

Age (years)

15-24 42.7 (39.4, 46.1) 42.4 (39.1, 45.8) 9.7 (7.6, 12.3) 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) 27.7 (24.1, 31.5) 26.8 (23.4, 30.5) 8.6 (6.6, 11.2) 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) -35.2* -36.8* -11.1 -70.9*

25-44 49.6 (47.2, 52.0) 49.1 (46.7, 51.5) 4.5 (3.6, 5.6) 3.4 (2.6, 4.5) 38.3 (36.3, 40.3) 37.8 (35.8, 39.8) 4.0 (3.1, 5.2) 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) -22.8* -23.0* -10.1 -44.0*

45-64 38.0 (36.0, 40.1) 37.7 (35.6, 39.8) 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) 31.8 (29.8, 33.9) 31.6 (29.6, 33.7) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) -16.3* -16.0* -41.6 0.8

65+ 14.8 (12.8, 17.2) 14.8 (12.7, 17.1) 0.3 (0.0, 1.9) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) 14.1 (12.2, 16.3) 13.9 (12.0, 16.0) 0.0 (N/A) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) -4.7 -6.1 - 171.2

Residence

Urban 40.2 (38.6, 42.0) 39.8 (38.1, 41.5) 4.6 (3.7, 5.7) 2.6 (2.1, 3.4) 30.8 (29.0, 32.7) 30.4 (28.6, 32.2) 3.3 (2.5, 4.4) 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) -23.4* -23.8* -27.1* -35.7*

Rural 35.9 (34.1, 37.8) 35.8 (34.0, 37.7) 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) 30.3 (28.4, 32.2) 30.1 (28.3, 32.1) 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) -15.7* -15.9* 7.1 -4.3

Education Level

Primary 18.0 (14.5, 22.0) 18.0 (14.5, 22.0) 0.2 (0.0, 1.7) 0.7 (0.2, 2.3) 12.3 (8.5, 17.6) 12.3 (8.5, 17.6) 1.0 (0.1, 6.7) 0.5 (0.1, 1.8) -31.5* -31.5* 319 -37.8

Secondary 41.3 (39.8, 42.8) 41.0 (39.5, 42.5) 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) 34.4 (32.7, 36.1) 34.2 (32.6, 35.9) 2.4 (1.9, 3.2) 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) -16.6* -16.5* 20.4 -12.9

High 38.1 (35.3, 40.9) 37.6 (34.8, 40.4) 6.8 (5.4, 8.5) 3.8 (2.9, 5.0) 25.7 (23.7, 27.9) 24.9 (22.9, 27.0) 3.8 (2.8, 5.2) 2.3 (1.5, 3.6) -32.4* -33.7* -44.1* -39.7*

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Includes manufactured cigarettes, hand rolled cigarettes and papirosy.
3
Includes any other reported smoking tobacco products.
* p<0.05

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The percentage of current smokers who used manufactured groups. The percentage of papirosy smokers increased in all
cigarettes decreased by 22.1%, and increased 1.4% for those age groups except the 65+ group.
who used hand-rolled cigarettes and 11.8% for those who
used papirosy. The percentage of smokers of manufactured The percentage of smokers who used manufactured ciga-
cigarettes decreased two times more among women than rettes decreased both in urban and rural areas. The percent-
among men (34.2% v.s. 16.8%). The percentage of hand-rolled age of smokers who used hand-rolled cigarettes and papirosy
cigarette smokers decreased by 18.0% among women and increased in rural areas and decreased in urban areas.
increased by 7.3% among men. The percentage of papirosy The percentage of smokers who used manufactured cigarettes
smokers of decreased both among men (by 3.4%) and among decreased in all education levels. The percentage of smokers
women (by 97.0%). who used hand-rolled cigarettes increased in groups with pri-
The percentage of smokers who used manufactured ciga- mary and secondary education but decreased among people
rettes decreased in all age groups. The percentage of smokers with higher education. The percentage of papirosy smokers
who used hand-rolled cigarettes increased in the 15-24 and increased among people with secondary education and de-
45-64 age groups and decreased in the 25-44 and 65+ age creased among people with primary and higher education.

Table 10.2a: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender
and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2016 Relative change

Demographic
Type of Cigarette
Characteristics
Hand-
Manufactured Hand-rolled Papirosy Manufactured Hand-rolled Papirosy Manufactured Papirosy
rolled
Percentage (95% CI) 1
Percentage (95% CI) 1
Percentage (95% CI)1

Overall 38.5 (37.2, 39.9) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 30.0 (28.6, 31.4) 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) -22.1* 1.4 11.8

Gender

Male 59.3 (57.6, 61.0) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) 49.3 (47.3, 51.4) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) -16.8* 7.3 3.4

Female 21.4 (19.3, 23.5) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 0.1 (0.1, 0.3) 14.1 (12.7, 15.5) 0.3 (0.1, 0.4) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) -34.2* -18.0 97.0

Age (years)

15-24 42.4 (39.1, 45.8) 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 26.8 (23.4, 30.5) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) -36.8* 36.1 24.8

25-44 49.1 (46.6, 51.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 37.6 (35.7, 39.7) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) -23.3* -33.2 52.6

45-64 37.4 (35.3, 39.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 31.4 (29.3, 33.5) 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) -16.1* 31.0 19.0

65+ 13.8 (11.8, 16.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) 13.0 (11.1, 15.0) 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) -6.1 -3.3 -30.5

Residence

Urban 39.6 (37.9, 41.3) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) 30.1 (28.4, 31.9) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) -23.9* -19.8 5.0

Rural 35.5 (33.7, 37.4) 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) 29.7 (27.8, 31.6) 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) -16.5* 53.1 29.1

Education Level

Primary 16.6 (13.3, 20.5) 1.3 (0.5, 3.4) 1.7 (0.8, 3.6) 11.9 (8.0, 17.2) 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) -28.5* 34.3 -24.2

Secondary 40.7 (39.2, 42.2) 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) 33.8 (32.2, 35.5) 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) -16.9* 40.5 24.8

High 37.5 (34.7, 40.4) 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 24.8 (22.9, 26.9) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) -33.8* -57.4* -15.2
Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
1
95% Confidence Interval.
* p<0.05

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73
The average percentage of cigarettes daily smokers used per centage of cigarettes daily smokers used per day decreased
day decreased overall by 3.4%. It decreased by 6.7% among in all age groups, in both urban and rural areas and among
men but increased by 6.7% among women. The average per- people with all levels of education.

Table 10.3: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day for daily cigarette smokers, by selected demographic characteristics
– GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Average number of cigarettes smoked per day2

Demographic Characteristic
2009 2016 Relative change

Mean (95% CI) 1

Percentage

Overall 16.8 (16.3, 17.3) 16.3 (15.6, 16.9) -3.4

Gender

Male 18.3 (17.8, 18.9) 17.1 (16.5, 17.8) -6.7*

Female 12.6 (11.8, 13.5) 13.5 (12.0, 14.9) 6.7

Age (years)

15-24 14.5 (13.7, 15.4) 13.3 (12.0, 14.5) -8.7*

25-44 16.8 (16.1, 17.5) 16.1 (15.2, 16.9) -4.5

45-64 18.1 (17.4, 18.8) 17.3 (16.2, 18.3) -4.5

65+ 17.3 (15.4, 19.2) 16.8 (15.0, 18.7) -2.9

Residence

Urban 16.4 (15.8, 17.1) 16.1 (15.3, 16.9) -1.9

Rural 18.2 (17.5, 18.8) 16.7 (16.0, 17.5) -7.8*

Education Level

Primary 17.0 (13.8, 20.1) 15.9 (12.2, 19.6) -6.5

Secondary 17.4 (16.8, 17.9) 16.7 (15.9, 17.5) -3.8

High 15.9 (14.9, 16.9) 15.0 (14.1, 16.0) -5.4

1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Cigarettes include manufactured, hand-rolled or papirosy.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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The average age at initiation among adults aged 15-34 years creased by 0.9% and decreased by 0.1% among those 25-44.
old who ever smoked daily increased overall by 1.3% (1.5% The average age at initiation among ever daily smokers 15-
among men and 1% among women). The average age at ini- 34 years old and among people with secondary and higher
tiation among adults aged 15-24 who ever smoked daily in- education.

Table 10.4: Average age at initiation among ever daily smokers 15-34 years old, by selected demographic characteristics –
GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Average Age at Smoking Initiation (years)

Demographics Characteristic
2009 2016 Relative change

Mean (95% CI)1 Percentage

Overall 16.6 (16.4, 16.8) 16.8 (16.6, 17.0) 1.3

Gender

Male 16.4 (16.2, 16.6) 16.7 (16.4, 16.9) 1.5

Female 17.0 (16.7, 17.3) 17.1 (16.8, 17.5) 1.0

Age (years)

15-24 15.8 (15.6, 16.1) 16.0 (15.7, 16.3) 0.9

25-44 17.1 (16.9, 17.4) 17.1 (16.8, 17.4) -0.1

45-64 - - -

65+ - - -

Residence

Urban 16.6 (16.4, 16.9) 16.8 (16.5, 17.0) 0.9

Rural 16.5 (16.2, 16.8) 16.9 (16.5, 17.4) 2.8*

Education Level

Primary - - -

Secondary 16.1 (15.9, 16.4) 16.5 (16.3, 16.8) 2.4*

High 17.2 (16.9, 17.5) 17.4 (17.0, 17.8) 1.1

1
95% Confidence Interval.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
- Indicates estimates based on less than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
* p<0.05

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The percentage of former daily smokers increased by 15.1% ers among ever daily smokers increased in the 15-24, 25-44
overall among all adults (10.3% among men and 29.5% and 45-64 age groups and decreased in the 65+ age group.
among women), and by 34.7% among ever daily smokers The percentage of former daily smokers among all adults
(24.8% among men and 66.3% among women). The per- and among ever daily smokers increased both in urban and
centage of former daily smokers among all adults increased rural areas. It also increased among people with secondary
in the 25-44 and 45-64 age groups and decreased in the 15- and higher education but decreased among people with
24 and 65+ age groups. The percentage former daily smok- primary education.

Table 10.5: Percentage of all adults and ever daily smokers ≥15 years old who are former daily smokers, by selected
demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2016 Relative change

Demographic Former Daily Former Daily Former Daily

Former Daily Former Daily Former Daily
Characteristics Smokers2 (Among Smokers2 (Among Smokers2 (Among
Smokers2 Smokers2 Smokers2
Ever Daily Ever Daily Ever Daily
(Among All Adults) (Among All Adults) (Among All Adults)
Smokers)3 Smokers)3 Smokers)3

Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage

Overall 8.1 (7.4, 8.8) 18.3 (16.9, 19.9) 9.3 (8.5, 10.1) 24.7 (22.9, 26.6) 15.1* 34.7*

Gender

Male 13.3 (12.2, 14.5) 18.8 (17.2, 20.5) 14.7 (13.3, 16.1) 23.4 (21.5, 25.5) 10.3 24.8*

Female 3.8 (3.0, 4.6) 17.1 (14.2, 20.5) 4.9 (4.1, 5.8) 28.4 (24.8, 32.3) 29.5* 66.3*

Age (years)

15-24 3.7 (2.6, 5.2) 9.3 (6.7, 12.8) 2.8 (1.9, 4.1) 10.9 (7.4, 15.8) -25.9 17.4

25-44 7.1 (6.1, 8.2) 13.3 (11.5, 15.3) 10.3 (9.0, 11.8) 22.7 (20.1, 25.4) 45.4* 70.2*

45-64 9.2 (8.2, 10.5) 20.7 (18.4, 23.1) 9.7 (8.4, 11.2) 24.3 (21.5, 27.4) 5.2 17.7*

65+ 12.7 (10.7, 15.0) 46.9 (40.5, 53.3) 11.0 (9.4, 12.8) 44.3 (38.8, 49.9) -13.6 -5.6

Residence

Urban 8.4 (7.5, 9.3) 18.4 (16.7, 20.3) 9.7 (8.7, 10.8) 25.5 (23.3, 27.9) 15.8* 38.3*

Rural 7.2 (6.4, 8.1) 17.9 (16.1, 20.0) 8.1 (7.2, 9.2) 22.1 (19.7, 24.8) 12.4 23.2*

Education Level

Primary 8.6 (6.4, 11.4) 34.3 (26.6, 43.0) 5.3 (3.2, 8.6) 31.2 (19.1, 46.5) -38.0* -9.1

Secondary 7.3 (6.6, 8.1) 16.1 (14.6, 17.7) 8.6 (7.8, 9.5) 21.0 (19.2, 23.0) 17.6* 30.8*

High 9.2 (7.9, 10.6) 21.0 (18.3, 24.0) 10.8 (9.4, 12.4) 32.3 (29.0, 35.9) 18.0 53.9*
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Current Non-smokers.
3
Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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The percentage of current tobacco users decreased overall smokeless-only tobacco users increased among men and
and among those who used both smoked and smokeless decreased among women. The percentage of current users
tobacco (by 19.2%). The percentage of users remained the of both smoked and smokeless tobacco increased among
same for current smoked-only tobacco use and increased women by 84.3% and decreased by 33.8% among men. The
for current smokeless-only tobacco use (by 10.4%). The per- percentage of current tobacco users decreased in all age
centage of current tobacco users decreased by 16% among groups, in both urban and rural areas and among all levels
men and 34% among women. The percentage of current of education.

Table 10.6: Percentage distribution of current tobacco users ≥15 years old, by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic
characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2016 Relative change

Type of Current Tobacco Use Type of Current Tobacco Use Type of Current Tobacco Use
Demographic
Characteristics Current
Current Tobacco Current Tobacco Both
Both Both Tobacco
Users2 Smokeless Users2 Smokeless Smoked Smokeless smoked
Smoked only smoked and Smoked only smoked and Users2
only only only only and
smokeless smokeless
smokeless

Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage

Overall 39.4 (38.0, 40.8) 98.5 (97.8, 99.0) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) 30.9 (29.4, 32.4) 98.5 (97.7, 99.0) 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) -21.5* 0 10.4 -19.2

Gender

Male 60.7 (58.9, 62.4) 98.3 (97.3, 98.9) 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) 0.7 (0.3, 1.4) 50.9 (48.8, 53.1) 98.3 (97.3, 99.0) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) -16.0* 0.1 15.8 -33.8

Female 21.7 (19.7, 23.9) 99.1 (98.0, 99.6) 0.7 (0.3, 1.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) 14.3 (13.0, 15.8) 99.0 (97.4, 99.6) 0.6 (0.1, 2.5) 0.4 (0.1, 1.3) -34.0* 0 -20.8 84.3

Age (years)

15-24 43.2 (39.8, 46.6) 97.1 (94.7, 98.4) 1.9 (1.0, 3.4) 1.0 (0.3, 4.0) 28.1 (24.5, 32.0) 95.9 (91.5, 98.1) 2.6 (1.0, 6.8) 1.5 (0.5, 4.8) -35.1* -1.3 42.2 42.8

25-44 49.8 (47.3, 52.2) 98.7 (97.7, 99.3) 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) 38.4 (36.4, 40.5) 98.4 (97.4, 99.0) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.4 (0.1, 1.0) -22.7* -0.3 27.6 9.7

45-64 38.2 (36.2, 40.3) 99.2 (98.2, 99.7) 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) 31.9 (29.9, 34.0) 99.3 (98.1, 99.7) 0.5 (0.2, 1.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) -16.4* 0 72.8 -56.1*

65+ 15.0 (12.9, 17.3) 97.9 (94.4, 99.2) 1.3 (0.3, 5.2) 0.8 (0.2, 2.7) 14.3 (12.3, 16.5) 99.7 (98.6, 99.9) 0.0 (N/A) 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) -4.6 1.8 - -56.9

Residence

Urban 40.5 (38.8, 42.3) 98.3 (97.4, 98.9) 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 31.0 (29.2, 32.9) 98.4 (97.4, 99.1) 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) -23.4* 0.1 4.1 -24.8

Rural 36.1 (34.2, 37.9) 99.1 (98.3, 99.6) 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) 0.3 (0.1, 1.3) 30.5 (28.6, 32.4) 98.8 (97.5, 99.4) 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) -15.5* -0.4 52.5 19.7

Education Level

Primary 18.1 (14.6, 22.2) 99.6 (97.3, 99.9) 0.0 (N/A) 0.4 (0.1, 2.7) 12.4 (8.5, 17.7) 92.0 (62.3, 98.8) 8.0 (1.2, 37.7) 0.0 (N/A) -31.5* -7.7 - -

Secondary 41.4 (39.9, 42.9) 99.1 (98.3, 99.5) 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 34.7 (33.0, 36.4) 98.7 (97.9, 99.2) 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) -16.2* -0.3 -0.6 154.6

High 38.5 (35.7, 41.4) 97.5 (96.3, 98.4) 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) 25.8 (23.7, 28.0) 98.3 (96.4, 99.2) 1.6 (0.7, 3.6) 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) -33.0* 0.8 13.2 -92.6*

1
95% Confidence Interval
2
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers or smokeless users.
N/A- The estimate is "0.0"
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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The percentage of smokers who attempted to quit increased by the past 12 months and those who are interested or planning to
8.1%. The percentage of those who were asked by an HCP about quit smoking decreased by 5.5% and 6.8% respectively. Use of
smoking and were advised to quit increased by 37.1% and 51.1% counseling/advice as a smoking cessation method decreased by
respectively. The percentage of those who successfully quit in 52.3% and use of pharmacotherapy increased by 29.9%.

