MTTM10/MTM 10: TOURISM IMPACTS

(Tutor Marked Assignment)

Course Code: MTTM 10/MTM-10 Programme: MTTM/MTM

Total Marks: 100 Assignment Code: MTTM 10/MTM-10/TMA/2022

Note: This TMA consists of ten questions, out of which you have to attempt any five. The
question carries 20 marks each and should be answered in about 500 words. Send your
TMA to the Coordinator of your Study Centre.

1. Discuss the themes and areas that form part of the GATT. 20
2. What are the economic impacts of tourism in India? 20
3. Analyse the problems associated with the measuring of tourism carrying capacity. 20
4. Write an essay on “Tourist Arts”. 20
5. What is guest host interaction? What are the issues involved with this interaction? 20
6. Write short notes on 10x2=20
a) Demonstration impacts
b) Cultural Tourism
7. What are the reasons behind the emergence of the contrived forms of culture for
tourism? 20
8. Write short notes on 10x2=20
a) Ego Tourist
b) Eco Tourism Resources
9. Critically Analyse Kenya model of wildlife management. 20
10. What is politics of tourism? How tourism can be used as a tool for image creation. 20
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MTTM10/MTM 10: TOURISM IMPACTS

Course Code: MTTM 10/MTM-10
Programme: MTTM/MTM
Assignment Code: MTTM 10/MTM-10/TMA/2022

Note: This TMA consists of ten questions, out of which you have to attempt any five. The question carries 20
marks each and should be answered in about 500 words. Send your TMA to the Coordinator of your Study
Centre.

1. Discuss the themes and areas that form part of the GATT. 20

Ans :- The agreements, choices and declarations that got here into force as a result of Uruguay round,
culminating in the formation of World Trade Organisation consist of:

1) Agreement Establishing the WTO: describes the objectives and scope of WTO and lays down the
organisational structure, choice making system and preferred regulations to be observed with the aid of
participants.

2) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994): consists of the fundamental principles of “Most Favoured
Nations” (MFN) remedy and “national treatment”. Under MFN “any benefit, favours, privilege or immunity
granted through any contracting celebration to any product originating in or destined for some other united
states of america will be accorded right away and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined
for the territories of all other contracting events”,

3) National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation: mentions that the “merchandise of the territory of
any other contracting celebration” shall:

• “not be difficulty, directly or circuitously, to inner taxes of any kind in extra of those implemented,
immediately or circuitously, to love home products”,

• “be accorded remedy no much less favourable than that accorded to like products of countrywide beginning in
respect of all legal guidelines, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering on the market,
purchase, transportation, distribution or use”.

4) Agreement on Subsidies and Anti-Dumping Agreement: pertains to prohibiting subsidies or permitting them
in certain cases like commercial research or assistance to deprived areas. The Anti-Dumping policies test rate
below reducing and dumping surplus production at low costs on different international locations.

5) General Agreement on Trade in Services: defines the offerings in four businesses:

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a) “Cross-border deliver” offerings like telecommunications,

b) “Consumption overseas” offerings like tourism,

c) “Commercial presence” offerings like banking and insurance, and

d) “Presence of herbal persons” offerings like specialists, and so on. The GATS laid down the suggestions for
liberalisation by means of framing the primary policies, coping with unique sectors and commitments of
participants concerning commencing of markets to overseas offerings providers. The annexe on Air shipping
services has a direct relating tourism as it deals with:

• air craft maintenance,

• preservation,
• selling and advertising, and
• computers reservation structures (CRS).

Besides those the other agreements relate to a ramification of subject matters like Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) coping with patents, copyrights, trademarks, etc; Agreement on Textile and
Clothing (ATC); Agreement on Trade Investment Measures (TRIMS); Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), and many
others. It isn't viable to deal with most of these on this Unit, but, it is advised that the students can visit the WTO
internet site and look for different websites on GATS to learn more.

