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GEOTECHNICS FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION:
NEW MATERIALS, STRUCTURES, TECHNOLOGIES AND CALCULATIONS
Proceedings in Earth and geosciences

ISSN 2639-7749
eISSN 2639-7757

Volume 2
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GEOTECHNICS FUNDAMENTALS
AND APPLICATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION: NEW MATERIALS, STRUCTURES, TECHNOLOGIES
AND CALCULATIONS (GFAC 2019), SAINT PETERSBURG, RUSSIA, 6–8 FEBRUARY 2019

Geotechnics Fundamentals and

Applications in Construction:
New Materials, Structures,
Technologies and Calculations

Editors
Rashid Mangushev
Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
St. Petersburg, Russia

Askar Zhussupbekov
Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan

Yoshinori Iwasaki
Geo Research Institute, Osaka, Japan

Igor Sakharov
“Georeconstruction”, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and
Civil Engineering, St. Petersburg, Russia
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Applied for

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-0-367-17983-0 (Hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-05888-2 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429058882

Proceedings in Earth and geosciences

Volume 2
Proceedings in Earth and geosciences (Print) ISSN 2639-7749
Proceedings in Earth and geosciences (Online) ISSN 2639-7757
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Table of contents

Preface xi
Committees xiii
Sponsors xv

Test simulation of controlled compensation grouting 1

A.V. Alexandrov, E.N. Bellendir, P.A. Vaver & A.N. Simutin
Model tasks for management of process of sibsidence of earth’s surface 6
S. Altynbekov
Surcharge preloading as a method for engineering reservoir foundations in silty soils 10
A.A. Ananyev
Correlation between wave analysis data and data of plate load tests in various soils 16
V.V. Antipov & V.G. Ofrikhter
Reconstruction and methods to protect stone buildings of the early 19th century 21
T. Awwad, R. Chekaeva, M. Chekaev, A. Seisekeeva & L. Awwad
Soil constitutive model effect on the distribution of pile axial load-parametric study 26
T. Awwad & S.A. Al Kodsi
An extended model of impedance functions of monopile-supported offshore wind
turbines incorporating soil-structure interaction effect 30
A. Barari & L.B. Ibsen
Design peculiarities of foundation structures in permafrost and
seismically active areas 36
T.A. Belash
Geotechnical aspect of load-bearing analysis of explosively driven pile foundation soil 44
L.M. Borozenets
Experimental estimate of instantaneous adfreeze strength of glass-fibre reinforced
plastic in frozen soil 49
A.V. Boyarintsev & S.V. Lanko
Predicting air quality in underground structures 54
T.A. Datciuk, D.M. Denisikhina & E.A. Anshukova
Setting soil strength parameters for slope stability calculations 59
I.K. Fomenko, K.V. Kurguzov, O.V. Zerkal & O.N. Sirotkina
Development of analytical methods to determine swelling and shrinkage of clay soils 65
F.G. Gabibov
Disadvantages of standards for construction on collapsible soils 69
B.F. Galay, V.V. Serbin & O.B. Galay
Efficient use of sand cushions 74
V.S. Glukhov & M.V. Glukhova