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Table 10.7: Smoking Cessation Status of adults 15 years and older by gender – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Demographic Characteristic 2009 2016 Relative change

Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage
Overall
Former daily smokers among ever daily smoker 18.3 (16.9, 19.9) 24.7 (22.9, 26.6) 34.7*
Made quit attempt in past 12 months2 32.1 (30.2, 34.0) 34.7 (32.3, 37.1) 8.1
Those who successfully quit in past 12 months3 3.6 (2.9, 4.4) 3.4 (2.7, 4.3) -5.5
Interested or planning to quit smoking 60.3 (57.9, 62.7) 56.2 (53.5, 59.0) -6.8*
Asked by HCP, if smoker 45.4 (42.4, 48.4) 62.2 (57.9, 66.3) 37.1*
Advised to quit smoking by HCP 31.7 (28.9, 34.6) 47.9 (43.4, 52.5) 51.1*
Use of cessation method
Counseling / Advice 5.7 (4.4, 7.3) 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) -52.3*
Pharmacotherapy4 20.1 (17.3, 23.3) 26.1 (22.3, 30.3) 29.9*
Male
Former daily smokers among ever daily smoker 18.8 (17.2, 20.5) 23.4 (21.5, 25.5) 24.8*
Made quit attempt in past 12 months2 29.4 (27.5, 31.4) 33.2 (30.6, 35.9) 12.9*
Those who successfully quit in past 12 months3 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) 3.2 (2.3, 4.2) 11.6
Interested or planning to quit smoking 55.8 (53.4, 58.2) 54.6 (51.5, 57.6) -2.2
Asked by HCP, if smoker 47.7 (44.4, 50.9) 65.0 (60.3, 69.6) 36.4*
Advised to quit smoking by HCP 34.1 (31.0, 37.4) 52.0 (46.9, 57.1) 52.4*
Use of cessation method
Counseling / Advice 7.1 (5.3, 9.4) 3.4 (2.1, 5.4) -52.3*
Pharmacotherapy4 19.1 (16.2, 22.4) 27.6 (23.1, 32.5) 44.1*
Female
Former daily smokers among ever daily smoker 17.1 (14.2, 20.5) 28.4 (24.8, 32.3) 66.3*
Made quit attempt in past 12 months2 38.1 (33.7, 42.7) 39.0 (34.6, 43.7) 2.5
Those who successfully quit in past 12 months3 5.3 (3.8, 7.3) 4.0 (2.8, 5.7) -23.3
Interested or planning to quit smoking 70.7 (66.3, 74.8) 61.1 (56.4, 65.6) -13.6*
Asked by HCP, if smoker 41.3 (35.7, 47.1) 55.6 (49.4, 61.6) 34.8*
Advised to quit smoking by HCP 27.4 (23.0, 32.3) 38.5 (33.0, 44.3) 40.4*
Use of cessation method
Counseling / Advice 3.3 (1.8, 6.0) 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) -67.2*
Pharmacotherapy4 21.8 (16.4, 28.4) 22.5 (17.7, 28.2) 3.3
Urban
Former daily smokers among ever daily smoker 18.4 (16.7, 20.3) 25.5 (23.3, 27.9) 38.3*
Made quit attempt in past 12 months2 31.9 (29.6, 34.4) 33.5 (30.6, 36.5) 4.8
Those who successfully quit in past 12 months3 3.6 (2.8, 4.6) 3.4 (2.6, 4.6) -4.4
Interested or planning to quit smoking 61.1 (58.1, 64.1) 56.0 (52.6, 59.4) -8.4*
Asked by HCP, if smoker 45.7 (42.2, 49.3) 62.6 (57.3, 67.6) 36.8*
Advised to quit smoking by HCP 31.6 (28.2, 35.1) 48.1 (42.5, 53.6) 52.2*
Use of cessation method
Counseling / Advice 5.7 (4.2, 7.8) 1.8 (0.9, 3.6) -69.2*
Pharmacotherapy4 20.3 (16.8, 24.3) 24.9 (20.3, 30.1) 22.7
Rural
Former daily smokers among ever daily smoker 17.9 (16.1, 20.0) 22.1 (19.7, 24.8) 23.2*
Made quit attempt in past 12 months2 32.5 (29.9, 35.2) 38.3 (34.7, 42.0) 18.0*
Those who successfully quit in past 12 months3 3.5 (2.7, 4.5) 3.2 (2.3, 4.5) -8.8
Interested or planning to quit smoking 57.7 (54.7, 60.6) 57.0 (52.9, 61.1) -1.1
Asked by HCP, if smoker 44.0 (39.6, 48.5) 61.0 (54.6, 66.9) 38.6*
Advised to quit smoking by HCP 32.2 (28.3, 36.5) 47.5 (40.9, 54.2) 47.3*
Use of cessation method
Counseling / Advice 5.5 (3.9, 7.8) 5.2 (2.8, 9.6) -5.4
Pharmacotherapy4 19.4 (16.0, 23.5) 29.3 (22.9, 36.5) 50.5*
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.
3
Among all past year smokers (current and those that quit<12 months ago).
4
In 2009 pharmacotherapy include nicotine replacement therapy and other presecription medicine; and in 2016 pharmacotherapy include nicotine replacement therapy, other
prescription medication (eg. Varenicline), and other over the counter medicine (eg. Tabex).
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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The percentage of adults who were exposed to secondhand decreased significantly in all groups by gender, age, residence
smoke at home and various public places in the past 30 days and education.

Table 10.8: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who were exposed to secondhand smoke at home and various public places
in the past 30 days by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Adults Exposed to Tobacco Smoke in…

Demographic Characteristic
2009 2016 Relative change
Percentage (95% CI )1 Percentage
Overall
Home 34.7 (32.9, 36.5) 23.1 (21.2, 25.1) -33.4*
Workplace2 34.9 (32.4, 37.4) 21.9 (19.5, 24.5) -37.3*
Government buildings2 17.0 (15.3, 18.8) 3.6 (2.7, 4.7) -79.0*
Healthcare facilities2 10.2 (8.5, 12.1) 3.4 (2.7, 4.4) -66.2*
Restaurants 2
78.6 (75.0, 81.8) 19.9 (16.2, 24.2) -74.7*
Public transportation2 24.9 (22.5, 27.4) 10.8 (9.0, 12.8) -56.7*
Male
Home 36.7 (34.5, 38.9) 25.9 (23.6, 28.2) -29.5*
Workplace2 45.7 (42.5, 48.9) 28.3 (25.1, 31.8) -38.0*
Government buildings 2
21.2 (18.9, 23.8) 4.2 (3.0, 5.8) -80.2*
Healthcare facilities2 12.1 (9.8, 14.8) 3.8 (2.8, 5.2) -68.1*
Restaurants 2
78.3 (74.0, 82.1) 21.8 (17.2, 27.3) -72.2*
Public transportation2 24.5 (21.9, 27.2) 10.8 (8.8, 13.2) -55.7*
Female
Home 33.0 (30.7, 35.3) 20.8 (18.9, 22.8) -37.0*
Workplace2 25.7 (22.9, 28.8) 15.8 (13.5, 18.5) -38.6*
Government buildings 2
13.8 (12.0, 15.8) 3.1 (2.1, 4.5) -77.5*
Healthcare facilities2 9.1 (7.4, 11.2) 3.2 (2.4, 4.2) -64.8*
Restaurants 2
78.8 (74.0, 82.9) 18.1 (14.0, 23.1) -77.0*
Public transportation2 25.1 (22.5, 28.0) 10.7 (8.8, 13.0) -57.3*
Urban
Home 35.9 (33.7, 38.1) 24.5 (22.1, 27.0) -31.8*
Workplace2 35.9 (32.9, 39.0) 22.2 (19.2, 25.4) -38.3*
Government buildings 2
18.3 (16.3, 20.6) 3.7 (2.6, 5.2) -79.8*
Healthcare facilities2 10.5 (8.5, 13.0) 3.2 (2.3, 4.4) -69.8*
Restaurants 2
79.8 (75.9, 83.2) 21.2 (17.1, 26.0) -73.4*
Public transportation2 24.8 (21.9, 27.9) 11.2 (9.1, 13.6) -54.8*
Rural
Home 31.1 (28.4, 33.9) 19.0 (16.8, 21.4) -38.9*
Workplace2 31.0 (27.9, 34.3) 20.8 (18.0, 24.0) -32.9*
Government buildings 2
12.9 (11.0, 15.1) 3.3 (2.2, 4.9) -74.4*
Healthcare facilities2 8.9 (7.0, 11.3) 4.2 (3.2, 5.6) -52.5*
Restaurants2 69.3 (62.4, 75.4) 10.0 (6.2, 15.8) -85.6*
Public transportation2 25.2 (22.0, 28.6) 8.9 (7.0, 11.4) -64.6*
1
95% Confidence Interval.
2
Among those that visited the place in the past 30 days.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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Overall, the median cigarette expenditure per month increased arette expenditure per month and the median cost of 20 man-
by Rub 198, and the median cost of 20 manufactured cigarettes ufactured cigarettes grew with age but decreased with educa-
increased by Rub 224.7. Men increased their expenditure more tion. Manufactured cigarette smokers in rural areas increased
than women did. The relative difference in both the median cig- their expenditure more than smokers in urban areas.

Table 10.9: Cigarette expenditures among manufactured cigarette smokers ≥ 15 years, by selected demographic
characteristics - GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009** 2016 Relative change

Cigarette Average cost of Average cost of Average cost of

Cigarette expenditure Cigarette
Demographic expenditure per 20 manufactured 20 manufactured 20 manufactured
per month expenditure per
Characteristics month Median cigarettes cigarettes cigarettes
Median (95% CI) month (median)
(95% CI) Median (95% CI) Median (95% CI) (median)

Russian Rubles Percentage

Overall 560.8 (535.7, 588.3) 24.5 (23.2, 26.7) 1,671.0 (1,541.4, 1,824.7) 79.7 (79.5, 80.0) 198.0* 224.7*

Gender

Male 604.4 (582.8, 641.7) 21.9 (21.4, 24.7) 1,817.6 (1,731.8, 1,951.8) 79.6 (79.4, 80.0) 200.7* 263.3*

Female 422.9 (395.4, 514.4) 35.4 (30.2, 38.9) 1,209.7 (1,108.2, 1,379.2) 81.8 (80.8, 85.7) 186.0* 131.4*

Age (years)

15-24 603.3 (545.2, 646.3) 37.4 (33.6, 39.6) 1,460.8 (1,192.8, 1,620.8) 97.3 (89.3, 99.4) 142.1* 159.9*

25-44 609.2 (592.8, 626.1) 27.3 (26.1, 31.3) 1,810.0 (1,620.4, 1,899.4) 84.5 (80.6, 91.0) 197.1* 209.4*

45-64 501.1 (483.8, 533.6) 19.2 (18.7, 20.9) 1,705.9 (1,524.3, 1,866.5) 74.5 (72.1, 76.4) 240.4* 287.4*

65+ 310.2 (259.4, 424.7) 15.1 (13.5, 16.8) 1,349.3 (1,202.2, 1,663.8) 69.4 (67.0, 74.3) 335.0* 359.1*

Residence

Urban 583.0 (552.1, 632.6) 27.2 (25.6, 29.9) 1,672.1 (1,550.0, 1,841.9) 79.9 (79.6, 85.3) 186.8* 193.6*

Rural 498.3 (469.9, 536.8) 19.8 (18.7, 21.0) 1,591.9 (1,521.3, 1,821.8) 74.2 (72.1, 75.0) 219.5* 275.2*

Education Level

Primary 274.0 (176.7, 332.6) 14.5 (10.7, 16.6) 1,535.5 (1,218.9, 1,806.0) 73.7 (71.4, 79.0) 460.4* 408.6*

Secondary 521.1 (507.1, 555.0) 20.3 (20.1, 20.6) 1,658.0 (1,543.3, 1,820.4) 79.4 (76.4, 80.0) 218.2* 290.1*

High 677.3 (615.3, 773.7) 39.2 (36.4, 41.6) 1,647.3 (1,489.2, 1,845.3) 94.2 (90.6, 101.2) 143.2* 140.2*
**In adjusted constant prices.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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81
Table 10.10: Percentage distribution of adults ≥15 who purchase single sticks, by selected demographic characteristics –
GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Demographic Characteristic 2009 2016 Relative change

Percentage (95% CI )1 Percentage

Overall 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 4.9 (3.7, 6.4) 465.8*

Gender

Male 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) 5.0 (3.6, 6.9) 488.5*

Female 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) 4.6 (3.0, 7.0) 410.0*

Age (years)

15-24 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) 4.8 (2.6, 8.6) 323,4

25-44 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) 5.5 (4.0, 7.5) 447.4*

45-64 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 4.4 (3.0, 6.4) 799.7*

65+ 1.0 (0.3, 2.9) 3.9 (2.0, 7.6) 286,0

Residence

Urban 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) 5.0 (3.6, 7.0) 495.7*

Rural 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 4.6 (3.2, 6.7) 382.2*

Education Level

Primary 5.8 (1.8, 17.3) 11.8 (3.9, 30.5) 101,5

Secondary 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 5.0 (3.7, 6.7) 492.1*

High 0.7 (0.3, 1.4) 4.4 (2.8, 6.9) 546.9*

1
95% Confidence Interval.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

The percentage of adults who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days increased in all places except
the ‘somewhere else’ option and among all groups by gender, age, residence and education, sometimes by more than 100%.

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Table 10.11: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in
various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Demographic Characteristic 2009 2016 Relative change

Percentage (95% CI) 1
Percentage
Overall
In newspapers or magazines 33.7 (31.8, 35.7) 37.8 (35.0, 40.7) 12.1*
On television or the radio 42.3 (40.2, 44.6) 75.2 (72.1, 78.0) 77.6*
On television 38.6 (36.5, 40.8) 74.4 (71.3, 77.3) 92.9*
On the radio 10.8 (9.6, 12.2) 19.8 (17.5, 22.4) 83.5*
On billboards 24.8 (22.4, 27.2) 28.6 (26.1, 31.3) 15.7*
On public transportation stations 7.6 (5.8, 9.9) 19.1 (17.1, 21.3) 150.6*
In stores 20.0 (18.3, 21.8) 25.4 (22.7, 28.2) 27.0*
Somewhere else 9.9 (8.9, 11.1) 5.6 (4.7, 6.7) -43.3*
Any location 68.1 (65.6, 70.5) 81.3 (78.6, 83.8) 19.5*
Male
In newspapers or magazines 31.1 (29.1, 33.2) 35.9 (32.8, 39.1) 15.3*
On television or the radio 41.2 (38.8, 43.7) 73.7 (70.3, 76.9) 78.8*
On television 37.2 (34.9, 39.6) 72.9 (69.4, 76.2) 96.0*
On the radio 10.9 (9.6, 12.2) 20.1 (17.6, 22.9) 85.5*
On billboards 25.2 (22.7, 28.0) 27.7 (24.8, 30.8) 9.7
On public transportation stations 7.2 (5.5, 9.4) 18.6 (16.4, 21.1) 158.2*
In stores 22.0 (19.9, 24.3) 26.4 (23.4, 29.6) 19.7*
Somewhere else 10.2 (8.9, 11.7) 5.4 (4.4, 6.7) -46.9*
Any location 66.8 (64.2, 69.4) 80.3 (77.3, 83.0) 20.2*
Female
In newspapers or magazines 35.9 (33.6, 38.3) 39.4 (36.5, 42.4) 9.8*
On television or the radio 43.3 (40.7, 45.9) 76.4 (73.2, 79.3) 76.5*
On television 39.7 (37.2, 42.3) 75.7 (72.5, 78.6) 90.5*
On the radio 10.8 (9.2, 12.6) 19.6 (17.1, 22.3) 81.9*
On billboards 24.4 (21.9, 27.0) 29.4 (26.8, 32.2) 20.8*
On public transportation stations 8.0 (5.9, 10.6) 19.5 (17.3, 21.9) 144.8*
In stores 18.3 (16.4, 20.3) 24.6 (21.9, 27.5) 34.3*
Somewhere else 9.7 (8.5, 11.0) 5.8 (4.7, 7.0) -40.3*
Any location 69.1 (66.4, 71.7) 82.2 (79.3, 84.7) 18.9*

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15-24
In newspapers or magazines 32.4 (29.0, 36.0) 35.0 (30.5, 39.8) 8.0
On television or the radio 42.2 (38.7, 45.7) 72.2 (67.0, 76.9) 71.2*
On television 39.9 (36.4, 43.5) 71.0 (65.6, 75.8) 78.0*
On the radio 9.1 (7.4, 11.3) 19.2 (16.0, 22.8) 109.7*
On billboards 31.8 (28.5, 35.4) 34.1 (30.1, 38.4) 7.2
On public transportation stations 11.1 (8.1, 15.0) 25.1 (21.4, 29.3) 125.7*
In stores 26.9 (23.8, 30.2) 28.2 (24.0, 32.8) 4.9
Somewhere else 14.2 (11.9, 16.8) 12.1 (9.1, 15.9) -14.8
Any location 72.7 (69.0, 76.1) 80.6 (75.3, 85.0) 10.9*
25+
In newspapers or magazines 34.0 (32.0, 36.1) 38.2 (35.4, 41.1) 12.4*
On television or the radio 42.4 (40.1, 44.7) 75.6 (72.5, 78.5) 78.4*
On television 38.3 (36.2, 40.5) 74.9 (71.7, 77.9) 95.6*
On the radio 11.2 (9.8, 12.7) 19.9 (17.5, 22.6) 78.5*
On billboards 23.2 (20.8, 25.8) 27.9 (25.3, 30.6) 19.9*
On public transportation stations 6.9 (5.2, 9.0) 18.2 (16.2, 20.4) 165.8*
In stores 18.5 (16.8, 20.3) 25.0 (22.3, 27.8) 35.1*
Somewhere else 9.0 (8.0, 10.1) 4.7 (3.9, 5.7) -47.8*
Any location 67.1 (64.5, 69.5) 81.4 (78.7, 83.9) 21.4*
Urban
In newspapers or magazines 33.8 (31.4, 36.3) 37.4 (33.9, 41.1) 10,6
On television or the radio 43.4 (40.7, 46.1) 73.3 (69.4, 77.0) 69.0*
On television 39.3 (36.6, 42.0) 72.6 (68.6, 76.3) 84.9*
On the radio 11.6 (10.1, 13.4) 19.7 (16.8, 22.9) 69.3*
On billboards 27.7 (24.7, 30.9) 29.1 (25.9, 32.6) 5,2
On public transportation stations 9.6 (7.3, 12.6) 18.6 (16.2, 21.4) 93.6*
In stores 21.5 (19.4, 23.9) 24.1 (20.8, 27.8) 12
Somewhere else 10.5 (9.2, 12.0) 5.6 (4.4, 7.1) -46.6*
Any location 70.4 (67.2, 73.3) 80.2 (76.6, 83.3) 13.9*
Rural
In newspapers or magazines 33.5 (30.8, 36.2) 39.0 (35.6, 42.5) 16.5*
On television or the radio 39.3 (36.1, 42.5) 80.7 (77.2, 83.8) 105.5*
On television 36.7 (33.6, 39.8) 79.9 (76.3, 83.2) 118.1*
On the radio 8.4 (7.0, 10.1) 20.3 (17.3, 23.6) 141.2*
On billboards 16.2 (14.3, 18.4) 27.2 (24.0, 30.8) 67.7*
On public transportation stations 1.8 (1.2, 2.5) 20.4 (17.5, 23.7) 1062*
In stores 15.4 (13.4, 17.7) 29.1 (25.7, 32.7) 89.1*
Somewhere else 8.1 (6.9, 9.6) 5.6 (4.3, 7.3) -30.9*
Any location 61.4 (58.2, 64.5) 84.8 (81.6, 87.6) 38.2*
1
95% Confidence Interval.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05
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The percentage of current smokers who noticed health quitting because of the warning label on cigarette packages
warnings on cigarette packages during the last 30 days during the last 30 days increased among adults aged 25-
increased in all groups by gender, age, residence and edu- 44 and 45-64, and decreased among adults aged 15-24 and
cation, overall by 3.4%. The percentage of current smokers 65+. The percentage of current smokers who considered
who considered quitting because of the warning label on quitting because of the warning label on cigarette packages
cigarette packages during the last 30 days increased overall during the last 30 days decreased among adults with prima-
by 13.7% and also increased in all groups by gender and res- ry education and increased among adults with secondary
idence. The percentage of current smokers who considered and higher education.