2. What are the economic impacts of tourism in India? 20

Ans :- Cropping patterns have also been affected. For example, in many cases agriculture land is converted for
making resorts; exotic vegetables are grown to meet tourist requirements, etc. Tourisms’ local benefits, when
well planned and managed, could improve standards of living of residents. Tax revenues generated by tourism
could be used to improve community facilities like schools, hospitals, roads, and watershed management and
energy requirements, etc. Improvements in infrastructure could open new opportunities for local residents.
Other economic sectors like agriculture and fisheries and crafts could be stimulated. Conservation of local
heritage, nature, arts and crafts can be paid for by tourism. However for these benefits to be realized, self-
determination by the largest number of local residents is required. However in tourism short term dynamics are
more usual than the participative process, which can be painstakingly slow. Co-determination of the indigenous
and immigrant communities is a prerequisite if tourism is to realize its benefits. The role that local inhabitants
wish to play, active or passive, has to be discussed with them at every stage.

In spite of the benefits like job creation, infrastructural development and better facilities tourism can also and at
many destinations it does, generate negative economic impacts. High prices, shortage of water and electricity,
over crowding, etc. affect the economy in a big way. These factors also generate tensions within the host
population and also between the residents, tourism service providers and tourists. Another issue of concern at
the local level is the dominance of outside players who siphon out the tourism earnings from the locality. This
also has led to tensions.

Recreational tourism induces growth at three levels – national, regional and local, although the quantum of this
growth may be different at different levels. Some of the possible mechanisms through which tourism affects the
economy of a region.

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a) Tourism related industries and employment potential

Tourism is not a single industry but a loose confederation of number of these. It is usually classified in the
tertiary sector, mainly a service sector. Geographers call it a ‘landscape industry’ since the products of tourism
are made of natural beauty, dramatic landscape and cultural heritage. The development of various segments of
tourist industry depends upon the importance and popularity of the tourist places.

Laying down of transport networks like roads, railway tracks, trek routes, rope ways all require a huge labour
force for this construction and upkeep. Provision of better accommodation facilities by way of construction of
classified hotels, indigenous hotels, tourist bunglows or other state establishments and other types specially
tent houses, dharmasalas, etc. is another major responsibility of tourism industry. Souvenir making is another
significant component of a good tourism policy. Thus, tourism, we see, is a labour intensive industry. A large
number of seasonal works can seek employment such as the masons, carpenters, porters, rickshaw pullers,
hotel guides, waiters, tourist guides, escorts, boatmen, pony ow ners, candi carriers, etc. These job
opportunities sustain the hill economy to a great extent.

b) Income aspects and multiplier effect

Tourism circulates existing wealth among social groups and geographic regions. The money spent by the tourists
goes to the local business in a number of ways. This money in turn is spent on provision of goods and services to
the tourists. Thus, through this multiplier effect one can explain the additional spending or job creation caused
by a given level of tourist expenditur e. However, the scope of multiplier effect is greatly reduced because of
various leakages in the form of import of foreign goods, interest on foreign investments, etc.

c) Infrastructure and regional development

Tourism is an important mechanism to initiate and generate infrastructure development and improvement. The
construction of roads, railway lines, airports, electricity and gas supplies, sanitation, water supply etc. which are
mainly undertaken to attract the tourists benefit the local residents also by way of provision of civic amenities.
Besides, the development of infrastructure prepares the basis for diversification of other economic activities.
Thus, regional development is a natural corollary of development of tourism in a region. Foreign exchange, taxi
revenues, impetus to local arts, economic diversification – are other accompaniments of development of tourist
destinations.

3. Analyse the problems associated with the measuring of tourism carrying capacity. 20

Ans :- In the Eighties the term wearing potential emerged out of the discussions at the negative affects of
tourism. The activities and strategies that constitute tourism were homogenized and reduced to the volume of
tourism. Mathematical models have been developed, sociological fashions were advanced and geographers
attempted to degree the wearing capability. Was it visible? Was it associated with populace density? Was it
related to infrastructure? Was it associated with the dimensions of the neighborhood economy? Was it
dependent on the aid base, lifestyle and tradition? Was it associated with an eco-system? The debate has by no
means conclusively been able to reveal the excellent technique of setting up and measuring wearing ability

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although modern-day tourism became actually developing past its “wearing potential” in lots of destinations.
However, within the procedure of the talk, a number of thrilling problems have emerged.