v
Numerical studies on horizontally loaded bored piles 77
A.L. Gotman, A.Z. Gaisin & A.O. Glazachev
Assessment of operation of fiber-reinforced soil located behind retaining wall 82
A.S. Grishina & A.B. Ponomaryov
Geo-Base Isolation with geogrid reinforcement for buildings 86
A. Boominathan, S. Banerjee & J.S. Dhanya
Stabilization of permafrost soils at base of road fill 93
M.E. Igoshin, M.V. Paramonov, V.V. Vorontsov & P.A. Kravchenko
Authenticity of soils and foundation of Bayon temple in Angkor Thom and restoration
of retaining structures in Angkor 98
Y. Iwasaki, M. Ishizuka, S. Soeur, R. McCarthy, T. Nakagawa & L. Vanna
Characteristics of ultrafine permeation grouting for foundation soil of Northern
River Terminal in Moscow 109
F.N. Kalach, V.I. Nozdrya, A.I. Osokin & V.B. Ivanishchev
Basic relationships between statics and dynamics in reinforced shell roofs of
underground and aboveground structures and methods of their calculation 114
V.V. Karpov & A.A. Semenov
Advanced composite-based structural design solutions 120
T.P. Kasharina
Composite-based shell and soil reinforcement designs for bank protection structures 124
D.V. Kasharin
Construction of foundations using chrysotile cement pipes 129
Yu.N. Kazakov & A.E. Alekseev
Influence of concrete strength evaluation method accuracy on reliability levels of
geotechnical structures 135
A.M. Kharitonov, Y.M. Tikhonov & Y.A. Belentsov
Analytical study of effect of compensatory layer installed in contact zone of foundation slab 139
N.Y. Kiselev & Ya.A. Pronozin
Construction embankment of automobile road on pile foundation in weak soil 145
S.A. Kudryavtsev, T.U. Valtseva, S.A. Bugunov, Z.I. Kotenko, N.I. Sokolova & M.N. Erofeev
Impact of artificial footing in pile-adjacent zone on operation of laterally-loaded
single pile foundation 150
S.V. Lanko, L.N. Kondratieva, A.V. Evstratov & A.V. Derendyaev
Concerning the dynamic load impact on development of landslide processes 157
A.I. Latypov & E.A. Korolev
Hardening of clay soil under compression 161
P.A. Lyashenko & V.V. Denisenko
Experimental studies of soil base deformations under the model of flexible bottom of
steel vertical tanks 165
R.A. Mangushev, V.V. Konyushkov, R.A. Usmanov & V.M. Kirillov
Stability of slopes under exposure to soil wetting 172
I.V. Manyakhin & R.A. Mangushev
Antimudflow protection with rigid thorough structures 178
S.I. Matsiy & L.A. Sukhlyaeva
Features of calculating gravity retaining wall without assumption of base soil liquefaction 182
O.P. Minaev
Features of calculating stability of retaining wall with significant horizontal load on base soil 187
O.P. Minaev

vi
Changes in physical and mechanical characteristics of soil under triaxial loading 193
I.T. Mirsayapov & I.V. Koroleva
Influence of a deep construction pit on a technical condition of surrounding buildings 197
I.T. Mirsayapov & N.N. Aysin
Floor construction in basements during reconstruction of buildings in peaty territories 202
A.V. Nikitin, A.L. Nevzorov & Yu.V. Saenko
Prediction of settlement of buildings surrounding deep excavations in Viet Nam 205
N.S. Nikiforova & N. Van-Hoa
On criterion for considering dynamic soil-structure interaction effects 210
L.V. Nuzhdin, V.S. Mikhailov & I.D. Yankovskaya
Specifics of engineering support for installation of bored piles in cluttered urban settings 216
A.I. Osokin, V.A. Ermolaev & A.I. Kuzhelev
Specifics of engineering design of piled raft foundations in soft soils 220
A.I. Osokin, V.O. Efimov & L.N. Kondratieva
Comprehensive bearing capacity analysis of permafrost railroad leading to
Tank-Car filling rack 225
V.V. Pendin, I.K. Fomenko, D.N. Gorobtsov & M.E. Nikulina
Geotechnical and geoecological fundamentals of sustainable life cycle of unique
long-operated underground structures of water disposal systems in difficult soil
conditions (the experience of St. Petersburg) 231
N. Perminov & A. Perminov
Soil base reinforcement with rigid elements represented by built-in-place
piles in rolled-out wells (practical experience) 235
V.P. Perov & S.V. Perov
Simulation of strain-stress behavior of tunnel collectors in conditions of combined
anthropogenic effects 240
N. Perminov & A. Perminov
Simulation of unsteady interaction of large RC shell with heterogeneous soil milieu for
gradually increasing caisson structure 245
N. Perminov
Geotechnical problems of transport construction and their solutions 250
T.M. Petrova & E.Yu. Chistyakov
Operating peculiarities of reinforced concrete structures in intense cold and freeze-thaw temperature 254
M.G. Plyusnin, V.I. Morozov & V.M. Popov
Analytical method for calculating the bearing capacity of injection piles in clayey soil 259
A.I. Polishchuk, A.A. Petukhov & R.V. Shalginov
Influence of stiffness of separating wall between foundations of closely-spaced buildings
on their settlements 265
A.I. Polishchuk & A.S. Mezhakov
Parameters determining differences between geometric and mechanical properties of spiral
elements in rope, affecting development of emergency situations 270
S.V. Polyakov & A.E. Pushkarev
Rationale for method of settlement calculation for multiple blade helical piles in clayey ground 274
A.I. Polishchuk, F.A. Maximov & N.S. Nikitina
Use of marl as ground base for embankments 280
A.B. Ponomaryov, E.N. Sychkina & V.I. Kleveko
Calculation and geotechnical monitoring of buildings on strip-membrane foundations 284
O.S. Poroshin, Ya.A. Pronozin, L.R. Epifantseva & Yu.V. Naumkina