Table 10.12: Percentage of current smokers ≥15 years old who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages and
considered quitting because of the warning label on cigarette packages during the last 30 days, by selected demographics
- GAT Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Current smokers1 who…

2009 2016 Relative change

Demographic
Characteristic Noticed health Noticed health Noticed health
Thought about Thought about Thought about
warnings warnings warnings
quitting because quitting because quitting because
on cigarette on cigarette on cigarette
of warning label2 of warning label2 of warning label2
package2 package2 package2
Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage

Overall 94.2 (92.7, 95.4) 31.7 (28.9, 34.6) 97.3 (96.1, 98.2) 36.0 (33.4, 38.8) 3.4* 13.7*

Gender

Male 94.1 (92.6, 95.4) 31.6 (28.8, 34.5) 97.6 (96.4, 98.4) 35.7 (32.7, 38.9) 3.6* 13.1*

Female 94.2 (91.5, 96.0) 31.9 (27.4, 36.9) 96.6 (94.1, 98.1) 37.0 (32.9, 41.2) 2.6 15.8

Age (years)

15-24 94.5 (91.6, 96.4) 34.7 (29.3, 40.4) 97.0 (93.3, 98.7) 27.7 (21.8, 34.5) 2.7 -20.1*

25-44 95.5 (93.9, 96.7) 31.3 (27.9, 34.8) 97.5 (96.1, 98.4) 40.7 (37.1, 44.4) 2.1* 30.3*

45-64 93.5 (91.1, 95.3) 31.1 (27.4, 35.1) 97.2 (95.4, 98.4) 35.0 (31.4, 38.8) 4.0* 12.7

65+ 86.8 (78.5, 92.2) 28.4 (21.4, 36.6) 97.2 (92.0, 99.1) 24.9 (19.1, 31.7) 12.0* -12.3

Residence

Urban 93.8 (91.8, 95.3) 29.8 (26.4, 33.4) 97.3 (95.7, 98.4) 33.9 (30.6, 37.4) 3.8* 14

Rural 95.5 (93.7, 96.8) 38.1 (34.3, 42.0) 97.3 (95.9, 98.2) 42.6 (38.6, 46.7) 1.9* 12

Education Level

Primary 86.8 (77.9, 92.4) 29.3 (19.3, 41.9) 96.4 (88.0, 99.0) 17.1 (7.6, 34.0) 11.1* -41.8*

Secondary 94.9 (93.3, 96.1) 34.3 (31.4, 37.3) 97.9 (96.4, 98.7) 36.9 (34.0, 40.0) 3.1* 7.7

High 93.5 (90.8, 95.5) 27.5 (23.2, 32.3) 96.2 (94.2, 97.5) 34.7 (30.6, 39.1) 2.9* 26.2*
1
Includes daily & occasional (less than daily) smokers.
2
During the last 30 days.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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85
The percentage of adults who noticed advertisements in who noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion
stores where cigarettes are sold during the last 30 days de- during the last 30 days in various places decreased signifi-
creased significantly in all groups by gender, age, residence cantly in all groups by gender, age, residence and education,
and education, overall by 87.3%. The percentage of adults overall by 66.1%.

Table 10.13: Percentage of adults ≥15 years old who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places,
by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

Demographic Noticed advertisements in stores where cigarettes are sold Noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion
Characteristic 2009 2016 Relative change 2009 2016 Relative change

Percentage (95% CI) 1

Percentage Percentage (95% CI) 1
Percentage

Overall 43.6 (41.0, 46.2) 5.5 (4.5, 6.8) -87.3* 68.0 (65.8, 70.2) 23.1 (20.6, 25.7) -66.1*

Gender

Male 46.1 (43.3, 48.9) 6.1 (4.9, 7.7) -86.7* 71.6 (69.3, 73.9) 25.9 (23.0, 29.0) -63.9*

Female 41.6 (38.8, 44.4) 5.0 (3.9, 6.4) -87.9* 65.0 (62.4, 67.5) 20.7 (18.2, 23.4) -68.2*

Age (years)

15-24 52.9 (49.2, 56.5) 7.0 (5.1, 9.4) -86.8* 80.9 (77.9, 83.6) 33.8 (29.7, 38.2) -58.2*

25-44 50.0 (46.9, 53.1) 6.6 (5.0, 8.6) -86.8* 76.7 (74.2, 79.1) 26.5 (23.2, 29.9) -65.5*

45-64 40.8 (37.6, 44.0) 4.8 (3.7, 6.2) -88.2* 63.9 (60.8, 66.8) 19.6 (17.0, 22.5) -69.3*

65+ 25.2 (20.9, 30.1) 3.5 (2.3, 5.3) -86.1* 43.0 (38.5, 47.7) 14.1 (11.5, 17.3) -67.2*

Residence

Urban 46.7 (43.5, 49.9) 6.2 (4.9, 7.9) -86.6* 72.4 (69.7, 74.9) 24.6 (21.5, 28.0) -66.0*

Rural 34.6 (31.0, 38.3) 3.4 (2.5, 4.5) -90.2* 55.3 (51.8, 58.7) 18.4 (15.4, 21.8) -66.7*

Education Level

Primary 21.6 (15.6, 29.1) 3.2 (1.6, 6.3) -85.2* 35.8 (29.2, 43.1) 13.6 (9.8, 18.5) -62.1*

Secondary 39.9 (37.3, 42.6) 5.0 (4.0, 6.1) -87.5* 64.0 (61.6, 66.3) 21.8 (19.4, 24.4) -65.9*

High 51.7 (48.3, 55.1) 6.7 (5.0, 8.9) -87.0* 77.7 (74.9, 80.3) 26.1 (22.6, 29.9) -66.4*
1
95% Confidence Interval.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
* p<0.05

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The percentage of adults who believed that smokeless tobacco who believed that secondhand smoking causes serious illness
use causes serious illness increased by 46.3% (55.8% among men in non-smokers decreased by 0.7% among men and increased
and 40% among women). The percentage of adults who believed by 0.5% among women. The percentage of adults who believed
smoking causes serious illness decreased among men by 0.3% that smokeless tobacco use causes serious illness increased the
and increased among women by 0.2%. The percentage of adults most among all groups by gender, age, residence and education.

Table 10.14: Percentage of adults ≥ 15 years who believe that smoking causes serious illness, secondhand smoke causes
serious illness in non-smokers and smokeless tobacco use causes serious illness, by selected demographic characteristics -
GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016.

2009 2016 Relative change

SHS causes Smokeless

Demographic Smokeless Smokeless Smoking
SHS causes Smoking SHS causes serious tobacco
Characteristics Smoking causes tobacco use tobacco use causes
serious illness causes serious serious illness illness use causes
serious illness causes serious causes serious serious
in non-smokers illness in non-smokers in non- serious
illness illness illness
smokers illness

Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage (95% CI)1 Percentage

Overall 90.8 (89.6, 91.9) 81.9 (80.3, 83.4) 43.0 (40.3, 45.8) 90.8 (89.6, 91.9) 81.9 (80.1, 83.6) 63.0 (60.0, 65.8) - - 46.3*

Gender

Male 88.0 (86.4, 89.5) 75.7 (73.4, 77.8) 37.9 (35.1, 40.8) 87.8 (86.0, 89.4) 75.1 (72.6, 77.5) 59.1 (55.7, 62.3) -0.3 -0.7 55.8*

Female 93.2 (91.8, 94.3) 87.0 (85.3, 88.6) 47.3 (44.2, 50.4) 93.3 (92.1, 94.3) 87.5 (85.8, 89.0) 66.2 (63.0, 69.2) 0.2 0.5 40.0*

Age (years)

15-24 89.1 (86.7, 91.2) 77.4 (74.3, 80.2) 39.2 (35.2, 43.4) 88.9 (85.6, 91.5) 78.6 (74.8, 82.0) 59.7 (54.9, 64.4) -0.3 1.5 52.2*

25-44 90.4 (88.9, 91.8) 80.8 (78.4, 83.1) 40.2 (37.2, 43.3) 90.3 (88.6, 91.7) 80.9 (78.5, 83.1) 62.2 (58.6, 65.7) -0.2 0.1 54.7*

45-64 90.8 (89.0, 92.4) 83.4 (81.3, 85.3) 45.3 (42.2, 48.4) 91.7 (90.0, 93.1) 83.7 (81.6, 85.5) 64.9 (61.6, 68.0) 0.9 0.3 43.4*

65+ 93.6 (91.6, 95.2) 86.2 (83.3, 88.6) 49.0 (44.5, 53.5) 91.7 (89.7, 93.4) 83.0 (80.2, 85.6) 63.3 (59.2, 67.1) -2.0 -3.7* 29.2*

Residence

Urban 90.2 (88.6, 91.6) 81.1 (79.0, 83.0) 41.4 (38.0, 44.9) 90.4 (88.9, 91.8) 81.4 (79.1, 83.6) 61.1 (57.3, 64.7) 0.3 0.4 47.5*

Rural 92.8 (91.4, 93.9) 84.3 (82.1, 86.3) 47.8 (44.2, 51.4) 91.9 (90.1, 93.3) 83.3 (80.9, 85.4) 68.6 (65.2, 71.8) -1.0 -1.3 43.6*

Education Level

Primary 90.8 (86.7, 93.7) 77.6 (71.1, 83.0) 49.8 (43.3, 56.4) 86.4 (80.1, 91.0) 76.9 (70.5, 82.3) 58.4 (51.0, 65.4) -4.8 -0.9 17.2

Secondary 90.7 (89.4, 91.8) 82.1 (80.3, 83.8) 42.9 (40.0, 45.9) 90.1 (88.7, 91.4) 81.3 (79.3, 83.1) 62.4 (59.3, 65.3) -0.6 -1.0 45.3*

High 91.1 (89.2, 92.7) 82.1 (79.5, 84.4) 42.5 (39.1, 46.1) 92.6 (91.0, 94.0) 83.6 (80.8, 85.9) 64.7 (60.9, 68.3) 1.6 1.8 52.1*

1
95% Confidence Interval
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).
The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
*p<0.05

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 11. CONCLUSION
The FCTC, developed under the auspices of WHO, is an essential tion followed it unfailingly, successfully passing all stages from
response to the globalization of the tobacco epidemic. Tobacco accession to the FCTC to adoption of a national strategy, then
is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death; the passing the main Federal Law No. 15-FZ and other laws to im-
root cause of the tobacco epidemic is nicotine addiction, which plement FCTC provisions.
develops because of consumption of any form of tobacco or
use of any nicotine delivery system. At the time of adopting the FCTC, prevalence of tobacco con-
sumption in the Russian Federation was extremely high: almost
Consequently, countering the tobacco epidemic could only be half of the adult population smoked. The need to introduce a
possible through the implementation of comprehensive strate- set of tobacco-control measures that would focus on address-
gies that affect different components of tobacco-use behavior: ing a variety of problems, facilitate implementation of other
awareness of the hazards of tobacco use; social norms and rules measures and reinforce their impact, was therefore pressing.
of behavior; nicotine addiction treatment; and availability of to-
bacco products. Federal Law No. 15-FZ has been in force for only two years, but
positive trends are being realized. Prevalence of exposure to
The problem is exacerbated by implementing these strategies secondhand smoke has decreased significantly, and reductions
against the backdrop of active interference from the tobacco in prevalence of smoking among different population groups,
industry, which strives to involve every population group in smokeless tobacco sales and cigarette sales have been seen.
tobacco use and skilfully manipulates advertising and mar- Citizens’ attitude to tobacco consumption is also changing:
keting campaigns to rapidly transition smoking from a habit smoking is no longer the norm, it is becoming increasingly less
to an addiction. The FCTC fully integrates strategies that lead fashionable among young people, and smokeless public places
to reductions in tobacco use, but they can only be effective are becoming standard.
if applied comprehensively. Achievement of tobacco-control
goals requires coordination, a comprehensive government Work on creating the most effective tobacco-control legisla-
approach, engagement of academic institutions, professional tion in the Russian Federation continues. The current empha-
associations and civil society organizations at country level, sis is on developing and maintaining an outcome assessment
and coordinated support from international cooperation and mechanism, enhancing existing legislation and identifying
development agencies. ways to counter new challenges from the tobacco industry. The
outcome assessment mechanism the Ministry of Health is de-
Immediately after the adoption of the FCTC, the Russian Feder- veloping is based on monitoring tobacco use and evaluating
ation began laying the groundwork to adopt a comprehensive the effectiveness of measures designed to prevent exposure to
federal tobacco-control law. The FCTC contains a mechanism secondhand tobacco smoke and reduce tobacco consumption
for successful execution of this objective. The Russian Federa- in the country.

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 REFERENCES
1. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017. Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. WHO, Geneva. Accessi-
ble at: http://www.who.int/fctc/mediacentre/press-release/wntd-2017/en/.

2. WHO report on the global tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning about the dangers of tobacco. Accessible at: http://apps.who.
int/iris/bitstream/10665/44616/1/9789240687813_eng.pdf.

3. Frieden, Thomas R, Bloomberg, Michael R. How to prevent 100 million deaths from tobacco. The Lancet, Vol. 369, Issue 9574,
1758-1761. Accessible at: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)60782-X.pdf.

4. National Strategy on Creation of a Public Policy to Combat Tobacco Consumption (2010 to 2015). Accessible at: https://rg.
ru/2011/02/08/antitabak-site-dok.html

5. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 15-FZ on Protecting the Health of Citizens from the Effects of Second-hand
Tobacco Smoke and the Consequences of Tobacco Consumption. Accessible at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_
doc_LAW_142515

6. Russian Federation (ages 13–15). Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). Fact sheet. Geneva: World Health Organization,
Centers for Disease Prevention and Control; 2004 (https://nccd.cdc.gov/GTSSData/Ancillary/DownloadAttachment.aspx-
?ID=444, accessed 19 November 2016).

7. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Russian Federation 2009. Country report. Moscow: Ministry of Health and Social De-
velopment of the Russian Federation; 2009 (http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_tfi_gats_russian_countryreport.
pdf?ua=1, accessed 19 November 2016).

8. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Core Questionnaire with Optional Ques-
tions.

9. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Sample Design Manual.

10. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Sample Weights Manual (GTSS).

Page 92
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 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE
Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) HH2.

Russian Federation, 2016 How many of these household members are 15 years of age
or older?
GATS CORE QUESTIONNAIRE FORMATTING CONVENTIONS
Text in RED FONT = Programming logic and skip instructions.
Text in [ALL CAPS SURROUNDED BY BRACKETS] = Specific
question instructions for interviewers—not to be read to the IF HH2 = 00 (NO HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ≥ 15
respondents. IN HOUSEHOLD)
Text underlined = Words that interviewers should emphasize
when reading to respondents. [THERE ARE NO ELIGIBLE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS.

Household Questionnaire THANK THE RESPONDENT FOR HIS/HER TIME.

INTRO. THIS WILL BE RECORDED IN THE RECORD OF CALLS AS A

CODE 201.]
[THE HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESPONDENT SHOULD BE 18
YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER AND YOU MUST BE CONFIDENT THAT
THIS PERSON CAN PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT HH4.
ALL MEMBERS OF THE HOUSEHOLD. IF NEEDED, VERIFY THE AGE I now would like to collect information about only these per-
OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESPONDENT TO MAKE SURE sons that live in this household who are 15 years of age or old-
HE/SHE IS 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER. er. Let’s start listing them from oldest to youngest.
THE HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESPONDENT CAN BE LESS THAN
18 YEARS OLD, ONLY IF NO HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ARE 18 YEARS HH4A.
OF AGE OR OLDER.] What is the {oldest/next oldest} person’s first name?