I) Tourism facts, that is more and more used to demonstrate its importance, is frequently incompatible,
inconsistent and now not always credible, even if it is put out by way of the WTO. Therefore can we see tourism
as a method to an quit? For instance, Governments want to apply tourism for economic advantages and are
concerned approximately volumes of arrival and expenditure. Communities want conservation, access to their
amusement and recreational spaces and loose use in their tourism assets. For them sharing their assets with
vacationers will become a carrying capacity trouble. Secondly, hospitality as a lifestyle and hospitality as an
enterprise additionally view sporting potential as an difficulty. To make accommodation, food and drinks into
commodities turns into an difficulty of what goes past the capacity of a vacation spot.

Ii) Tourism planning and improvement calls for exchange-offs. This is a matter of allocating resources among
users whose competing demands can create shortages. Land fees, goods and offerings can end up costly. All this
ends in the emergence of a sporting potential issue. Tourism development frequently includes conflicting goals.
How will we construct sustainable tourism and at the same time sign in increase, employment, and profits and
distribute it to the inclined sections of the resident populace? How will we impose the expenses of externalities
on businesses as they partake of the advantages? Well some other sporting potential trouble has emerged if we
have to discover solution to those questions.

Iii) Goals for powerful tourism development for less advanced nations are always worried with the important
thing troubles of network participation and carrying potential. What precisely does the time period mean and
has it been changed by using sustainability? According to the Lanzarote Charter of 1995, any vacation spot have
to ensure that its tourism growth meets its socio-financial targets and environmental desires and constraints.
This should be carried out in consonance with the winning fee system and cultural integrity and fulfill the
perceptions of the local populace regarding their wishes and the way they are to be satisfied. The UNEP has
adopted a definition of sustainable improvement in the following way:

“Sustainable improvement is enhancing the quality of human existence at the same time as living in the sporting
ability of supporting ecosystems.”

iv) Tourism which have been taken into consideration a tender choice in the past many years, is now not so. It
has turn out to be a totally complicated quarter requiring a greater degree of understanding and
professionalism. At least three disciplines converge to provide us an information of sustainable tourism.
Economics, which attempts to maximize welfare in the existing capital-labour-era stock; Ecology, which takes
under consideration the ecological subsystem on which the economic device acts and Sociology, that identifies
human beings as the key actors, who reflect their social structures when adapting their useful resource base to
their present day and future needs. Thus, tourism ought to now not infringe these three disciplinary
requirements in its development.Fifty three Carrying capability has consequently emerged as a valuable
principle. Broadly, it determines the maximum use of any vacation spot or site without eroding its surroundings
(visible), sources (economic, medical, social), community (systems and their interdependence), economic system
(each distributive and earnings oriented), and lifestyle (person, social, organization, performative, artistic), and
the cost system, which has emerged from some of these traits which can be interlinked.

The precept of carrying capacity therefore implies a issue whilst on the identical time turning into a criterion of
sustainability. Carrying potential, at all stages, defines how much tourism is permissible for positive gains and
the factor at which what was a gainful activity becomes a poor one. This isn't so smooth to set up as the concept

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indicates. The greater composite the concept will become the turning point becomes more and more hard to pin
down. Carrying ability in keeping with the WTO consists of numerous elements:

1. Physical — related to area and its position inside the touristic experience. The factor at which a website
can be viewed as overcrowded or congested and consequently requiring some control and manipulate.
2. Ecological — once more primarily based on the volume past which unacceptable ecological adjustments
will arise either from the established order of infrastructure, services and centers and tourists.
3. Cultural — representing the factor at which guy made, social and ancient resources begin to become
worse or rework due to traveller stress..
4. Tourist pride index — the factor at which the traveler starts to find a go to unacceptable due to all of the
above motives and becomes disappointed.
5. Residents social tolerance — the factor at which the residents start to turn out to be adversarial to the
demonstration effect of tourism.