vii
Changes in soil properties at unloading of base of deep foundation pit 290
Ya.A. Pronozin & E.P. Bragar
“Normal” bored injection pile with increased bearing capacity 296
Ya.A. Pronozin, I.S. Salnyi & D.V. Volosyuk
Real-time vibration monitoring 301
I.I. Sakharov, M.A. Shashkin & S.I. Nizovtsev
Computational method for soil frost heaving characteristics determination 307
I.I. Sakharov
Determination of settlement in drill-injection pile with controlled broadening 312
M.A. Samokhvalov, A.V. Geydt & A.A. Paronko
Settlements in foundations of existing buildings during construction of trench diaphragm wall 318
D.A. Sapin & I.P. Diakonov
Selecting moisture protection methods for subsurface parts of buildings 324
A.D. Serov & M.I. Afonina
Analysis of causes of deformations in historic buildings on weak clay soils 329
A.G. Shashkin, K.G. Shashkin & R.E. Dashko
Analyzing efficiency of two-layer foundations for a power transmission line portal
based on a numerical experiment 335
M.N. Shutova, S.I. Evtushenko & D.A. Kalafatov
Stress-strain state of elastic base under circular foundation 341
V.I. Smirnov, S.A. Vidyushenkov & N.S. Bushuev
Methods and technology of ensuring stability of landslide slope using soil anchors 347
N.S. Sokolov, A.E. Pushkarev & S.A. Evtiukov
Selecting type of bored piles with increased values of bearing capacity 351
N.S. Sokolov, A.E. Pushkarev & A.N. Mikhaylov
Experimental studies of soil compaction effect on pile operation 357
M.A. Stepanov & G.I. Rybak
Assessing the state of buildings’ foundations and residual lide of their bearing capacity 363
L.Yu. Stupishin, S.G. Emelyanov, M.L. Moshkevich & F.V. Altukhov
Estimating efficiency of composite reinforcment applications in foundations of
low-rise buildings 368
A.I. Subbotin, M.N. Shutova & A.I. Shagina
Experimental studies of settlement and bearing capacity of piles in argillite-like
clays and sandstone 374
E.N. Sychkina
Forecast bearing capacity of soil cushions with variable reinforcement spacing 378
D.A. Tatiannikov & A.B. Ponomarev
Vibration driving of an incompressible pile into a two-layered foundation 384
Z.G. Ter-Martirosyan, E.S. Sobolev & G.O. Anzhelo
Restoration engineering of historic structures: Case study of building 12 on New
Holland Island in Saint-Petersburg 390
V. Ulitsky & S. Bogov
Effective stiffness for modeling reinforced concrete structures in soil-structure
interaction calculation 396
V.A. Vasenin & N.A. Evseev
New technology for soil extraction when sinking open caissons 402
V.V. Verstov, A.N. Gaido, A.F. Yudina & L.M. Kolchedantsev

viii
Results of experimental analyses of concrete with metal wastes 407
M. Vaiciene, J. Malaiskiene & O. Kizinievic
Influence of normal and shear stiffness of fractures on deformation characteristics of rock mass 413
A.N. Vlasov, M.G. Zertsalov & D.A. Vlasov
Modelling the stress-deformed state of soil installed with displacement piles 420
E.S. Voznesenskaya
Geotechnical and geoenvironmental analysis of “Chinese Theatre in Alexander Park,
Pushkin” as part of reconstruction and improvement project 425
M.B. Zavodchikova & N.G. Corvette
Design-based justification of controlled compensation grouting during ZPPS-2
foundation slab mock-up lifting 430
M.G. Zertsalov, A.N. Simutin & A.V. Aleksandrov
Prediction of axial bearing capacity of piles by SPT and PMT-based approach 435
A.Zh. Zhussupbekov, A.R. Omarov & V.N. Kaliakin
3D modelling of cast-in-place anchored beamless trench wall with edge elements of
different topology 441
V.V. Znamenskiy, E.B. Morozov, D.Y. Chunuk & D.A. Pekin
Efficiency of determining bearing capacity of soil fills using the LFG (LWD) dynamic plate 447
M. Rajczyk & J. Rajczyk
Concerning the use of soil deformation modulus in geotechnical design 451
E.S. Utenov, A.T. Mukhamedzhanova & S.K. Abildin
Effectiveness of geotechnical curtain of loose pile rows as design for cast-in-place
trench walls 457
V.V. Znamenskiy & E.B. Morozov