INTRO1.
An important survey of adult tobacco use behavior is being
conducted by the Ministry of Health throughout the Russian
Federation and your household has been selected to partici-
pate. All houses selected were chosen from a scientific sam- HH4B.
ple and it is very important to the success of this project that What is this person’s age?
each participates in the survey. All information gathered will
be kept strictly confidential. I have a few questions to find out [IF RESPONDENT DOESN’T KNOW, PROBE FOR AN ESTIMATE]
who in your household is eligible to participate.

HH1.
First, I’d like to ask you a few questions about your household.
In total, how many persons live in this household?

[INCLUDE ANYONE WHO CONSIDERS THIS HOUSEHOLD THEIR

USUAL PLACE OF RESIDENCE]

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 IF REPORTED AGE IS 15 THROUGH 17, BIRTH ASK IF SELECTED RESPONDENT IS AVAILABLE AND IF SO, PRO-
DATE IS ASKED CEED TO THE INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONNAIRE.

HH4C. IF SELECTED RESPONDENT IS NOT AVAILABLE, MAKE AN APPOINT-

MENT AND RECORD IT AS A COMMENT ON RECORD OF CALLS.]
What is the month of this person’s date of birth?

Individual Questionnaire
CONSENT5.
HH4CYEAR.
[READ TO THE SELECTED RESPONDENT:]
What is the year of this person’s date of birth?
I am working with territorial body of Federal Service of State
[IF DON’T KNOW, ENTER 7777 Statistics. This institution is collecting information about to-
bacco use in the Russian Federation. This information will be
IF REFUSED, ENTER 9999]
used for public health purposes by the Ministry of Health.

Your household and you have been selected at random. Your

responses are very important to us and the community, as
HH4D. these answers will represent many other persons. The inter-
view will last around 30 minutes. Your participation in this
Is this person male or female?
survey is entirely voluntary. The information that you will pro-
MALE □1 vide us will be kept strictly confidential, and you will not be
identified by your responses. Personal information will not be
FEMALE □2 shared with anyone else, not even other family members. You
can withdraw from the study at any time, and may refuse to
HH4E. answer any question.
Does this person currently smoke tobacco, including ciga- We will leave the necessary contact information with you. If
rettes, cigars, cigarillos, cardboard tube-tipped cigarettes, you have any questions about this survey, you can contact the
smoke pipe, or calean? telephone numbers listed.
YES □1 If you agree to participate, we will conduct a private interview
NO □2 with you.

DON’T KNOW □7 CONSENT6.

REFUSED □9 [ASK SELECTED RESPONDENT:] Do you agree to participate?

REPEAT HH4a – HH4e FOR EACH PERSON REPORTED IN HH2 YES □ 1 → PROCEED WITH INTERVIEW

NO □ 2 → END INTERVIEW
HH5.
[NAME OF THE SELECTED ELIGIBLE PERSON IS:

{FILL SELECTED HH MEMBER’S FIRST NAME}

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Section A. Background A02B.

Characteristics What is the year of your date of birth?

[IF DON’T KNOW, ENTER 7777

A00.
IF REFUSED, ENTER 9999]
I am going to first ask you a few questions about your back-
ground.

A01.
[IF MONTH=77/99 OR YEAR=7777/9999, ASK A03. OTHERWISE
[RECORD GENDER FROM OBSERVATION. ASK IF NECESSARY.] SKIP TO A04.]
MALE □1
A03.
FEMALE □2 How old are you?

A02A. [IF RESPONDENT IS UNSURE, PROBE FOR AN ESTIMATE AND RE-

What is the month of your date of birth? CORD AN ANSWER.

01 □1 IF REFUSED, BREAK-OFF AS WE CANNOT CONTINUE INTERVIEW

WITHOUT AGE]
02 □2

03 □3

04 □4 A03A.
05 □5 [WAS RESPONSE ESTIMATED?]

06 □6 YES □1

07 □7 NO □2

08 □8 DON’T KNOW □7
09 □9

10 □ 10

11 □ 11

12 □ 12

DON’T KNOW □ 77

REFUSED □ 99

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A04. A06.
What is the highest level of education you have completed? Please tell me whether this household or any person who lives
in the household has the following items:
[SELECT ONLY ONE CATEGORY]
DON’T
NO FORMAL SCHOOLING □1 YES NO KNOW REFUSED
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
PRESCHOOL EDUCATION □2
a. Electricity? □1 □2 □7 □9
ELEMENTARY GENERAL EDUCATION □3
b. Flush toilet? □1 □2 □7 □9
BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION □4
c. Fixed telephone? □1 □2 □7 □9
SECONDARY EDUCATION □5
d. Cell telephone? □1 □2 □7 □9
SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION □6
e. Television? □1 □2 □7 □9
HIGHER EDUCATION - BACHELOR □7
f. Radio? □1 □2 □7 □9
HIGHER EDUCATION - SPECIALIST, MAGISTER □8
g. Refrigerator? □1 □2 □7 □9
HIGHER EDUCATION - HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSON □ 9
h. Car? □1 □2 □7 □9
DON’T KNOW □ 77
i. Moped/scooter/motorcycle? □1 □2 □7 □9
REFUSED □ 99
j. Washing machine? □1 □2 □7 □9
A05.
Which of the following best describes your main work status
Section B. Tobacco Smoking
over the past 12 months? Government employee, non-govern- B00.
ment employee, self-employed, student, homemaker, retired,
I would now like to ask you some questions about smoking to-
unemployed-able to work, or unemployed-unable to work?
bacco, including cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, cardboard tube-
[INCLUDE SUBSISTENCE FARMING AS SELF-EMPLOYED] tipped cigarettes, smoke pipe, and calean with tobacco.

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE □1 Please do not answer about smokeless tobacco and electronic
cigarettes at this time.
NON-GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE □2

SELF-EMPLOYED □3
B01.
Do you currently smoke tobacco on a daily basis, less than dai-
STUDENT □4 ly, or not at all?
HOMEMAKER □5 DAILY □ 1 → SKIP TO B04
RETIRED □6 LESS THAN DAILY □2
UNEMPLOYED, ABLE TO WORK □7 NOT AT ALL □ 3→ SKIP TO B03
UNEMPLOYED, UNABLE TO WORK □8 DON’T KNOW □ 7→ SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP
DON’T KNOW □ 77 REFUSED □ 9→ SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP
REFUSED □ 99

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B02. B05.
Have you smoked tobacco daily in the past? How many years ago did you first start smoking tobacco daily?

YES □ 1 → SKIP TO B08 [IF REFUSED, ENTER 99]

NO □ 2 → SKIP TO B10

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO B10

B06.
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO B10
On average, how many of the following products do you cur-
B03. rently smoke each day? Also, let me know if you smoke the
product, but not every day.
In the past, have you smoked tobacco on a daily basis, less
than daily, or not at all? [IF RESPONDENT REPORTS SMOKING THE PRODUCT BUT NOT
EVERY DAY, ENTER 888
[IF RESPONDENT HAS DONE BOTH “DAILY” AND “LESS THAN DAI-
LY” IN THE PAST, CHECK “DAILY”] IF RESPONDENT REPORTS IN PACKS OR CARTONS, PROBE TO FIND
OUT HOW MANY ARE IN EACH AND CALCULATE TOTAL NUMBER]
DAILY □ 1 → SKIP TO B11

LESS THAN DAILY □ 2 → SKIP TO B13

NOT AT ALL □ 3 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

[CURRENT DAILY SMOKERS]

B04.
How old were you when you first started smoking tobacco
daily?

[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99]

[IF B04 = 99, ASK B05. OTHERWISE SKIP TO B06.]

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 a. Manufactured cigarettes, not including papirosy? PER DAY

a1. [IF B06a=888] On average, how many manufactured cigarettes do you currently smoke each week? PER WEEK

e. Papirosy? PER DAY

e1. [IF B06e=888] On average, how many papirosy do you currently smoke each week? PER WEEK

b. Hand-rolled cigarettes? PER DAY

b1. [IF B06b=888] On average, how many hand-rolled cigarettes do you currently smoke each week? PER WEEK

c. Pipes full of tobacco? PER DAY

c1. [IF B06c=888] On average, how many pipes full of tobacco do you currently smoke each week? PER WEEK

d. Cigars, cheroots, or cigarillos? PER DAY

d1. [IF B06d=888] On average, how many cigars, cheroots, or cigarillos do you currently smoke each week? PER WEEK

f. Number of calean tobacco smoking sessions per day (filled once)? PER DAY

f1. [IF B06f=888] On average, how many calean tobacco smoking sessions do you currently participate in each week? PER WEEK

g. Any others? (→ g1. Please specify the other type you currently smoke each day:_______________________) PER DAY

g2. [IF B06g=888] On average, how many [FILL PRODUCT] do you currently smoke each week? PER WEEK

B07. B09.
How soon after you wake up do you usually have How many years ago did you first start smoking tobacco daily?
your first smoke? Would you say within 5 minutes,
6 to 30 minutes, 31 to 60 minutes, or more than 60 minutes? [IF REFUSED, ENTER 99]

WITHIN 5 MINUTES □1

6 TO 30 MINUTES □2
B10.
31 TO 60 MINUTES □3
How many of the following do you currently smoke during a
MORE THAN 60 MINUTES □4 usual week?

REFUSED □9 [IF RESPONDENT REPORTS DOING THE ACTIVITY WITHIN THE

PAST 30 DAYS, BUT LESS THAN ONCE PER WEEK, ENTER 888
[SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP]
IF RESPONDENT REPORTS IN PACKS OR CARTONS, PROBE TO FIND
[CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY SMOKERS] OUT HOW MANY ARE IN EACH AND CALCULATE TOTAL NUMBER]

B08.
How old were you when you first started smoking tobacco
daily?

[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99]

[IF B08 = 99, ASK B09. OTHERWISE SKIP TO B10.]

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 a. Manufactured cigarettes, not including papirosy? PER WEEK

e. Papirosy? PER WEEK

b. Hand-rolled cigarettes? PER WEEK

c. Pipes full of tobacco? PER WEEK

d. Cigars, cheroots, or cigarillos? PER WEEK

f. Number of calean tobacco smoking sessions per week (filled once)? ............. PER WEEK

g. Any others? PER WEEK

→ g1. Please specify the other type you currently smoke during a usual week:

[SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP] B13A.

[FORMER SMOKERS] How long has it been since you stopped smoking?
[ONLY INTERESTED IN WHEN RESPONDENT STOPPED SMOKING
B11. REGULARLY — DO NOT INCLUDE RARE INSTANCES OF SMOKING
How old were you when you first started smoking tobacco
daily? ENTER UNIT ON THIS SCREEN AND NUMBER ON NEXT SCREEN]

[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99] YEARS □1

MONTHS □2

WEEKS □3
[IF B11 = 99, ASK B12. OTHERWISE SKIP TO B13a.]
DAYS □4
B12. LESS THAN 1 DAY □ 5 → SKIP TO B14
How many years ago did you first start smoking tobacco daily?
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP
[IF REFUSED, ENTER 99]
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

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B13B. B17.
[ENTER NUMBER OF (YEARS/MONTHS/WEEKS/DAYS)] During any visit to a doctor or health care provider in the past 12
months, were you advised to quit smoking tobacco?

YES □1
[IF B13a/b < 1 YEAR (< 12 MONTHS), THEN CONTINUE WITH B14. NO □2
OTHERWISE SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP.]
REFUSED □9
B14.
B18. During the past 12 months, did you use any of the
Have you visited a doctor or other health care provider in the following to try to stop smoking tobacco?
past 12 months?
YES NO REFUSED
YES □1 ▼ ▼ ▼

NO □ 2 → SKIP TO B18 a. Counseling, including at a smoking cessation clinic?

1 2 9
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO B18
b. Nicotine replacement therapy, such as the patch, gum or
tablets? 1 2 9
B15.
How many times did you visit a doctor or health c1. Other over the counter products, for example Tabex?
care provider in the past 12 months? Would you say 1 2 9
1 or 2 times, 3 to 5 times, or 6 or more times?
c2. Other prescription medications, for example Vareni-
1 OR 2 □1 cline? 1 2 9

3 TO 5 □2 d1. Traditional medicines, for example decoctions, infu-

sions, tea? 1 2 9
6 OR MORE □3
d2. Non-medication therapy, for example acupuncture or
REFUSED □9 reflexotherapy? 1 2 9

B16. e. A quit line or a smoking telephone support line?

1 2 9
During any visit to a doctor or health care provid-
er in the past 12 months, were you asked if you f. Switching to smokeless tobacco? 1 2 9
smoke tobacco?
h. Using electronic cigarettes? 1 2 9
YES □1
i. Try to quit without assistance? 1 2 9
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO B18
g. Anything else? 1 2 9
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO B18
→ g1. Please specify what you used to try to stop smok-
ing:

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Section WP — Water Pipe (Calean) WP1.

Module When you smoke calean, does it contain tobacco always, most
of the time, sometimes, or never?

WPINTRO. ALWAYS □ 1 → SKIP TO WP3

I would now like to ask you some questions about smoking MOST OF THE TIME □ 2 → SKIP TO WP3
calean, including smoking it with or without tobacco.
SOMETIMES □ 3 → SKIP TO WP3
ROUTING: B06f/B10f ask for the number of water pipe smok-
ing sessions per day/week NEVER □ 4 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC

— IF B01=1 AND B06f>0 AND <888 (CURRENT DAILY WP TOB DON’T KNOW/NOT SURE □ 7 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC
SMOKERS), GO TO WP2
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC
— IF B01=1 AND B06f=888 (CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY WP
TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2 WP2.
— IF B01=1 AND B06f=0 (CURRENT DAILY SMOKER, BUT NO You have previously indicated you currently smoke calean
WP), GO TO WP0 with tobacco. Do you also smoke calean without tobacco?

— IF B01=2 AND B10f>0 AND <888 (CURRENT LESS THAN DAI- YES □1
LY WP TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2 NO □2
— IF B01=2 AND B10f=888 (CURRENT LESS THAN WEEKLY WP DON’T KNOW/NOT SURE □ 7
TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2
REFUSED □9
— IF B01=2 AND B10f=0 (CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY SMOK-
ER, BUT NO WP), GO TO WP0
WP3.
— IF B01=3 AND B03=3 (NEVER SMOKERS), GO TO WP0 How old were you when you first started smoking calean with
tobacco?
— IF B01=3 AND B03=1 OR 2 (FORMER SMOKERS), GO TO WP0
[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99]
— ELSE, GO TO WP0

WP0.
Do you currently smoke calean on a daily basis, less than daily, [IF WP3 = 99, ASK WP4. OTHERWISE SKIP TO WP5.]
or not at all?
WP4.
DAILY □1
How many years ago did you first start smoking calean with
LESS THAN DAILY □2 tobacco?

NOT AT ALL □ 3 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC [IF REFUSED, ENTER 99]

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC

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WP5. WP10.
The last time you smoked calean with tobacco, how long did The last time you smoked calean with tobacco, was the water in
you participate in the calean smoking session? the water pipe tank mixed with other substances?

[ENTER UNIT ON THIS SCREEN AND NUMBER ON NEXT SCREEN] YES □1

HOURS □1 NO □2

MINUTES □2 DON’T KNOW □7

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO WP6 REFUSED □9

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO WP6

Section EC. Electronic Cigarettes
WP5A.
EC1.
[ENTER NUMBER OF (HOURS/MINUTES)]
Electronic cigarettes include any product that uses batteries
or other methods to produce a vapor which contains nicotine.
They have various other names such as e-cigarette, vape-pen,
e-shisha, e-pipes. Before today, have you ever heard of elec-
WP6. tronic cigarettes?
The last time you smoked calean with tobacco, how many
other people did you share the same pipe with during the ses- YES □1
sion? NO □ 2 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION C
[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99] REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION C

EC2.
Do you currently use electronic cigarettes on a daily basis, less
WP8. than daily, or not at all?
The last time you smoked calean with tobacco, where did you
smoke it? DAILY □ 1 → SKIP TO EC4

HOME □1 LESS THAN DAILY □ 2 → SKIP TO EC4

SHISHA BAR □2 NOT AT ALL □3

OTHER BAR/CLUB □3 REFUSED □9

CAFE/RESTAURANT □4 EC3.
OTHER □ 5 → WP8a. Specify other place: Have you ever, even once, used an electronic cigarette?

YES □1

NO □ 2 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION C

DON’T KNOW □7
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION C
REFUSED □9

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EC4. C02.
How old were you when you first started using electronic cig- Have you used smokeless tobacco daily in the past?
arettes?
YES □ 1 → SKIP TO C10
[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99]
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO C10

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO C10

[IF EC4 = 99, ASK EC5. OTHERWISE SKIP TO NEXT SECTION C.] REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO C10

EC5. C03.
How many years ago did you first start using electronic ciga- In the past, have you used smokeless tobacco on a daily basis,
rettes? less than daily, or not at all?
[IF REFUSED, ENTER 99] [IF RESPONDENT HAS DONE BOTH “DAILY” AND “LESS THAN DAI-
LY” IN THE PAST, CHECK “DAILY”]

DAILY □ 1 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

Section C. Smokeless Tobacco LESS THAN DAILY □ 2 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

C00. NOT AT ALL □ 3 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

The next questions are about using smokeless tobacco, such DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1
as snus, snuff, chewing tobacco, and nasvai. Smokeless to-
bacco is tobacco that is not smoked, but is sniffed through the REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1
nose, held in the mouth, or chewed.
C10.
C01. How many times a week do you usually use the following?
Do you currently use smokeless tobacco on a daily basis, less
[IF RESPONDENT REPORTS DOING THE ACTIVITY WITHIN THE
than daily, or not at all?
PAST 30 DAYS, BUT LESS THAN ONCE PER WEEK, ENTER 888]
[IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT KNOW WHAT SMOKELESS TOBACCO
IS, EITHER PRESENT A SHOWCARD OR READ DEFINITION FROM
QXQ SCREEN]

DAILY □ 1 → SKIP TO C10

LESS THAN DAILY □2

NOT AT ALL □ 3 → SKIP TO C03

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

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100
 a. Snus, by mouth? TIMES PER WEEK

b. Snuff, by nose? TIMES PER WEEK

c. Chewing tobacco except nasvai? TIMES PER WEEK

d. Nasvai? TIMES PER WEEK

e. Any others? TIMES PER WEEK

→ e1. Please specify the other type you currently use during a usual week:

Section D1. Cessation — Tobacco D02B.