The seasoned-tourism advocates do now not see carrying potential as being an absolute criterion. Through
making plans and management it may grow to be elastic and accommodate better stages of visitation and
hobby. Zoning, rostering, reclamation, seasonality and traveller behaviour can all play a position in expanding
capacity. Tourism Policy should decide how wearing potential is to function as a tenet. Today a success tourism
development needs to be concerned with a right expertise of sporting potential and the coverage guide to
develop methodologies to estimate the suitable stability among tourism and all of the factors that go into its
practice. Carrying capacity operates in a dynamic system of alternate. In nature the timing is precise, through a
seasonal cycle conditioned via the meals and survival chains that hyperlink species together. Human behaviour
frequently does not agree to the pace of nature. Thorough studies and investigation are required before any
modifications are effected in the sporting ability of a destination. To be economically and socially sustainable,
tourism must be environmentally and culturally sensitive. This calls for longer time frames and area frames than
have been taken into consideration by way of tourism planners. Zoning, clustering, integration,
interdependence, pricing and closure that are the traditional strategies to provide accessibility, elasticity, variety
and a cost-gain analysis to determine sporting ability have glaringly no longer finished the function of
sustainability.

4. Write an essay on “Tourist Arts”.

Ans :- Tourists don’t produce arts or crafts. They buy and hence influence them. The explorer would look for the
real, the cultural tourist for something authentic whereas a mass tourist would ask for a souvenir or memento to
take back home. Can we describe the arts and handicrafts that the tourists buy, gaze or consume as tourist arts?
Well, to an extent yes. The earlier expression that the label tourist arts can be tagged on all that which revives
declining practices and styles and is developed for an international craft market, has been described as
“inadequate or misleading” by G. Evans (Fair Trade: Cultural Tourism and Craft Production in Third World, 1994).
He argues that the “explosion in demand for original craft prices – functional and decorative – has reached
beyond the tourist-exposure which has fuelled ethnic art trade”. These activities of art production and exchange
go on, independent of tourism and tourist interaction and yet intermediaries influence their production. Today,
different typologies are there for various art forms, like:

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• Tribal art : produced by tribals for own consumption

• Ethnic art : produced by tribals for use of others

• Mainstream art of others : an art form where the theme is authentic ethnic but the style may be different.

Tourist arts are a part of the merchandising of “local colour”. This indicates the commoditisation of local culture
as a part of the promotion of the “natural resources” of a destination that are used to attract tourists. Their
essential attributes are that they should be had made, using local materials, should be a part of the basket of
goods used locally, and should be produced by users and artisans on the spot. It is the last attribute that gives to
tourist arts their authenticity. Their transformation into souvenirs is the function of the market economy that
uses the existence of an integrated system of meaning (culture) by means of which a community established the
nature of reality, and transforms it into a commodity.

Economists and Planners see culture as a resource. Sociologists and anthropologists see culture as a
reaffirmation of the beliefs and relationships of a social group with regard to its reality. Thus, people are turned
into cultural extensions of the media promotion of tourism because they are identified by their tourist arts and
not viceversa. Tourism arts based on ethnic practices are now beginning to change the relationship between
tourism, ethnicity and arts. They are, in fact, a part of the relationship between material symbols, outsiders
demand and the defence and reformulation of ethnic identity. The production of tourist arts is also playing a
role in creating uniformity in the attitude towards tourism, material heritage and museums. This is happening
particularly among the middle classes – the major participants in mass tourism. In inter-cultural interaction, arts
and crafts have also become conveyers of meaning. There are also certain social issues that have emerged with
the growth of tourism and the demand for objects of art to take back as souvenirs: • have the arts become
“totems” of touristic identity?

• do they affect the front-stage and back-stage behaviour of the hosts who produce them?