Author index 463

Book series page 465

ix
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Preface

International Scientific-Technical Conference «Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construc-

tion: New Materials, Structures, Technologies and Calculations» (GFAC 2019) was held by Saint Peters-
burg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering 6–8 February 2019. Its aim was devoted to
enable the interactive exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge and to bring together leading academic
scientists, researchers and scholars in the domain of interest from around the world. The Conference
provided a unique forum for prominent researchers and young talented specialists to present the latest
research findings, emerging technologies and directions in geotechnics, soil mechanics, foundation engi-
neering and all related construction spheres.
GFAC 2019 demonstrated an ideal interdisciplinary platform to share research results in the sphere
of geotechnics, modern geotechnologies, soil mechanics, foundations, geological engineering and share
experience in design of complex geotechnical objects in various conditions place to engage with leading
universities, research institutes and design organizations from Russia, Japan, South Korea, India and
other countries.
The unique and valuable results of the GFAC 2019 are the knowledge and experience exchange of more
than 300 specialists from the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, CIS, India, Japan, USA, Mongolia, Viet-
nam, Syria, Lithuania. An additional impetus to the development of international scientific partnership
and cooperation in this area was received in particular in the main areas of activity:
• Analytical decisions and numerical modeling of the system joint operation: “base—foundation—building”;
• Design and construction in geologically hazardous conditions (karst, landslides, mudflows, seismic
activity, etc.);
• Methods for surveying the features of dispersed, rocky soils, foundations and structurally unstable soils
(permafrost, subsidence, peaty, swelling, etc.);
• Exploration, territory improvement and reconstruction in conditions of compact urban planning and
enterprises, etc.;
• Construction, reconstruction and exploitation of railways, highways, pipes, utilities and other infra-
structure facilities in different soil conditions;
• R&D support and quality control of new materials, design and technology solutions in constructing
bases, foundations, underground and surface constructions;
• Condition survey and accident evolution analysis in construction;
• Up-to-date monitoring techniques in building construction and exploitation.
Thus, an important event in the field of geotechnics is the Conference proceedings publication.
International Editorial Board (Mangushev R.A. (Russia), Sakharov I.I. (Russia), Zhussupbekov A.Zh.
(Kazakhstan), I. Iwasaki (Japan) reviewed the articles and recommended 87 among them for publication.
These articles cover the modern experience of geotechnics in Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Vietnam,
Denmark, Cambodia, India, Lithuania, Poland, Japan and are devoted to the design, design calculations,
technology of foundations of different types, as well as underground structures in different regions of the
world soils.

Rashid Mangushev
February 2019

xi
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Committees

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Evgeny Rybnov, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia (Chair)
Rashid Mangushev, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia (Co-Chair)
Irina Lugovskaya, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia (Co-Chair)
Eun Chul Shin, Incheon National University, South Korea
Askar Zhusupbekov, Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Anatoly Osokin, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia
Alexey Sashkin, “Georeconstruction”, Russia
Elena Lashkova, “Geoizol”, Russia
Lyudmila Strokova, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia
Valery Morozov, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia
Yury Pukharenko, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia
Vladimir Konyushkov, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Igor Sakharov, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia
Vyacheslav Ilyichev, Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Russian Society for Soil
Mechanics, Geotechnics and Foundation Engineering, Russia
Zaven Ter-Martirosyan, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Russia
Alfred Gotman, Russian Society for Soil Mechanics, Geotechnics and Foundation Engineering, Russia
Vladimir Ulitsky, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University, Russia
Andrey Ponomarev, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Russia
Ilizar Mirsayapov, Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering, Russia
Sergey Kudryavtsev, Far Eastern State Transport University, Russia
Anatoly Polishchuk, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia
Gennady Skibin, Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University, Russia
Alexander Nevzorov, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Russia
Leonid Nuzhdin, Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Russia
Vladimir Paramonov, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University, Russia
Vladimir Lushnikov, UralNIIproject, The Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Russia
Dmitry Chunyuk, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Russia
Armen Ter-Martirosyan, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Russia
Yakov Pronozin, Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Russia

xiii
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Sponsors

xv
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Test simulation of controlled compensation grouting