Smoking [ENTER NUMBER OF (MONTHS/WEEKS/DAYS)]

IF B01 = 1 OR 2 (RESPONDENT CURRENTLY

SMOKES TOBACCO), CONTINUE WITH THIS
SECTION. D03.
IF B01 = 3, 7, OR 9 (RESPONDENT DOES NOT During the past 12 months, did you use any of the following to
CURRENTLY SMOKE TOBACCO), SKIP TO NEXT try to stop smoking tobacco?
SECTION E. YES NO REFUSED
▼ ▼ ▼
D01. a. Counseling, including at a smoking cessation clinic?
The next questions ask about any attempts to stop □1 □2 □9
smoking that you might have made during the
past 12 months. Please think about tobacco smoking. b. Nicotine replacement therapy, such as the patch, gum or
tablets? □1 □2 □9
During the past 12 months, have you tried to stop smoking?
c1. Other over the counter products, for example Tabex?
YES □1 □1 □2 □9
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO D04 c2. Other prescription medications, for example Varenicline?
□1 □2 □9
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO D04
d1. Traditional medicines, for example decoctions, infusions,
D02A. tea? □1 □2 □9
Thinking about the last time you tried to quit, how long did
d2. Non-medication therapy, for example acupuncture or re-
you stop smoking?
flexotherapy? □1 □2 □9
[ENTER UNIT ON THIS SCREEN AND NUMBER ON NEXT SCREEN]
e. A quit line or a smoking telephone support line?
MONTHS □1 □1 □2 □9

WEEKS □2 f. Switching to smokeless tobacco? □1 □2 □9

DAYS □3 h. Using electronic cigarettes? □1 □2 □9

LESS THAN 1 DAY (24 HOURS) □ 4 → SKIP TO D03 i. Try to quit without assistance? □1 □2 □9

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO D03 g. Anything else? □1 □2 □9

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO D03 → g1. Please specify what you used to try to stop smoking:

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101
D04. D08.
Have you visited a doctor or other health care provider in the Which of the following best describes your thinking about
past 12 months? quitting smoking? I am planning to quit within the next month,
I am thinking about quitting within the next 12 months, I will
YES □1 quit someday but not within the next 12 months, or I am not
interested in quitting?
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO D08
QUIT WITHIN THE NEXT MONTH □1
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO D08
THINKING WITHIN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS □2
D05.
QUIT SOMEDAY, BUT NOT NEXT 12 MONTHS □3
How many times did you visit a doctor or health
care provider in the past 12 months? Would you say NOT INTERESTED IN QUITTING □4
1 or 2 times, 3 to 5 times, or 6 or more times?
DON’T KNOW □7
1 OR 2 □1
REFUSED □9
3 TO 5 □2

6 OR MORE □3 Section E. Secondhand Smoke

REFUSED □9 E01.
I would now like to ask you a few questions about smoking in
D06. various places.
During any visit to a doctor or health care provid- Which of the following best describes the rules about smok-
er in the past 12 months, were you asked if you ing inside of your home: Smoking is allowed inside of your
smoke tobacco? home, smoking is generally not allowed inside of your home
but there are exceptions, smoking is never allowed inside of
YES □1
your home, or there are no rules about smoking in your home?
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO D08
ALLOWED □1
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO D08
NOT ALLOWED, BUT EXCEPTIONS □2
D07. NEVER ALLOWED □ 3 → SKIP TO E04
During any visit to a doctor or health care provider in the past 12
NO RULES □ 4 → SKIP TO E03
months, were you advised to quit smoking tobacco?
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E03
YES □1
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E03
NO □2

REFUSED □9

Page 105
102
E02. E06.
Inside your home, is smoking allowed in every room? Are there any indoor areas at your work place?

YES □1 YES □1

NO □2 NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E09

DON’T KNOW □7 DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E09

REFUSED □9 REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E09

E03. E07.
How often does anyone smoke inside your home? Would you Which of the following best describes the indoor smok-
say daily, weekly, monthly, less than monthly, or never? ing policy where you work: Smoking is allowed any-
where, smoking is allowed only in some indoor ar-
DAILY □1 eas, smoking is not allowed in any indoor areas,
WEEKLY □2 or there is no policy?

MONTHLY □3 ALLOWED ANYWHERE □1

LESS THAN MONTHLY □4 ALLOWED ONLY IN SOME INDOOR AREAS □2

NEVER □5 NOT ALLOWED IN ANY INDOOR AREAS □3

DON’T KNOW □7 THERE IS NO POLICY □4

REFUSED □9 DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9
E04.
Do you currently work outside of your home? E08.
YES □1 During the past 30 days, did anyone smoke in indoor areas
where you work?
NO/DON’T WORK □ 2 → SKIP TO E09
YES □1
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E09
NO □2
E05. DON’T KNOW □7
Do you usually work indoors or outdoors?
REFUSED □9
INDOORS □ 1 → SKIP TO E07
E09.
OUTDOORS □2
During the past 30 days, did you visit any government build-
BOTH □ 3 → SKIP TO E07 ings or government offices?

REFUSED □9 YES □1

NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E11

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E11

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E11

Page 106
103
E10. E14.
Did anyone smoke inside of any government buildings or Did anyone smoke inside of any restaurants that you visited in
government offices that you visited in the past 30 days? the past 30 days?

YES □1 YES □1

NO □2 NO □2

DON’T KNOW □7 DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9 REFUSED □9

E11. E25.
During the past 30 days, did you visit any health care facilities? During the past 30 days, did you visit any bars or night clubs?

YES □1 YES □1

NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E13 NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E27

DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E13 DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E27

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E13 REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E27

E12. E26.
Did anyone smoke inside of any health care facilities that you Did anyone smoke inside of any bars or night clubs that you
visited in the past 30 days? visited in the past 30 days?

YES □1 YES □1

NO □2 NO □2

DON’T KNOW □7 DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9 REFUSED □9

E13. E27.
During the past 30 days, did you visit any restaurants? During the past 30 days, did you visit any cafes, coffee shops,
or tea houses?
YES □1
YES □1
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E25
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E15
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E25
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E15
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E25
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E15

Page 107
104
E28. E20.
Did anyone smoke inside of any cafes, coffee shops, or tea Did anyone smoke inside of any schools that you visited in the
houses that you visited in the past 30 days? past 30 days?

YES □1 YES □1

NO □2 NO □2

DON’T KNOW □7 DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9 REFUSED □9

E15. E21.
During the past 30 days, did you use any public transporta- During the past 30 days, did you visit any universities?
tion?
YES □1
YES □1
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E17
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E19
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E17
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E19
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E17
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E19
E22.
E16. Did anyone smoke inside of any universities that you visited in
Did anyone smoke inside of any public transportation that the past 30 days?
you used in the past 30 days?
YES □1
YES □1
NO □2
NO □2
DON’T KNOW □7
DON’T KNOW □7
REFUSED □9
REFUSED □9
E17.
E19. Based on what you know or believe, does breath-
During the past 30 days, did you visit any schools? ing other people’s smoke cause serious illness
in non-smokers?
YES □1
YES □1
NO □ 2 → SKIP TO E21
NO □2
DON’T KNOW □ 7 → SKIP TO E21
DON’T KNOW □7
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO E21
REFUSED □9

Page 108
105
E29A. E29E.
Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside of hos- Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside of pub-
pitals? lic transportation vehicles?

YES □1 YES □1

NO □2 NO □2

DON’T KNOW □7 DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9 REFUSED □9

E29B. E29F.
Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside of work- Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside schools?
places?
YES □1
YES □1
NO □2
NO □2
DON’T KNOW □7
DON’T KNOW □7
REFUSED □9
REFUSED □9
E29G.
E29C. Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside univer-
Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside of sities?
restaurants?
YES □1
YES □1
NO □2
NO □2
DON’T KNOW □7
DON’T KNOW □7
REFUSED □9
REFUSED □9

E29D.
Do you support the law that prohibits smoking inside of bars?

YES □1

NO □2

DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9

Page 109
106
Section F. Economics — F01DPACK.

Manufactured Cigarettes Did each pack contain 10 cigarettes, 20 cigarettes, or another

amount?

IF [B01 = 1 OR 2 (RESPONDENT CURRENTLY 10 □1

SMOKES DAILY OR LESS THAN DAILY)]
20 □2
AND
OTHER AMOUNT □ 7 → F01d
[(B06a OR B10a) > 0 AND <= 888
PackA. How many cigarettes were in each pack?
(RESPONDENT SMOKES MANUFACTURED
CIGARETTES)],
THEN CONTINUE WITH THIS SECTION.
REFUSED □9
OTHERWISE, SKIP TO NEXT SECTION G.
[GO TO F02]
F01A.
F01dCart.
The next few questions are about the last time you purchased
cigarettes for yourself to smoke. Did each carton contain 100 cigarettes, 200 cigarettes, or an-
other amount?
The last time you bought cigarettes for yourself, how many
cigarettes did you buy? 100 □1
[ENTER UNIT ON THIS SCREEN AND NUMBER ON NEXT SCREEN] 200 □2
CIGARETTES □1 OTHER AMOUNT □ 7 → F01d
PACKS □2 CartA. How many cigarettes were in each carton?
CARTONS □3 REFUSED □9
OTHER (SPECIFY) □ 4 → F01c. [GO TO F02]
[SPECIFY THE UNIT]:
F01DOTHER.
How many cigarettes were in each {F01c}?

NEVER BOUGHT CIGARETTES □ 5 → SKIP TO SECTION G [IF REFUSED, ENTER 999]

REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO F03

F01B. F02.
[ENTER NUMBER OF (CIGARETTES/PACKS/CARTONS/OTHER)] In total, how much money did you pay for this purchase?

[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 999999]

[IF F01a=CIGARETTES, GO TO F02]

[IF F01a=PACKS, GO TO F01dPack] RANGE: 1 – 100000, 999999

[IF F01a=CARTONS, GO TO F01dCart]

[IF F01a=OTHER, GO TO F01dOther]

Page 110
107
F03. F04.
What brand did you buy the last time you purchased ciga- The last time you purchased cigarettes for yourself, where did
rettes for yourself? you buy them?

ALLIANCE □1 VENDING MACHINE □1

BALKANSKAYA ZVEZDA □2 STORE □2

BELOMORKANAL □3 STREET VENDOR □3

BOND STREET □4 MILITARY STORE □4

WEST □5 DUTY-FREE SHOP □5

WINSTON □6 OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY □6

VOGUE □7 KIOSKS □7

DAVIDOFF □8 INTERNET □8

DUCAT □9 FROM ANOTHER PERSON □9

ESSE □ 10 OTHER □10 → F04a.

KENT □ 11 [SPECIFY LOCATION]:

CAMEL □ 12

LD □ 13
DON’T REMEMBER □ 77
L&M □ 14
REFUSED □ 99
MARLBORO □ 15

MURATTI □ 16

OPTIMA □ 17

PARLIAMENT □ 18

PETR I □ 19

RUSSKIY STIL □ 20

TROYKA □ 21

CHESTERFIELD □ 22

YAVA □ 23

OTHER □ 24 → F03a.

[SPECIFY BRAND]:

REFUSED □ 99

Page 111
108
Section G. Media G03.
[ADMINISTER IF B01 = 1 OR 2. ELSE GO TO G04]
G01INTRO.
In the last 30 days, have warning labels on cigarette packages
The next few questions ask about your exposure to the media
led you to think about quitting?
and advertisements in the last 30 days.
YES □1
G01.
NO □2
In the last 30 days, have you noticed information about the
dangers of smoking cigarettes or that encourages quitting in DON’T KNOW □7
any of the following places?
REFUSED □9
NOT
YES NO APPLICABLE REFUSED
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ G04.
a. In newspapers or in magazines? □1 □2 □7 □9 In the last 30 days, have you noticed any advertisements or
signs promoting cigarettes in the following places?
b. On television? □1 □2 □7 □9
NOT
YES NO APPLICABLE REFUSED
c. On the radio? □1 □2 □7 □9 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

d. On billboards? □1 □2 □7 □9 a. In stores where cigarettes are sold?

□1 □2 □7 □9
e. On public transportation stations? □ 1 □2 □7 □9
b. On television? □1 □2 □7 □9
f. In stores? □1 □2 □7 □9
c. On the radio? □1 □2 □7 □9
g. Somewhere else? □1 □2 □9
d. On billboards? □1 □2 □7 □9
[DO NOT INCLUDE HEALTH WARNINGS ON CIGARETTE PACKAGES]
e. On posters? □1 □2 □7 □9
→ g1. Please specify where:
f. In newspapers or magazines?
□1 □2 □7 □9

g. In cinemas? □1 □2 □7 □9
G02.
In the last 30 days, did you notice any health warnings on cig- h. On the internet? □1 □2 □7 □9
arette packages? i. On public transportation vehicles or stations?
YES □1 □1 □2 □7 □9

NO □ 2 → SKIP TO G04 j. On public walls? □1 □2 □7 □9

DID NOT SEE ANY CIGARETTE PACKAGES k. Anywhere else? □1 □2 □9

□ 3 → SKIP TO G04 → k1. Please specify where:
REFUSED □ 9 → SKIP TO G04

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109
G05. H02.
In the last 30 days, have you noticed any sport or sporting Based on what you know or believe, does smoking tobacco
event that is associated with cigarette brands or cigarette cause the following ...
companies?
DON’T
YES NO KNOW REFUSED
YES □1 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
NO □2 a. Stroke (blood clots in the brain that may cause paralysis)?
□1 □2 □7 □9
DON’T KNOW □7
b. Heart attack? □1 □2 □7 □9
REFUSED □9
c. Lung cancer? □1 □2 □7 □9
G06.
d. Bladder cancer? □1 □2 □7 □9
In the last 30 days, have you noticed any of the following types
of cigarette promotions? H02_2.
NOT Do you think that some types of cigarettes could be less harm-
YES NO APPLICABLE REFUSED
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ful than other types, or are all cigarettes equally harmful?
a. Free samples of cigarettes? □ 1 □2 □7 □9 COULD BE LESS HARMFUL □1
b. Cigarettes at sale prices? □1 □2 □7 □9 ALL EQUALLY HARMFUL □2
c. Coupons for cigarettes? □1 □2 □7 □9 DON’T KNOW □7
d. Free gifts or special discount offers on other products when REFUSED □9
buying cigarettes?
□1 □2 □7 □9 H02_3.
e. Clothing or other items with a cigarette brand name or Do you believe cigarettes are addictive?
logo? □1 □2 □7 □9
YES □1
f. Cigarette promotions in the mail?
NO □2
□1 □2 □7 □9
DON’T KNOW □7
Section H. Knowledge, Attitudes & REFUSED □9
Perceptions
H03.
H01.
Based on what you know or believe, does using smokeless to-
The next question is asking about smoking tobacco. bacco cause serious illness?
Based on what you know or believe, does smoking tobacco YES □1
cause serious illness?
NO □2
YES □1
DON’T KNOW □7
NO □2
REFUSED □9
DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9

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110
H05.
Would you favor or oppose increasing taxes on tobacco prod-
ucts?

FAVOR □1

OPPOSE □2

DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9

H06.
Would you favor or oppose a law prohibiting all advertise-
ments for tobacco products?

FAVOR □1

OPPOSE □2

DON’T KNOW □7

REFUSED □9

End Individual Questionnaire

I00.
Those are all of the questions I have. Thank you very much for
partcipating in this important survey.

I02.
[RECORD ANY NOTES ABOUT INTERVIEW:]

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111
 APPENDIX B: SAMPLE DESIGN
B.1 INTRODUCTION proportionate to a size (PPS) measured separately for urban
and rural areas. The size measure used was an estimate of the
GATS conducted in 2016 was the second nationally represen-
total number of survey-eligible households in the enumera-
tative household survey of all non-institutionalized men and
tion areas for urban and rural populations separately. At the
women 15 years of age or older to monitor adult tobacco use
second stage, 32 urban households and 28 rural households
in the Russian Federation (GATS Russian Federation, 2016).
were selected from each enumeration area. The households
The primary survey goals were to produce valid estimates for
were selected using simple random sampling, separately for
tobacco smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke and smok-
urban and rural populations. At the final stage, one individual
ing cessation attempts, as well as to evaluate tobacco control
was randomly selected from all eligible males and females of
interventions. Survey design requirements and recommenda-
each participating household to complete the survey. At the
tions for GATS were developed so that high quality estimates
implementing stage, to prevent bias, no replacements and no
could be generated for the country as a whole as well as for
changes of the pre-selected households were allowed.
two analysis groups defined by urbanicity and gender.