• do they modify the self-perceptions of ethnic groups through externally imposed views?

• does the transfer of ethnic images from the periphery to the metropolis create ethnic stereotypes in the same
way as other mediums of representation?

• do handmade items have greater authenticity?

Tourist art traditions, according to Nelson Graburn, do not only modify ethnic traditions of cultural expression,
but also change the perceptions of the host ethnic group that produce them. Through the arts, the ethnic group
itself becomes an object of tourism. Although many groups are able to separate their own identify as a cultural
basis, from the material symbols they create to play upon the tourist stereotypes, this is not the case for all
communities. Strong influences over a period of time can modify cultural self-perception. Ethnic groups can
begin to measure themselves or to find meaning in symbols that are imposed from the outside. For example,
Israel has started a Boombamela, after 25,000 Israelis visited the Kumbh. They represent Indian “spirituality”

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outside its location and context. A Mediterranean beach replaces the sacred Ganges. Just as the Kumbh set up
camps to attract high profile western tourists with the appearance of spirituality at the Kumbh, so the Kumbh
has been appropriated and transferred to a site where the mela aspect gains more meaning than the spiritual.

Tourism arts have other features that are special in the guest-host relationship. This is the export of tourist arts,
or what Aspelin has called indirect tourism. This transfer of a bamboo fan or a rice cleaning sieve, into other uses
as determined by the tourist, creates ethnic confusion as well as stereotype of a rural culture in much the same
way that films do. Travelogues and audio-visual advertisements also play the same role in transforming the
meaning of for example Kerala’s Elephant March from a ritual of significance into a pageant. The producers get
this feedback of their touristic “ethnic” image and they often begin to make the meaningless transformation to
the souvenir trade for economic gain. For example, the marble or stone representation of the Taj Mahal is never
seen as a “monument of love”, which in any case is a transformation of a grave into something romantic. It is
seen as a representation not of the inlay art and skill of the artisans of Agra, but a symbol of having seen one of
the wonders of the world with ones own eyes and carrying a replica back, small enough to be transported by air.
How many know that the local superstition deems it bad luck to have a replica of the Taj in your home? Would
this taboo be respected? How serious would the conflict be in the mind of the tourist? And how serious is the
belief for the one who is mass-producing the artefact?

However, on the plus side there is the power of art to be appreciated across cultural boundaries, particularly in
metropolitan areas and this could be a source of empowerment for the host community. This can only happen
when in the form of a souvenir of a cultural experience, the aesthetic appeal and value system of the host
society is also carried away, as for instance, a Madhubani painting. Does the tourist see it as “folk” and
therefore, consider it to be of a lower order in aesthetic appreciation, or does it reflect the values imbibed
through the tales told in the genre and the status of women as the promoters and conservers of the art?

Perhaps to answer the questions we have raised for understanding the complexity of the issue of tourist arts
and crafts we could look at the major types of arts, the conditions under which they have become connected
with tourism and the cultural, temporal and socio-economic impetus behind their emergence. For example, how
has Mummy become a word in all Indian languages replacing the original Ma? Have tourists and hosts been
brought into a unified belief system through the process of modernisation? Has the preference given to the
English language, also the language of tourism, created a new dynamic in creating both a new and a common
consciousness?

6. Write short notes on 10x2=20

a) Demonstration impacts

Ans :- There is a new approach to the management of a tourist site to reduce social stress through
reconstruction of a historical past rather than to allow the tourist to pry into the private spaces of people’s lives.
But because of this has emerged the problem of authenticity. Indonesia has a mini Indonesia park, Hawaii has a
Cultural Centre, Fiji has an Orchid Park, Thailand has a mini park and India has the Pragati Maidan, to replicate
architectural and cultural feature to be exhibited for tourists. Promoters of ‘model’ cultural centres feel that
these reconstructions are more authentic than the modern village or ethnic group. However, it is the
museumified form of a culture, which can only be presented to those who are on a fly-by-night itinerary and