A.V. Alexandrov, E.N. Bellendir & P.A. Vaver

HydroProject Institute, JSC, Moscow, Russia

A.N. Simutin
Sigma Tau Ltd., Moscow, Russia

ABSTRACT: The paper presents the main outcomes of testing of the technology for aligning the build-
ing of Zagorsky Pumped-Storage Electric Power Plant 2. Rationale is provided for the use of compensa-
tion grouting as a method for aligning the building in question.

1 INTRODUCTION rupture, causing the uncontrolled spreading of

the cement grout rather than retaining within the
The accident that occurred during the construc- injection point (collar).
tion of Zagorsky Pumped-Storage Electric Power The issues of compensation grouting in sands;
Plant 2 (ZaPSPP 2) had caused differential settle- physical and theoretical bases of grout composi-
ments in the building of ZaPSPP 2, the maximum tion depending on the structure of soils; and lab
settlement being 117 cm. The detailed descriptions and field testing of grouting methods have been
of the state of the building and the soil mass before addressed by A. Bezuijen et al. (Bezuijen 2010,
and after the accident; the course of the accident; Kharchenko et al. 2016, Zertsalov et al. 2015).
and the post-accident stabilization of the build- The design solution for aligning of the build-
ing are given in the dedicated study (Alexandrov ing of ZaPSPP 2 involves the use of grouts that
2016). In order to ensure the operational integrity tend to form enclosed volumes around injection
of ZaPSPP 2, its building needs to be aligned to the points, rather than form fractures in sandy foun-
accuracy of 10 cm relative to horizontal position. dation soils. With each subsequent feeding of the
The alignment should be achieved in controlled grout into one and the same collar, the volumes of
mode with the use of collar cementing-based com- deformed, consolidated soils increase unruptured.
pensation grouting of the footing of the building. With reference to the above papers (Bezuijen 2010,
Makovsky 2009, Warner & Byle 2012, Schweiger
1998, Burland 2001), we shall not pursue the pecu-
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS liarities of interaction between the pressurized
grout and the soil mass. Let us note only the core
Over the past 30 years, compensation grouting has principles of injecting grouts into sandy soils so
proved successful in overseas (Makovsky 2009, that they do not cause them to rupture.
Warner et al. 2012) and domestic (Kharchenko When injecting a conventional grout with the
et al. 2016, Zertsalov et al. 2015) construction engi- water-solid ratio of 2 to 4 under 30–40 atm (the
neering. As a method and technology, compensa- pressure which deforms and consolidates the soil
tion grouting is designed to maintain or restore the skeleton) into the sandy soil with pore pressure
stress and strain state in soil body during under- corresponding to the depth of soil (2–3 atm at
ground space development in urban areas, as well 20–30 m depth), at the grout-soil interface there
as to prevent unwanted settlement. Not only does occur high-pressure liquid-phase gradients and
compensation grouting counterbalances the stress the soil skeleton experiences considerable in-situ
and strain state in soil body and the associated forces.
settlement, it allows lifting and aligning of the In clayey soils, which are highly cohesive and
buildings. resistant to in-situ breaking load, the above grout-
In sandy soils, compensation grouting is more ing conditions lead to the formation around the
difficult to manage then in clayey ones. This is feed point of enclosed volumes of solidifying
explained by the fact that exposed to conventional material, which ultimately counterbalances the
technologies and suspension-like grouts with the changes in the stress and strain state (SSS) of the
water-solid ratio of 2 to 4, sandy soils tend to soil mass. In sandy, cohesionless soils, however,