The target population for GATS included all men and wom- B.4 SAMPLE SIZE
en 15 years of age or older residing in the Russian Federation. GATS was designed to produce estimates that meet the fol-
This target population included all people who considered lowing precision requirements:
Russia to be their usual place of residence, even though they
might not be considered a citizen of the country. Individuals • Estimates computed at the national level, by urbanici-
who were visiting the country (e.g., tourists) and indicated ty, by gender and by the cross of gender and urbanicity
their usual place of residence was a military base or group should have a margin of error of three percentage points
quarters, and those who were institutionalized—in hospitals, or less for tobacco use rates of 40% and a 95% confidence
prisons, nursing homes, and other institutions—were exclud- interval.
ed from the survey. Eligible respondents could withdraw from • Sample sizes should be sufficiently large to accommodate
the study at any time and had the right to refuse to answer statistical requirements for tests to detect differences be-
any question without providing a reason. tween survey rounds based on independently chosen
samples at each round.
B.2 SAMPLING FRAME Assuming a design effect of 2.00 for estimates computed at
The GATS Russian Federation was conducted in 72 of the 85 the national level, by urbanicity, by gender, and by the cross
regions (constituent entities) of the Russian Federation. Thir- of gender and urbanicity, the minimum sample size need-
teen regions were excluded from the sample due to the small ed to attain the GATS standards of statistical quality just de-
population living there. scribed was 2,000 respondents. When applied to each of the
four groups defined by the cross of urbanicity and gender, this
The GATS Russian Federation sampling frame was based on resulted in a minimum recommended respondent sample of
2010 population census results. Two files were created sepa- 8,000. Based on information from other national surveys con-
rately for urban populations consisting of 254,000 enumera- ducted by Rosstat in the Russian Federation and the recom-
tion areas and for rural populations consisting of 96,000 enu- mended overall sample size for GATS findings, the following
meration areas. anticipated levels of non-response at both the household
level and the selected individual level were reflected: House-
B.3 SAMPLE DESIGN hold Eligibility Rate (90%), Household Response Rate (98%),
GATS Russian Federation 2016 used a stratified three-stage Household Screening Rate (95%), Individual Eligibility Rate
household sample. At the first stage, 392 enumeration areas (98%) and Individual Response Rate (85% for males and 90%
called Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected (197 urban for females). As a result, the expected number of households
areas and 195 rural areas). PSUs were selected with probability per PSU is approximately 30, with the final adjusted sample

Page 115
112
size of 11,764 (for more details on sample design and number
of enumeration areas (blocks) and selected households, see
ni
Table B.1). Among 392 PSUs, 197 were allocated to the urban P2 =
areas and 195 to the rural areas. Among 11,764 Secondary k hi
Sampling Units (SSUs), 6,304 were located in the urban area
and 5,460 in the rural area, where the refusal rate was general- Where,
ly lower. The households were dispersed through eight feder-
ni - number of households to be included into the GATS sub-
al districts. Table B.1 below demonstrates sample distribution
sample at the second stage within PSUs selected at the first
of enumeration areas and population by the place of residents
stage
in all the eight federal districts of the Russian Federation.
GATS Final Respondent Selection Probability (P):
B.5 SAMPLING PROBABILITIES AND SAMPLE
P=P1*P2*P3
WEIGHTS
Due to non-proportional allocation of the sample through all Where P3 is a probability for selecting eligible respondent for
strata, sample weights should ensure that the sample at the the individual interview, it is provided by the census of pop-
national and stratum levels (urban/rural areas) is actually rep- ulation.
resentative. The GATS weighting process consisted of three
steps: (1) base weight was computed with account for all steps (2) ADJUSTMENT FOR UNIT NON-RESPONSE
of random selection in the sample; (2) adjustment for non-re- The base weight is adjusted for non-response on two factors:
sponse at the household level and for individual respondents household-level non-response adjustments and person-level
selected for the survey was performed; (3) post-stratification non-response adjustments. Household-level non-response
calibration adjustment of sample totals to the known popula- adjustments were made within the SSU. The corresponding
tion totals was made. household-level weighting class adjustments were computed
as one divided by the weighted household response rate for
(1) BASE WEIGHT each SSU sample. The person-level response rate was comput-
The inverse of the unconditional probability of selection was ed by roster-reported gender (male/female), residence (urban/
the final selection weight (base weight) for each respondent, rural), and current smoking status (smoking/not smoking).
which is the reciprocal of the product of the probabilities of
selection associated with each stage of the design. To deter- (3) POST-STRATIFICATION CALIBRATION
mine the sampling weights, sampling probabilities were cal- ADJUSTMENT
culated separately for each sampling stage using the follow-
In principle, the goal of a calibration weight adjustment is
ing formulae:
to bring weighted sums of the sample data into line with the
Probability of selecting enumeration area into the GATS sub- corresponding counts in the target population. As of January
sample at the first stage (P1): 1, 2017, Rosstat shared provisional population totals—projec-
tions of persons 15 years and older by urban/rural residence,
and respondent-reported gender and age-group (15–24, 25–
44, 45–64 and 65+)—from current population statistics with
account to all structural and administrative changes that took
Where, place since the 2010 Russia population census. These totals
were used for post-stratification calibration adjustment.
l – is the number of PSUs to be selected at the first stage to
GATS subsample. Ultimately, the final analysis weight (W) for the j-th respondent
data record was computed as the product of the base weight,
Σ Mh –total number of households in all the l – PSUs. adjustment for non-response and post-stratification calibration
adjustment. The final weight was used in all analyses to pro-
Probability of selecting SSUs into to the GATS subsample at
duce estimates and confidence intervals.
the second stage (P3):

Page 116
113
Table B1: Sample design implementation and number of enumeration blocks and households selected, GATS Russian
Federation, 2016

Number of households in the Number of PSUs Number of SSUs

basic array selected for the sample array selected for GATS
Federal district
total urban rural total urban rural total urban rural

Russian Federation 54560627 41240276 13320351 392 197 195 11764 6304 5460

Central federal district 15201629 12389004 2812625 102 0 42 3096 920 1176

North West federal district 5538214 463650 91694 35 22 13 068 704 364

South federal district 5064138 3276830 1787308 42 16 26 1240 512 728

North-Caucasian federal district 2541807 135270 1189637 23 6 17 668 192 476

Privolzhsky (Volga) federal district 11576954 8381459 3195495 87 40 47 2596 120 116

Ural federal district 4749983 3830482 919501 31 18 13 940 576 364

Siberian federal district 7417120 468642 1948478 5 26 29 1644 832 812

Far East federal district 247078 1905169 565613 17 9 8 512 288 224

Page 117
114
 APPENDIX C: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of CALCULATION OF STANDARD ERROR
error: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sam-
pling errors are the result of errors or mistakes that cannot be at- If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple
tributable to sampling and were made in implementing data col- random sample, it would have been possible to use straight-
lection and data processing, such as errors in coverage, response forward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However,
errors, non-response errors, faulty questionnaires, interviewer the GATS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified de-
recording errors, data processing errors, etc. Although numerous sign, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more com-
efforts were made during the implementation of GATS Russian plex formulae. For the calculation of sampling errors from
Federation to minimize those errors, non-sampling errors are im- GATS Russian Federation data, SPSS 17 was used. The Taylor
possible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically. linearization method of variance estimation was used for sur-
vey estimates that are means or proportions.
The sample of respondents selected in the GATS Russian Feder-
ation was only one of the samples that could have been select- The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or av-
ed from the same population, using the same design and sam- erage as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total
ple size. Each of these samples would yield results that differed sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number
somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sam- of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The
pling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible variance of r is computed using the formula given below:
samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be
estimated statistically from the survey results.

The following sampling error measures are presented for each of

the selected indicators:

• Standard error (SE): Sampling errors are usually measured in which and
in terms of standard errors for a particular estimate or in-
dicator (R). Standard error of an estimate is thus simply where h (=1 or 2) represents the stratum which is urban or
the square root of the variance of that estimate, and is rural,
computed in the same units as the estimate.
mh is the total number of PSUs selected in the hth stratum,
• Design effect (DEFT) is the ratio of the actual variance of
an indicator, under the sampling method used in the sur- yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith
vey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of PSU in the hth stratum,
simple random sampling. A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates
that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random хhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith PSU
sample, while a DEFT value above 1.0 indicates the in- in the hth stratum, and
crease in the standard error due to the use of a more com-
plex sample design. In general, for a well designed sur- f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is
vey, DEFT usually ranges from one to three. It is common, ignored.
however, for DEFT to be much larger, up to seven or eight.
The results are presented in this appendix for the country as
• Relative error (SE/R) is the ratio of the standard error to a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for gender. For each
the value of the indicator. variable or indicator, the type of statistic (mean, proportion,
• Confidence limits (R±1,96SE) are calculated to show the or rate) and the base population are given in Table C-1. In ad-
interval within which the true value for the population dition to the standard error (SE) described above, Tables C-2
can be reasonably assumed to fall. For any given statistic to C-6 include the value of the estimate (R), the number of
calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will un-weighted and weighted counts, the design effect (DEFF or
fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R) and the 95 percent
error of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples confidence limits (R±1,96SE), for each variable or indicator.
of identical size and design.

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Table C-1. List of Indicators for Sampling Errors, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Indicator Estimate Base population

Current Tobacco Users Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Current Tobacco Smokers Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Current Users of Smokeless Tobacco Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Current manufactured cigarette smokers Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Daily Tobacco Smoker Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Daily Manufactured Cigarette Smokers Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Former Daily Tobacco Smokers Among All Adults Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Former Tobacco Smokers Among Ever Daily Tobacco Users Proportion Ever daily tobacco users ≥ 15 years old

Time to First Tobacco use within 5 minutes of waking Proportion Daily tobacco users ≥ 15 years old

Time to First Tobacco use within 6-30 minutes of waking Proportion Daily tobacco users ≥ 15 years old

Smoking Quit Attempt in the Past 12 Months Proportion Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months
Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months
Health Care Provider Asked about Smoking Proportion and who visited a HCP during the past 12 months
Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months
Health Care Provider Advised Quitting Smoking Proportion and who visited a HCP during the past 12 months
Use of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation Proportion Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months

Use of Counseling/Advice or Quit Lines for Smoking Cessation Proportion Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months

Planning to quit, thinking about quitting, or will quit smoking Proportion Current smokers ≥ 15 years old

Exposure to SHS at Home Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Exposure to SHS at Workplace Proportion Adults who work indoors

Exposure to SHS in Government Buildings/Offices Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Exposure to SHS in Health Care Facilities Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Exposure to SHS in Restaurants Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Exposure to SHS in Public Transportation Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Last cigarette purchase in store Proportion Current manufactured cigarette smokers ≥ 15 years old

Noticed Anti-tobacco Information at Any Location Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Noticed Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old
Thinking of Quitting Because of Health Warning Labels on Cigarette
Packages
Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Noticed Any Cigarette Advertisement or Promotion Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Serious Illness Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Strokes Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Heart Attacks Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Lung Cancer Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Believes that Using Smokeless Tobacco Causes Serious Illness Proportion Adults ≥ 15 years old

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by daily smokers) Mean Current smokers ≥ 15 years old

Time since Quitting Smoking (in years) Mean Former smokers ≥ 15 years old

Monthly Expenditures on Manufactured Cigarettes Mean Current smokers ≥ 15 years old

Age at Daily Smoking Initiation Mean Ever daily smokers ≥ 15 years old

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Table C-2. Sampling Errors - National Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Design Relative Margin Confidence limits

Estimate Standard Sample
Indicator Effect Error of Error Lower Limit Upper Limit
(R) error (SE) size(n)
(DEFF) (SE/R) (MOE) (R-1,96SE) (R+1,96SE)
Current Tobacco Users 0.305 0.007 11 428 2.709 0.023 0.014 0.291 0.319
Current Tobacco Smokers 0.303 0.007 11 458 2.677 0.023 0.014 0.289 0.317
Current Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.299 0.007 11 458 2.538 0.023 0.013 0.286 0.313
Current Users of Smokeless Tobacco 0.004 0.001 11 409 2.394 0.222 0.002 0.002 0.006
Daily Tobacco Smokers 0.261 0.006 11 458 2.186 0.023 0.012 0.249 0.272
Daily Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.257 0.006 11 458 2.169 0.023 0.012 0.245 0.269
Former Daily Tobacco Smokers Among All Adults 0.094 0.004 11 458 2.028 0.041 0.008 0.086 0.101
Former Tobacco Smokers Among Ever Daily Tobacco
Smokers
0.251 0.009 4 118 1.813 0.036 0.018 0.233 0.269

Time to First Tobacco use within 5 minutes of waking 0.240 0.012 2 888 2.284 0.050 0.024 0.217 0.264

Time to First Tobacco use within 6–30 minutes of waking 0.400 0.013 2 888 1.963 0.032 0.025 0.375 0.425

Smoking Quit Attempt in the Past 12 Months 0.350 0.012 3 436 2.239 0.035 0.024 0.326 0.374
Health Care Provider Asked about Smoking 0.617 0.021 1 672 3.073 0.034 0.041 0.577 0.658
Health Care Provider Advised Quitting Smoking 0.474 0.022 1 670 3.281 0.047 0.043 0.431 0.518
Use of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation 0.201 0.017 1 232 2.279 0.086 0.034 0.167 0.235
Use of Counseling/Advice or Quit Lines for Smoking
Cessation
0.027 0.006 1 233 1.786 0.229 0.012 0.015 0.039
Planning to quit, thinking about quitting, or will quit
smoking
0.562 0.013 3 322 2.411 0.024 0.026 0.536 0.588
Exposure to SHS at Home 0.230 0.009 11 369 5.576 0.040 0.018 0.212 0.249
Exposure to SHS at Workplace 0.218 0.012 5 122 4.465 0.056 0.024 0.194 0.242
Exposure to SHS in Government Buildings/Office 0.009 0.001 11 429 2.138 0.144 0.003 0.006 0.012
Exposure to SHS in Health Care Facilities 0.015 0.002 11 452 2.438 0.120 0.003 0.011 0.018
Exposure to SHS in Restaurants 0.029 0.003 11 440 4.697 0.116 0.007 0.023 0.036
Exposure to SHS on Public Transportation 0.061 0.005 11 453 5.867 0.089 0.011 0.051 0.072
Last cigarette purchase in store 0.846 0.012 3 241 3.404 0.014 0.023 0.824 0.869
Noticed Anti-Smoking Information at Any Location 0.818 0.013 11 435 12.074 0.015 0.025 0.794 0.843

Noticed Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages 0.972 0.005 3 330 3.115 0.005 0.010 0.962 0.982
Thinking of Quitting Because of Health Warning Labels on
Cigarette Packages
0.359 0.013 3 309 2.564 0.037 0.026 0.333 0.385

Noticed Any Cigarette Advertisement or Promotion 0.225 0.013 11 359 10.607 0.057 0.025 0.200 0.250

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Serious Illness 0.908 0.006 11 451 4.374 0.006 0.011 0.897 0.920

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Stroke 0.811 0.010 11 452 7.453 0.012 0.020 0.792 0.831
Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Heart Attack 0.830 0.009 11 453 7.012 0.011 0.018 0.812 0.849
Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 0.936 0.005 11 453 5.021 0.005 0.010 0.926 0.946

Believes that SHS Causes Serious Illness in Non-Smokers 0.818 0.009 11 450 5.826 0.011 0.017 0.801 0.835

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by daily smokers) 16.300 0.300 2 849 2.600 0.000 0.600 15.700 16.900

Time since Quitting Smoking (in years) 10.200 0.400 1 016 1.500 0.000 0.800 9.400 11.000
Monthly Expenditures on Manufactured Cigarettes 2458.00 444.50 3170.00 0.80 0.20 871.30 1586.80 3329.30

Age at Daily Smoking Initiation of Individuals aged 15-34 17.00 0.10 1038.00 1.70 0.00 0.20 16.70 17.20

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Table C-3. Sampling Errors - Male Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Design Relative Margin Confidence limits

Estimate Standard Sample
Indicator Effect Error of Error Lower Limit Upper Limit
(R) error (SE) size(n)
(DEF) (SE/R) (MOE) (R-1,96SE) (R+1,96SE)
Current Tobacco Users 0.498 0.010 4 776 2.071 0.021 0.020 0.478 0.518
Current Tobacco Smokers 0.495 0.010 4 786 2.049 0.021 0.020 0.475 0.515
Current Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.488 0.010 4 786 2.011 0.021 0.020 0.468 0.508
Current Users of Smokeless Tobacco 0.008 0.002 4 759 2.222 0.244 0.004 0.004 0.012
Daily Tobacco Smokers 0.439 0.010 4 786 1.886 0.022 0.019 0.419 0.458
Daily Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.431 0.010 4 786 1.873 0.023 0.019 0.412 0.450
Former Daily Tobacco Smokers Among All Adult 0.149 0.007 4 786 1.675 0.045 0.013 0.136 0.162
Former Tobacco Smokers Among Ever Daily Tobacco
Smokers
0.241 0.010 3 057 1.655 0.041 0.020 0.222 0.261

Time to First Tobacco use within 5 minutes of waking 0.255 0.014 2 175 2.132 0.053 0.027 0.229 0.282

Time to First Tobacco use within 6–30 minutes of waking 0.416 0.014 2 175 1.869 0.035 0.028 0.387 0.444
Smoking Quit Attempt in the Past 12 Months 0.334 0.013 2 493 1.916 0.039 0.026 0.309 0.360
Health Care Provider Asked about Smoking 0.641 0.023 1 137 2.609 0.036 0.045 0.596 0.686
Health Care Provider Advised Quitting Smoking 0.509 0.025 1 135 2.851 0.049 0.049 0.460 0.558
Use of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation 0.216 0.020 845 2.087 0.095 0.040 0.176 0.256
Use of Counseling/Advice or Quit Lines for Smoking
Cessation
0.033 0.008 845 1.635 0.237 0.015 0.018 0.049
Planning to quit, thinking about quitting, or will quit
smoking
0.544 0.015 2 424 2.169 0.027 0.029 0.515 0.573
Exposure to SHS at Home 0.255 0.011 4 740 3.047 0.043 0.022 0.234 0.277
Exposure to SHS at Workplace 0.281 0.016 2 274 3.021 0.058 0.032 0.249 0.314
Exposure to SHS in Government Buildings/Offices 0.010 0.002 4 775 1.492 0.174 0.003 0.007 0.014
Exposure to SHS in Health Care Facilities 0.013 0.002 4 784 1.424 0.150 0.004 0.009 0.017
Exposure to SHS in Restaurants 0.034 0.005 4 777 3.102 0.135 0.009 0.025 0.043
Exposure to SHS on Public Transportation 0.053 0.005 4 785 2.727 0.101 0.011 0.043 0.064
Last cigarette purchase in store 0.847 0.013 2 350 2.980 0.015 0.025 0.822 0.872
Noticed Anti-Smoking Information at Any Location 0.808 0.014 4 779 5.742 0.017 0.027 0.781 0.835
Noticed Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages 0.975 0.005 2 425 2.363 0.005 0.010 0.966 0.985
Thinking of Quitting Because of Health Warning Labels on
Cigarette Packages
0.357 0.015 2 409 2.346 0.042 0.029 0.328 0.386
Noticed Any Cigarette Advertisement or Promotion 0.253 0.015 4 750 5.650 0.059 0.029 0.224 0.283
Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Serious Illness 0.879 0.008 4 782 2.974 0.009 0.016 0.863 0.894