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have no inclination for the unsanitised version. Many tourists prefer the professional model to the real host,
who demands money to be photographed. The right to free photography for tourists is another modern social
issue, with the proliferation of photography. To a host population tourism is a mixed blessing. On the one hand
it provides a commercial opportunity, develops entrepreneurship, creates an economic multiplier and brings
back to the forefront the heritage and culture of our roots that vanishes as modernisation progresses. Tourists
can become a physical and social burden, particularly when their numbers increase, or their goals do not meet
with social approval and they do not accept or respect local norms. As the world becomes smaller, the visibility
of the tourist also increases. Typologies that describe tourists according to their adaptability norms, like
explorers, elites and off-beats, do not necessarily explain how these typologies can reduce impacts, since we
cannot deny some types of tourists entry to our tourism sites.

On the Other hand in a mix of tourists, international and domestic and business people demographics as well as
adaptability norms play a role; the two cannot be separated. Mass tourism is a continuous process and does not
allow for time to recover from the onslaught of tourist activity. Airports, roads and hotels are areas where
crowding is evident. Small towns and villages are locations where the irritation of large tourist coaches becomes
high. Tourist taxis travelling at high speeds do not conform to the pace of local life. The commitment of tourists
to local sanctions also becomes less as they win prize holidays and incentives. They cross the threshold of
humanity to turn into the “golden hordes”. Tourist impact and local reaction have an inverse relationship. Hosts
can either restrict or control tourism to reduce the social impact or they can restructure their culture to adapt to
tourism. Both systems have been seen as praiseworthy models. However, neither can control the
“demonstration effect” which is the “tendency for a more economically primitive culture to initiate the
behaviour patterns of a more complex nature” (Valene L. Smith, Demonstration Effect, 1994). According to
Dekadt (1979), “tourists on vacation usually demonstrate a standard of living that is considerably higher than
their average level of consumption at home during the rest of the year. The image they project of their home
society is thus distorted and further magnifies the great gap between their living standards and those of the
majority of the host country’s population”.

b) Cultural Tourism

Ans :- When we discuss the issue of cultural tourism we have to inform ourselves of the shift from the normative
(good/bad/negative/positive) nature of the debate on the links between culture and tourism, to the
interventions of the sociology and anthropology of tourism. Researchers have accepted the difficulty in
determining the role of cultural attractions in tourism. How many views of a culture people can have is a vital
question. Is it the quality of the hotel, the air connections and the availability of air-conditioned cars that
determines the popularity of a destination (say, the North Indian Golden Triangle) or its cultural components?

1) Recreational or sun lust tourism 2) Environmental tourism 3) Historical tourism96 4) Ethnic tourism 5) Cultural
tourism

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Valene Smith defines cultural tourism as “including the picturesque or local colour, a vestige of the vanishing
lifestyle that lies within human memory with its old style houses, homespun fabrics, traditional transport and
technology and handmade crafts… this is the peasant culture, illustrated by the case studies of Bali and Spain”.
Ethnic tourism is defined by its direct focus on people living out a cultural identity whose uniqueness is being
marketed for tourists; tourists are interested in the cultural practices, which define a unique ethnicity as for
example the Western Himalayan Buddhist enclaves. Cultural tourism on the other hand defines situations where
the role of culture is contextual, where it shapes the tourists experience, without a focus on its uniqueness. It
emphasises artefacts rather than concrete cultural activities of people. Ethnic tourism and cultural tourism thus
have boundaries which maybe crossed by the presenter in formulating tours or staging performances.

According to James Clifford, “Culture is a coherent body that lives and dies. Culture is enduring, traditional and
structural (rather than contingent, syncretic, historical). Culture is a process of ordering, not disruption. It
changes and develops like a living organism. It does not normally survive abrupt alterations.”

Cultural identity is an ongoing process, politically contested and historically unfinished. It is always mixed,
relational and inventive. Cultural concepts are used by ethnic groups to interpret themselves to themselves, to
one another and to the other.

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