1
such conditions lead to in-situ hydraulic fracturing
that spreads uncontrolled.
To prevent hydraulic fracturing (Bezuijen 2010,
Makovsky 2009, Warner & Byle 2012, Knitsch
2008), internal “barriers” need to be set up at the
grout-soil interface to act as reverse filters or tran-
sition zones that are commonly used in hydraulic
engineering. Created during grout injection at high
pressures and high-pressure liquid-phase gradients,
such “barriers” prevent fine fractions of the grout
from entering the sandy soil. There are two differ-
ent ways to ensure the conditions described above.
One way involves a two-stage procedure for
preparation and treatment of the sandy soil.
The first stage is designed to prepare the soil for
grout injection by way of impregnating it with a
fine fraction-containing suspension of particular
granulometric composition to replace pore water.
At the second stage, when conventional grout is
injected, the “internal barriers” form themselves in
the impregnated soil. Figure 1. Location of Test Site 3: 1 – Test Site 3,
The other way comes down to preparing of a 2 – grout injection area, 3 – the right side of ZaPSPP
grout whose granulometric composition and phys- 2 reverse canal.
icochemical properties would enable it, while being
injected to replace pore water, to form the “inter-
nal barriers” without impregnating the soil first.
Compared to conventional grouts, such specially
prepared grouts normally have a lower water-solid
ratio – 1 or less (pastes) – and require additional
control of such technological parameters as
pumpability, flowability, etc. For such grouts to
be injected effectively at lower pressures (up to
60 atm), preliminary impregnation of soil might
be required – for the purpose of reducing the in-
situ friction between soil particles, caused by grout
injection, in order to avoid overpressure.
Figure 2. Overall view of Test Site 3.

3 RESULTS

The project to reconstruct Zagorsky Pumped-

Storage Electric Power Plant 2 (ZaPSPP 2) required
a series of tests to find out whether its building
could be lifted and aligned using controlled com-
pensation grouting (CCG) (Makovsky 2009). The
tests were conducted on Test Site 3 (TS 3) during
2016 and 2017. TS 3 is situated on the right side of
ZaPSPP 2’s lower pound lock (Figures 1, 2 and 3).
Prior to the start of the tests, TS 3 was surveyed
Figure 3. Test site. Grout injection area.
to verify that its foundation soil conditions were
identical to those of the ZaPSPP 2.
The testing of CCG at TS 3 within the premises model for lifting of ZaPSPP 2 with the actual geo-
of ZaPSPP 2 was necessitated by the lacking expe- technical and operating conditions (Alexandrov
rience in global hydraulic engineering of lifting a et al. 2016).
building to heights more than 12 cm (Bellendir The test simulation involved injecting of spe-
et al. 2016). cially prepared grouts and impregnating com-
The test simulation sought to verify consistency pounds underneath the simulated ZaPSPP 2
of the design parameters set for the mathematical foundation slab in order to obtain the details of

2
the actual scope of drilling and injecting needed The injection zone for lifting the simulated
for aligning of ZaPSPP 2 (Alexandrov et al. 2016). foundation slab fell on 62.3–82.6 m section of the
The operations targeted to lift the simulated collar columns (Fig. 6).
foundation slab, which had been buried to the All the injecting facilities and auxiliary systems
depth at which ZaPSPP 2 own load could be were put up on a special cut arranged in the right
simulated. slope of ZaPSPP 2’s reverse canal.
Trial injection of the grout and impregnating
compound was performed during August 8–11,
4 DISCUSSION 2016, which demonstrated contractor’s prepar-
edness and the suitability of the grout and the
Test site 3 (Makovsky 2009) was designed to simu- impregnating compound.
late ZaPSPP 2 foundation slab (dimensions: 10 × Over the period from 08.08.2016 to 17.12.2016,
10 m, thickness: 5 m) buried to the depth of 17 m Stages I and II of works were performed to inject
to 21 m. Structurally, the site consisted of: the impregnating compound (KN-1, P-1) and the
grout (KN-2, OS-7) and to let them cure. During
− simulated foundation slab on jet grouting piles
the curing time, the monumented benchmarks
(dimensions: 10 × 10 m, thickness: 5 m), buried
were monitored for position and the slab footing
at required depth and inclined at an angle identi-
for pressure.
cal to that of the foundation slab of ZaPSPP 2;
Since the plastic collar columns failed, the deci-
− 32 plastic collar columns (CC 1–32) (7 lines),
sion was taken to drill nine additional boreholes
70.3 m to 86.6 m long, bored directionally from
for steel collar columns 33–41.
the surface of the slope of the reverse canal;
Stage 3 of works was performed over the period
− 9 steel collar columns (2 lines), 75.83 m to
from 24.04.2017 to 09.07.2017, during which the
76.95 m long, bored directionally from the sur-
impregnating compound (KN-1, P-1) and the
face of the slope of the reverse canal;
grout (KN-2, OS-7) were injected through CC
− bentonite piles along the perimeter of the simu-
33–41, marking the end of the lifting of the simu-
lated foundation slab, designed to reduce shear
lated foundation slab.
strength whilst lifting the slab;
− 9 monumented benchmarks for tracking the
simulated foundation slab as it moves upwards;
− 9 devices for reading the stresses in the soil
underneath the simulated foundation slab; and
− surveying instruments for monitoring the posi-
tion of the monumented benchmarks.
The simulated model of ZaPSPP 2 foundation
slab, represented by the cement-bound mass and
the vertical curtain separating the lift area from the
soil, is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Figure 5. Longitudinal profile of cement-bound mass