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Stroke 0.769 0.012 4 782 4.178 0.016 0.024 0.744 0.793

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Heart Attack 0.787 0.012 4 783 4.197 0.015 0.024 0.764 0.811

Belief that Tobacco Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 0.915 0.008 4 784 3.488 0.008 0.015 0.900 0.929

Believes that SHS Causes Serious Illness in Non-Smokers 0.752 0.012 4 781 3.729 0.016 0.024 0.728 0.775

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by daily smokers) 17.100 0.300 2 138 2.200 0.000 0.600 16.500 17.700

Time since Quitting Smoking (in years) 10.700 0.500 747 1.300 0.000 0.900 9.900 11.600

Monthly Expenditures on Manufactured Cigarettes 2139.10 88.20 2305.00 1.60 0.00 173.00 1966.10 2312.00

Age at Daily Smoking Initiation of Individuals aged 15-34 16.800 0.100 699 1.500 0.000 0.300 16.600 17.100

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Table C-4. Sampling Errors - Female Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Design Relative Margin Confidence limits

Estimate Standard Sample
Indicator Effect Error of Error Lower Limit Upper Limit
(R) error (SE) size(n)
(DEF) (SE/R) (MOE) (R-1,96SE) (R+1,96SE)
Current Tobacco Users 0.145 0.007 6 652 2.659 0.049 0.014 0.131 0.159
Current Tobacco Smokers 0.144 0.007 6 672 2.650 0.049 0.014 0.130 0.158
Current Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.142 0.007 6 672 2.611 0.049 0.014 0.129 0.156
Current Users of Smokeless Tobacco 0.001 0.001 6 650 2.260 0.512 0.001 0.000 0.003
Daily Tobacco Smokers 0.113 0.006 6 672 2.203 0.051 0.011 0.102 0.124
Daily Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.113 0.006 6 672 2.223 0.051 0.011 0.101 0.124
Former Daily Tobacco Smokers Among All Adults 0.048 0.004 6 672 2.353 0.084 0.008 0.040 0.056
Former Tobacco Smokers Among Ever Daily
Tobacco Smokers
0.279 0.018 1 061 1.770 0.066 0.036 0.243 0.315
Time to First Tobacco use within 5 minutes of
waking
0.191 0.018 713 1.559 0.096 0.036 0.155 0.227
Time to First Tobacco use within 6–30 minutes of
waking
0.350 0.023 713 1.688 0.066 0.046 0.305 0.396
Smoking Quit Attempt in the Past 12 Months 0.393 0.023 943 2.048 0.058 0.045 0.349 0.438
Health Care Provider Asked about Smoking 0.563 0.030 535 1.989 0.054 0.059 0.504 0.623
Health Care Provider Advised Quitting Smoking 0.396 0.029 535 1.833 0.072 0.056 0.340 0.452

Use of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation 0.164 0.021 387 1.193 0.125 0.040 0.124 0.204
Use of Counseling/Advice or Quit Lines for Smoking
Cessation
0.012 0.005 388 0.753 0.405 0.009 0.002 0.021
Planning to quit, thinking about quitting, or will
quit smoking
0.613 0.022 898 1.827 0.036 0.043 0.570 0.657
Exposure to SHS at Home 0.209 0.010 6 629 3.823 0.047 0.019 0.190 0.229
Exposure to SHS at Workplace 0.157 0.012 2 848 3.106 0.076 0.024 0.134 0.181
Exposure to SHS in Government Buildings/Offices 0.008 0.002 6 654 1.897 0.188 0.003 0.005 0.011
Exposure to SHS in Health Care Facilities 0.016 0.002 6 668 2.071 0.139 0.004 0.012 0.020
Exposure to SHS in Restaurants 0.025 0.004 6 663 3.348 0.139 0.007 0.018 0.032
Exposure to SHS on Public Transportation 0.068 0.007 6 668 4.716 0.098 0.013 0.055 0.081
Last cigarette purchase in store 0.845 0.019 891 2.587 0.023 0.038 0.807 0.884
Noticed Anti-Smoking Information at Any Location 0.826 0.013 6 656 8.027 0.016 0.026 0.800 0.852
Noticed Health Warning Labels on Cigarette
Packages
0.964 0.009 905 2.324 0.010 0.019 0.945 0.982
Thinking of Quitting Because of Health Warning
Labels on Cigarette Packages
0.365 0.021 900 1.647 0.056 0.040 0.325 0.406

Noticed Any Cigarette Advertisement or Promotion 0.202 0.013 6 609 6.618 0.063 0.025 0.177 0.227
Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Serious
Illness
0.933 0.005 6 669 2.988 0.006 0.010 0.923 0.944

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Stroke 0.847 0.010 6 670 5.245 0.012 0.020 0.827 0.866

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Heart Attack 0.866 0.009 6 670 4.606 0.010 0.018 0.848 0.884

Belief that Tobacco Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 0.953 0.005 6 669 3.473 0.005 0.009 0.944 0.963
Believes that SHS Causes Serious Illness in Non-
Smokers
0.873 0.008 6 669 3.640 0.009 0.015 0.858 0.889
Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by daily
smokers)
13.700 0.700 711 2.400 0.100 1.400 12.300 15.100
Time since Quitting Smoking (in years) 8.800 0.700 269 1.300 0.100 1.300 7.500 10.100
Monthly Expenditures on Manufactured Cigarettes 3364.30 1679.30 865.00 0.90 0.50 3291.40 72.80 6655.70
Age at Daily Smoking Initiation of Individuals aged
15-34
17.200 0.200 339 1.500 0.000 0.400 16.900 17.600

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Table C-5. Sampling Errors - Urban Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Design Relative Margin Confidence limits

Estimate Standard Sample
Indicator Effect Error of Error Lower Limit Upper Limit
(R) error (SE) size(n)
(DEF) (SE/R) (MOE) (R-1,96SE) (R+1,96SE)
Current Tobacco Users 0.306 0.009 6 114 2.289 0.029 0.017 0.289 0.324

Current Tobacco Smokers 0.305 0.009 6 129 2.257 0.029 0.017 0.287 0.322

Current Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.300 0.009 6 129 2.130 0.029 0.017 0.283 0.316

Current Users of Smokeless Tobacco 0.005 0.001 6 104 1.899 0.262 0.002 0.002 0.007

Daily Tobacco Smokers 0.258 0.008 6 129 1.816 0.029 0.015 0.243 0.273

Daily Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.254 0.007 6 129 1.801 0.029 0.015 0.240 0.269

Former Daily Tobacco Smokers Among All Adults 0.098 0.005 6 129 1.661 0.050 0.010 0.089 0.108

Former Tobacco Smokers Among Ever Daily Tobacco Smokers 0.261 0.011 2 279 1.509 0.043 0.022 0.238 0.283

Time to First Tobacco use within 5 minutes of waking 0.235 0.015 1 558 1.954 0.064 0.029 0.206 0.265

Time to First Tobacco use within 6–30 minutes of waking 0.401 0.016 1 558 1.641 0.040 0.031 0.370 0.433

Smoking Quit Attempt in the Past 12 Months 0.341 0.015 1 910 1.914 0.044 0.029 0.311 0.370

Health Care Provider Asked about Smoking 0.622 0.025 958 2.613 0.041 0.050 0.572 0.672

Health Care Provider Advised Quitting Smoking 0.476 0.027 956 2.778 0.057 0.053 0.423 0.528

Use of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation 0.190 0.021 662 1.803 0.108 0.040 0.150 0.231

Use of Counseling/Advice or Quit Lines for Smoking Cessation 0.019 0.006 662 1.343 0.327 0.012 0.007 0.031

Planning to quit, thinking about quitting, or will quit smoking 0.562 0.016 1 844 2.036 0.029 0.032 0.529 0.594

Exposure to SHS at Home 0.242 0.012 6 074 4.618 0.049 0.023 0.219 0.266

Exposure to SHS at Workplace 0.220 0.015 3 105 3.964 0.067 0.029 0.191 0.249

Exposure to SHS in Government Buildings/Offices 0.009 0.002 6 106 1.793 0.183 0.003 0.006 0.012

Exposure to SHS in Health Care Facilities 0.014 0.002 6 127 2.133 0.157 0.004 0.010 0.018

Exposure to SHS in Restaurants 0.037 0.005 6 123 3.540 0.123 0.009 0.028 0.045

Exposure to SHS on Public Transportation 0.069 0.007 6 126 4.762 0.103 0.014 0.055 0.082

Last cigarette purchase in store 0.823 0.015 1 800 2.745 0.018 0.029 0.794 0.852

Noticed Anti-Smoking Information at Any Location 0.806 0.016 6 117 10.028 0.020 0.031 0.775 0.838

Noticed Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages 0.972 0.006 1 849 2.813 0.007 0.013 0.960 0.985
Thinking of Quitting Because of Health Warning Labels on
Cigarette Packages
0.337 0.016 1 842 2.204 0.048 0.032 0.305 0.370

Noticed Any Cigarette Advertisement or Promotion 0.237 0.016 6 066 8.741 0.068 0.032 0.205 0.268

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Serious Illness 0.905 0.007 6 128 3.546 0.008 0.014 0.891 0.919

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Stroke 0.811 0.013 6 126 6.318 0.016 0.025 0.786 0.835

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Heart Attack 0.830 0.012 6 126 5.985 0.014 0.023 0.807 0.853

Belief that Tobacco Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 0.935 0.006 6 127 4.244 0.007 0.013 0.922 0.948

Believes that SHS Causes Serious Illness in Non-Smokers 0.813 0.011 6 124 4.847 0.013 0.021 0.792 0.835

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by daily smokers) 16.100 0.400 1 538 2.100 0.000 0.800 15.300 16.900

Time since Quitting Smoking (in years) 10.000 0.500 580 1.200 0.000 0.900 9.100 11.000

Monthly Expenditures on Manufactured Cigarettes 2589.0 591.5 1743.0 0.6 0.2 1159.4 1429.6 3748.4

Age at Daily Smoking Initiation of Individuals aged 15-34 16.900 0.100 676 1.600 0.000 0.300 16.600 17.200

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Table C-6. Sampling Errors - Rural Sample, GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Design Relative Margin Confidence limits

Estimate Standard Sample
Indicator Effect Error of Error Lower Limit Upper Limit
(R) error (SE) size(n)
(DEF) (SE/R) (MOE) (R-1,96SE) (R+1,96SE)
Current Tobacco Users 0.301 0.009 5 314 2.218 0.031 0.018 0.283 0.319
Current Tobacco Smokers 0.299 0.009 5 329 2.230 0.031 0.018 0.281 0.317
Current Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.298 0.009 5 329 2.210 0.031 0.018 0.280 0.316
Current Users of Smokeless Tobacco 0.003 0.001 5 305 2.496 0.368 0.002 0.001 0.006
Daily Tobacco Smokers 0.267 0.009 5 329 2.098 0.033 0.017 0.250 0.285
Daily Manufactured Cigarette Smokers 0.264 0.009 5 329 2.098 0.033 0.017 0.247 0.281
Former Daily Tobacco Smokers Among All Adults 0.079 0.005 5 329 1.740 0.062 0.010 0.070 0.089
Former Tobacco Smokers Among Ever Daily Tobacco
Smokers
0.220 0.013 1 839 1.678 0.057 0.025 0.195 0.245

Time to First Tobacco use within 5 minutes of waking 0.254 0.017 1 330 2.077 0.068 0.034 0.220 0.288

Time to First Tobacco use within 6–30 minutes of waking 0.397 0.019 1 330 1.972 0.047 0.037 0.360 0.434

Smoking Quit Attempt in the Past 12 Months 0.377 0.018 1 526 2.053 0.047 0.035 0.342 0.412
Health Care Provider Asked about Smoking 0.601 0.032 714 2.968 0.053 0.062 0.539 0.663
Health Care Provider Advised Quitting Smoking 0.470 0.033 714 3.206 0.071 0.066 0.405 0.536
Use of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation 0.230 0.031 570 3.120 0.135 0.061 0.169 0.291
Use of Counseling/Advice or Quit Lines for Smoking
Cessation
0.050 0.016 571 2.980 0.314 0.031 0.019 0.081
Planning to quit, thinking about quitting, or will quit
smoking
0.564 0.020 1 478 2.396 0.035 0.039 0.525 0.603

Exposure to SHS at Home 0.194 0.012 5 295 4.492 0.059 0.023 0.171 0.216
Exposure to SHS at Workplace 0.208 0.015 2 017 2.896 0.074 0.030 0.178 0.238
Exposure to SHS in Government Buildings/Offices 0.010 0.002 5 323 2.119 0.200 0.004 0.006 0.014
Exposure to SHS in Health Care Facilities 0.017 0.002 5 325 1.925 0.147 0.005 0.012 0.021
Exposure to SHS in Restaurants 0.008 0.002 5 317 2.298 0.231 0.004 0.004 0.012
Exposure to SHS on Public Transportation 0.040 0.005 5 327 3.467 0.126 0.010 0.030 0.049
Last cigarette purchase in store 0.917 0.013 1 441 3.024 0.014 0.025 0.893 0.942
Noticed Anti-Smoking Information at Any Location 0.854 0.014 5 318 8.592 0.017 0.028 0.826 0.882

Noticed Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages 0.972 0.006 1 481 1.818 0.006 0.011 0.960 0.983
Thinking of Quitting Because of Health Warning Labels on
Cigarette Packages
0.426 0.020 1 467 2.442 0.047 0.040 0.386 0.465

Noticed Any Cigarette Advertisement or Promotion 0.192 0.017 5 293 9.416 0.087 0.033 0.159 0.224

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Serious Illness 0.920 0.008 5 323 4.235 0.008 0.015 0.905 0.935

Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Stroke 0.813 0.013 5 326 5.953 0.016 0.026 0.787 0.838
Believes that Tobacco Smoking Causes Heart Attack 0.831 0.012 5 327 5.322 0.014 0.023 0.808 0.854
Belief that Tobacco Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 0.938 0.007 5 326 3.940 0.007 0.013 0.925 0.951

Believes that SHS Causes Serious Illness in Non-Smokers 0.834 0.011 5 326 4.865 0.013 0.022 0.812 0.856

Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day (by daily smokers) 16.700 0.400 1 311 2.100 0.000 0.700 16.000 17.500

Time since Quitting Smoking (in years) 10.800 0.600 436 1.400 0.100 1.200 9.500 12.000
Monthly Expenditures on Manufactured Cigarettes 2067.10 148.50 1427.00 1.90 0.10 291.00 1776.10 2358.10

Age at Daily Smoking Initiation of Individuals aged 15-34 17.200 0.200 362 1.700 0.000 0.400 16.800 17.600

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 APPENDIX D: TECHNICAL AND SURVEY STAFF
The Ministry of Health of Russian Federation is represented RTI International
by the Department of Public Health and Communication,
which is providing the general coordination and manage- • Steve Litavecz
ment of the survey. Questionnaire Review Committee (QRC)

• Salagay Oleg Olegovich - the head of the Department of • Gary Giovino (Chair)
Public Health and Communication. • Ron Borland
Pulmonology Research Institute at the Federal Medico-Bi- • Prakash C. Gupta
ological Agency of Russia:
• Jeremy Morton
• Chuchalin Alexander Grigorievich is the Director of Pul- Sample Review Committee (SRC)
monology Research Institute, the General Physician of
Russian Federation, the General Pulmonologist of Russian • James Michael Bowling (Chair)
Federation, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, • William D. Kalsbeek
Professor. • Tarun K. Roy
• Sakharova Galina Mikhailovna is the head of the Tobacco • Krishna Mohan Palipudi
Control Research Centre of the Federal Medico-Biological
Agency, M.D., PhD, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor. CDC Foundation
• Antonov Nikolai Sergeevich is the Deputy Director of the • Rachna Chandora
Pulmonology Research Institute, the head of the Pulmo-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
nary Prevention branch, M.D., PhD, Doctor of Medical Sci-
ences, Professor. • Krishna Mohan Palipudi, CDC Focal Point for Russian Fed-
• Donitova Victoria Vladimirovna is a research associate of eration and Team Lead, Global Tobacco Surveillance Sys-
the Tobacco Control Research Centre of the Federal Med- tem
ico-Biological Agency • Simone Salandy, Statistician
The Information and Publishing Centre “Statistics of Rus- • Luhua Zhao, Statistician
sia” under Federal State Statistics Service of Russian Fed- • Anna Dean, GATS Coordinator
eration (Rosstat).
• Indu Ahluwalia, Chief, Global Tobacco Control Branch
• Nesterov Vadim Nikolaevich, General Director.
• Konik Tatiana Olegovna, Нead, Division of Information
Service and Marketing Research.
• Gordienko Elena Alekseevna, Adviser, Division of Informa-
tion Service and Marketing Research.
• Bulygina Lyudmila Mikhailovna, Leading Expert, Division
of Information Service and Marketing Research.
• Gavrilova Elena Mikhilovna, Leading Expert, Division of
Information Service and Marketing Research.
• Vysotskaya Veronika Valerievna, Adviser.
• Kuchumov Vyacheslav Dmitriyevich, Head, IT Division.
• Ignatenko Alina Viktorovna, Head, International Cooper-
ation Division.
• Arkhipova Tamara Dmitrievna, Assistant of General Direc-
tor on Financial Issues.
• Ivanov Eugeniy – IT support

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 APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Current tobacco user Person who currently uses any tobacco product, either daily or occasionally.

Current smokeless tobacco user Person who currently uses any smokeless tobacco product, either daily or occasionally.

Current tobacco smoker Person who currently smokes any tobacco product, either daily or occasionally.

Daily smoker Person who currently smokes any tobacco product every day.

Daily smokeless tobacco user Person who currently uses any smokeless tobacco product every day.

Person may or may not be a current smoker. Includes persons that are ‘current daily smokers’, ‘current occasional
Ever daily smoker
smokers, formerly daily’ or ‘current non-smokers, formerly daily smokers’
Indicates percentage of respondents who reported someone smoking inside his/her home (daily, weekly or
Exposure to secondhand smoke at home monthly), in the past 30 days. This does not include areas outside such as patios, balcony, garden, etc. that are not
fully enclosed.

Indicates percentage of respondents who reported someone smoking inside the public places of interest, in the
past 30 days:
Government Buildings: Covering indoor areas which are non-smoking areas by the national smoke free laws.
Exposure to secondhand smoke in public Health Care Facilities: Covering indoor areas of both public and private ealth care facilities which are non-smoking
places areas by the national smoke free laws.
Restaurants: Covering food and/ or beverage-selling place inside the building, not including place in front of any
building and wayside.
Public Transportation: All public transport with both air conditioner and non air conditioner.

Indicates percentage of respondents who reported someone smoking at work inside, in the past 30 days. This
Exposure to secondhand smoke at the
is among those respondents who work outside of the home or who usually work indoors or both indoors and
workplace
outdoors.

Former daily smoker Person is currently a non-smoker but had previously smoked daily over a period of one month or more.

Person does not currently use smokeless tobacco but had previously used smokeless products daily over a period
Former daily smokeless tobacco user
of one month or more.
Health care providers include various health professions such as medical doctors, nurses, pharmacist, health
Health care Provider (HCP)
professionals, etc.
Interest in quitting smokeless tobacco Current smokeless tobacco users who are planning or thinking about quitting smokeless tobacco use within the
use next month, 12 months, or someday.
Current tobacco smokers who are planning or thinking about quitting smoking within the next month, 12 months,
Interest in quitting smoking
or someday.

Non-medication therapy Includes acupuncture or reflexology.

Non-smoker Person currently does not smoke at all.

Non-user of smokeless tobacco Person currently does not use smokeless tobacco at all.

Occasional smoker Person who currently smokes less than daily.

Occasional smokeless tobacco user Person who currently uses a smokeless tobacco product less than daily.

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Papirosy Cardboard tube-tipped cigarettes.

Pharmacotherapy Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or prescription medication (such as Champix).

Psychotherapy Coding or hypnosis.

Includes government buildings, health care facilities, restaurants, bars/nightclubs, cafes/cafeterias, public
Public places
transportation, schools, colleges/universities and private workplaces
Current tobacco smokers and smokeless tobacco users who tried to quit during the past 12 months and former
Quit attempt
tobacco smokers and smokeless tobacco users who have been abstinent for <12 months.

Quit ratio (among daily smokers) Indicates how many ‘ever daily smokers’ were able to successfully quit (‘former daily smoker’ / ‘ever daily smoker’)

Secondhand smoke (SHS) Inhalation of smoke from tobacco products used by others.

Classified into three categories:

1) ‘Current/Daily smokeless user’ means the person uses at least one smokeless tobacco product every day, over a
period of one month or more.
Smokeless tobacco use status 2) ‘Current/Occasional smokeless user’ means the person uses smokeless tobacco products less than daily (either
formerly daily or never daily).
3) ‘Non-smokeless tobacco user’ means the person currently does not use smokeless tobacco at all. This includes
‘former daily user’ and ‘never daily user’.

Classified into three categories:

1) ‘Current/Daily smoker’ means the person currently smokes at least one tobacco product every day, over a period
of one month or more.
Smoking status / Smoking frequency 2) ‘Current/Occasional smoker’ means the person currently smokes less than daily (either formerly daily or never
daily).
3) ‘Non-smoker’ means the person currently does not smoke at all. This includes ‘former daily smoker’ (currently
a non-smoker but had previously smoked daily) and ‘never daily smoker’ (currently a non-smoker and has never
smoked daily, but instead occasionally or never smoked).

Two types of tobacco products:

1) Smoked tobacco includes: manufactured cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes, pipes full of tobacco, cigars/
cheroots/cigarillos, cardboard tube-tipped cigarettes (papirosy), calean, and any other reported smoked tobacco
Tobacco products
products.
2) Smokeless tobacco includes: snus (oral tobacco), snuffing tobacco (for nasal use), chewing tobacco (oral tobacco
for chewing), and any other reported smokeless tobacco products.

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 APPENDIX F: MPOWER SUMMARY INDICATORS
Appendix Table F.1: MPOWER Summary Indicators - GATS Russian Federation, 2016

Gender Residence

Overall Female Rural

Indicator Male (%) Urban (%)
(%) (%) (%)
M: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
Current tobacco user 30.5 49.8 14.5 30.6 30.1
Current tobacco smokers 30.3 49.5 14.4 30.5 29.9
Current cigarette smokers 29.9 48.8 14.2 30.0 29.8
Current manufactured cigarette smokers 29.7 48.2 14.2 29.8 29.3
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day (number)1 16.3 17.1 13.7 16.1 16.7
Average age at daily smoking initiation (years) 2
17.0 16.8 17.2 16.9 17.2
Former smokers among ever daily smokers 25.1 24.1 27.9 26.1 22.0
P: Protect people from tobacco smoke
Exposure to secondhand smoke at home at least monthly 23.0 25.5 20.9 24.2 19.4
Exposure to secondhand smoke at work 3 ,*
21.8 28.1 15.7 22.0 20.8
Exposure to secondhand smoke in public places: †
Government building/offices 3.5 4.2 3.0 3.6 3.2
Health care facilities 3.4 3.8 3.1 3.1 4.0
Restaurants 20.0 21.6 18.5 21.1 11.6
Public Transportation 10.5 10.7 10.3 10.8 8.9
Schools 3.1 4.2 2.5 3.3 2.6
O: Offer help to quit tobacco use
Made a quit attempt in the past 12 months 3 35.0 33.4 39.3 34.1 37.7
Advised to quit smoking by a health care provider 3,4 47.4 50.9 39.6 47.6 47.0
Attempted to quit smoking using a specific cessation method 3:
Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine Replacement Therapy) 20.1 21.6 16.4 19.0 23.0
Counseling/advice 2.7 3.3 1.2 1.9 5.0
Interested or planning to quit smoking5 56.2 54.4 61.3 56.2 56.4
W: Warn about the dangers of tobacco
Belief that tobacco smoking causes serious illness 90.8 87.9 93.3 90.5 92.0
Belief that breathing other peoples' smoke causes serious illness 81.8 75.2 87.3 81.3 83.4
Noticed anti-cigarette smoking information at any location* 81.8 80.8 82.6 80.6 85.4
Thinking of quitting because of health warnings on cigarette packages *5 35.9 35.7 36.5 33.7 42.6
E: Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
Noticed advertisements in stores where cigarettes are sold * 5.3 5.9 4.8 5.9 3.5
Noticed any cigarette advertisement, sponsorship or promotion* 22.5 25.3 20.2 23.7 19.2
R: Raise taxes on tobacco
Average (median) cigarette expenditure per month (Rubles) 6 1,672.4 1,818.7 1,212.9 1,672.9 1,632.1
Average (median) cost of a pack of manufactured cigarettes (Rubles) 6 79.7 79.6 81.8 79.9 74.4
Last cigarette purchase was from a store 6
84.6 84.7 84.5 82.3 91.7
Notes:
1
Among current daily smokers
2
Among ever daily smokers
3
Among past-year smokers (includes current smokers and those who quit in the past 12 months)
4
Among those who visited a health care provider in past 12 months
5
Among current smokers
6
Among current smokers of manufactured cigarettes
* In the last 30 days
† Among those who visited the place in the last 30 days.

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Appendix Table F.2: MPOWER Summary Indicators, GATS Russian Federation 2009 and 2016

2009 2016 Relative change

Indicator
Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female
M: Monitor tobacco use and prevention
Percentage (95% CI) Percentage (95% CI) Percentage
policies
Current tobacco users 39.4 (38.0, 40.8) 60.7 (58.9, 62.4) 21.7 (19.7, 23.9) 30.9 (29.4, 32.4) 50.9 (48.8, 53.1) 14.3 (13.0, 15.8) -21.5* -16.0* -34.0 *

Current tobacco smokers 39.1 (37.8, 40.5) 60.2 (58.4, 62.0) 21.7 (19.6, 23.8) 30.7 (29.3, 32.2) 50.6 (48.5, 52.7) 14.3 (12.9, 15.7) -21.6* -16.0* -34.2*

Current cigarette smokers1 38.8 (37.4, 40.2) 59.8 (58.0, 61.5) 21.4 (19.4, 23.6) 30.3 (28.9, 31.7) 50.0 (47.9, 52.0) 14.1 (12.7, 15.5) -21.9* -16.4* -34.3*

Current manufactured cigarette smokers 38.5 (37.2, 39.9) 59.3 (57.6, 61.0) 21.4 (19.3, 23.5) 30.0 (28.6, 31.4) 49.3 (47.3, 51.4) 14.1 (12.7, 15.5) -22.1* -16.8* -34.2*
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day
16.8 (16.3, 17.3) 18.3 (17.8, 18.9) 12.6 (11.8, 13.5) 16.3 (15.6, 16.9) 17.1 (16.5, 17.8) 13.5 (12.0, 14.9) -3.4 -6.7* 6.7
(number)
Average age at daily smoking initiation (years) 2
16.6 (16.4, 16.8) 16.4 (16.2, 16.6) 17.0 (16.7, 17.3) 16.8 (16.6, 17.0) 16.7 (16.4, 16.9) 17.1 (16.8, 17.5) 1.3 1.5 1.0

Former smokers among ever daily smokers3 18.3 (16.9, 19.9) 18.8 (17.2, 20.5) 17.1 (14.2, 20.5) 24.7 (22.9, 26.6) 23.4 (21.5, 25.5) 28.4 (24.8, 32.3) 34.7* 24.8* 66.3*

P: Protect people from tobacco smoke

Exposure to secondhand smoke at home at least
34.7 (32.9, 36.5) 36.7 (34.5, 38.9) 33.0 (30.7, 35.3) 23.1 (21.2, 25.1) 25.9 (23.6, 28.2) 20.8 (18.9, 22.8) -33.4* -29.5* -37.0*
monthly
Exposure to secondhand smoke at work 4, † 34.9 (32.4, 37.4) 45.7 (42.5, 48.9) 25.7 (22.9, 28.8) 21.9 (19.5, 24.5) 28.3 (25.1, 31.8) 15.8 (13.5, 18.5) -37.3* -38.0* -38.6*

Exposure to secondhand smoke in public places: 5. †

Government buildings/offices 17.0 (15.3, 18.8) 21.2 (18.9, 23.8) 13.8 (12.0, 15.8) 3.6 (2.7, 4.7) 4.2 (3.0, 5.8) 3.1 (2.1, 4.5) -79.0* -80.2* -77.5*

Health care facilities 10.2 (8.5, 12.1) 12.1 (9.8, 14.8) 9.1 (7.4, 11.2) 3.4 (2.7, 4.4) 3.8 (2.8, 5.2) 3.2 (2.4, 4.2) -66.2* -68.1* -64.8*

Restaurants 78.6 (75.0, 81.8) 78.3 (74.0, 82.1) 78.8 (74.0, 82.9) 19.9 (16.2, 24.2) 21.8 (17.2, 27.3) 18.1 (14.0, 23.1) -74.7* -72.2* -77.0*

Public Transportation 24.9 (22.5, 27.4) 24.5 (21.9, 27.2) 25.1 (22.5, 28.0) 10.8 (9.0, 12.8) 10.8 (8.8, 13.2) 10.7 (8.8, 13.0) -56.7* -55.7* -57.3*

O: Offer help to quit tobacco use

Made a quit attempt in the past 12 months 6 32.1 (30.2, 34.0) 29.4 (27.5, 31.4) 38.1 (33.7, 42.7) 34.7 (32.3, 37.1) 33.2 (30.6, 35.9) 39.0 (34.6, 43.7) 8.1 12.9* 2.5

Advised to quit smoking by a health care

31.7 (28.9, 34.6) 34.1 (31.0, 37.4) 27.4 (23.0, 32.3) 47.9 (43.4, 52.5) 52.0 (46.9, 57.1) 38.5 (33.0, 44.3) 51.1* 52.4* 40.4*
provider 6, 7
Attempted to quit smoking using a specific cessation method 6:
Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine Replacement
20.1 (17.3, 23.3) 19.1 (16.2, 22.4) 21.8 (16.4, 28.4) 26.1 (22.3, 30.3) 27.6 (23.1, 32.5) 22.5 (17.7, 28.2) 29.9* 44.1* 3.3
Therapy)
Counselling/advice 5.7 (4.4, 7.3) 7.1 (5.3, 9.4) 3.3 (1.8, 6.0) 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) 3.4 (2.1, 5.4) 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) -52.3* -52.3* -67.2*

Interested or planning to quit smoking 60.3 (57.9, 62.7) 55.8 (53.4, 58.2) 70.7 (66.3, 74.8) 56.2 (53.5, 59.0) 54.6 (51.5, 57.6) 61.1 (56.4, 65.6) -6.8* -2.2 -13.6*

W: Warn about the dangers of tobacco

Believe that tobacco smoking causes serious
90.8 (89.6, 91.9) 88.0 (86.4, 89.5) 93.2 (91.8, 94.3) 90.8 (89.6, 91.9) 87.8 (86.0, 89.4) 93.3 (92.1, 94.3) 0.0 -0.3 0.2
illness
Believe that breathing other peoples' smoke
81.9 (80.3, 83.4) 75.7 (73.4, 77.8) 87.0 (85.3, 88.6) 81.9 (80.1, 83.6) 75.1 (72.6, 77.5) 87.5 (85.8, 89.0) 0.0 -0.7 0.5
causes serious illness
Noticed anti-cigarette smoking information at
68.1 (65.6, 70.5) 66.8 (64.2, 69.4) 69.1 (66.4, 71.7) 81.3 (78.6, 83.8) 80.3 (77.3, 83.0) 82.2 (79.3, 84.7) 19.5* 20.2* 18.9*
any location †
Thinking of quitting because of health warnings
31.7 (28.9, 34.6) 31.6 (28.8, 34.5) 31.9 (27.4, 36.9) 36.0 (33.4, 38.8) 35.7 (32.7, 38.9) 37.0 (32.9, 41.2) 13.7* 13.1* 15.8
on cigarette packages †
E: Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
Noticed advertisements in stores where
43.6 (41.0, 46.2) 46.1 (43.3, 48.9) 41.6 (38.8, 44.4) 5.5 (4.5, 6.8) 6.1 (4.9, 7.7) 5.0 (3.9, 6.4) -87.3* -86.7* -87.9*
cigarettes are sold 8, †
Noticed any cigarette advertisement,
68.0 (65.8, 70.2) 71.6 (69.3, 73.9) 65.0 (62.4, 67.5) 23.1 (20.6, 25.7) 25.9 (23.0, 29.0) 20.7 (18.2, 23.4) -66.1* -63.9* -68.2*
sponsorship or promotion †
R: Raise taxes on tobacco
Average (median) cigarette expenditure per
560.8 (535.7, 588.3) 604.4 (582.8, 641.7) 422.9 (395.4, 514.4) 1,671.0 (1,541.4, 1,824.7) 1,817.6 (1,731.8, 1,951.8) 1,209.7 (1,108.2, 1,379.2) 198.0* 200.7* 186.0*
month (Rubles) 9
Average (median) cost of a pack of manufactured
24.5 (23.2, 26.7) 21.9 (21.4, 24.7) 35.4 (30.2, 38.9) 79.7 (79.5, 80.0) 79.6 (79.4, 80.0) 81.8 (80.8, 85.7) 224.7* 263.3* 131.4*
cigarettes (Rubles)9
Last cigarette purchase was from a store 9 69.0 (66.2, 71.7) 69.3 (66.4, 72.0) 68.5 (63.7, 72.9) 84.6 (82.1, 86.8) 84.7 (81.9, 87.2) 84.3 (79.9, 87.9) 22.6* 22.3* 23.1*
1
Includes manufactured cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes and papirosy. Among daily smokers age 15-34 years. Current non-smokers. Among those who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or
2 3 4

both indoors and outdoors. 5 Among those who visited the specific public places in the past 30 days. 6 Includes current smokers and those who quit in the past 12 months. 7Among those who visited a health care
provider in past 12 months. 8 Includes those who noticed cigarettes at sale prices; free gifts or discount offers on other products when buying cigarettes; or any advertisements or signs promoting cigarettes in stores
where cigarettes are sold. 9 Among current manufactured cigarette smokers. † During the past 30 days. * p < 0.05
The relative change (R) of the two estimates in the survey years 2009 (r2009) and 2016 (r2016) is calculated as a percentage (R=(r2009 - r2016/r2009)). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence
estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.
NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates, averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). Current use refers to daily and less than daily use. Adults refer to persons aged 15 years and older. Data have been
weighted to be nationally representative of all non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 years and older. Percentages reflect the prevalence of each indicator in each group, not the distribution across groups.

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The WHO Regional
Office for Europe

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency

of the United Nations created in 1948 with the primary
responsibility for international health matters and public
health. The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six
regional offices throughout the world, each with its own
programme geared to the particular health conditions of
the countries it serves.

Member States

Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
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Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia World Health Organization
Spain
Sweden
Regional Office for Europe
Switzerland
Tajikistan UN City, Marmorvej 51,
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Turkey Tel.: +45 45 33 70 00
Turkmenistan
Ukraine Fax: +45 45 33 70 01
United Kingdom Email: [email protected]
Uzbekistan Web site: www.euro.who.int

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