and bentonite cutoff curtain.

Figure 4. Layout of cement-bound mass and bentonite Figure 6. Discharge area for lifting the base plate
cutoff curtain. model.

3
 The grout and the impregnating compound As a result of the operations conducted over the
were injected through cup-type injectors (col- period from 18.06.2017 to 02.07.2017, a 32 mm
umns). Stages 1 and 2 used plastic columns and shift was registered by the geodetic party relative to
Stage 3 steel ones (Fig. 7). the geodetic marks, which occurred on all sides of
Compensation grouting was performed at opti- the simulated foundation slab, marking the com-
mum consumption rates without causing hydraulic pletion of the operations.
fracturing. The results of the injection operations were ana-
By 20.06.2017, the simulated foundation slab lyzed by way of benchmarking the calculated val-
was lifted to the height of more than 30 cm (monu- ues against the actual elevation of the slab and the
mented benchmarks 7 and 8). In the projection area pressure in the underlying soil.
of the simulated foundation slab, there occurred In performing the preliminary computational
perimeter cracks, with up to 8 cm opening. modelling of operations on Test Site 3 we made use
By 09.07.2017, the simulated foundation slab of Z-Soil software and finite-element method (FEM).
had been lifted to the height of 468 mm and the The behavior of the foundation soil is described
crack opening increased to 20–25 cm (Fig. 8). by the elasto-plastic model of hardening soil with
On 20.06.17, grouting operations continued in unbounded failure surface, which accounts of the
order to check the parameters of the controlled lift changes in the deformation properties and of the
of the simulated foundation slab. At that stage, the failure surface (failure criterion) as functions of the
injections were meant to advance the lift of the left stress state (Makovsky 2009, Warner & Byle 2012).
side of the simulated foundation slab. The calculated values were benchmarked against
To achieve the unilateral advance, CC 37 and the actual ones in order to evaluate the accuracy of
CC 41 received greater quantities of the grout and the methods used in calculations, as well as of the
CC 35 – CC 39 – CC 38 – CC 34 lesser quantities. models designed to represent the actual interaction
between compensation grouting of TS 3, soil mass,
and simulated foundation slab.
The conducted operations have allowed test-
ing of the automated monitoring system which
included tachometer – and geodetic marks-based
measurements; and 9 sensors installed at the level
of the footing of the foundation slab for monitor-
ing the soil pressure.
Throughout the entire period of injection grout-
ing, the displacement of the simulated foundation
slab was measured by automated tachometer Leica
TM30 based on the vertical displacement of the
monumented benchmarks.
Figure 9 shows the diagram of calculated and
the actual displacements. As can be seen, the
matching degree is high.
The computational model and the software
developed have been verified for the conditions

Figure 7. Collar columns.

Figure 8. Crack openings. Elevated TS 3. Figure 9. Calculated and actual displacement diagram.

4
in question and proved fully meeting the task of API RP 13B American Petroleum Institute – Standard
aligning of ZaPSPP 2 building (Alexandrov et al. procedure for field testing drilling fluids. Recom-
2016). mended Practice.
In general, the distribution of pressure across Bellendir, E.N., Alexandrov, A.V., Zertsalov, M.G. &
Simutin, A.N. 2016. Compensation Grouting as a
the footing did meet the calculation assumptions. Technique for Structural Levelling. Hydraulic Engi-
Injected into the foundation soil, grouts KN-2 neering, 2016. Iss. 2. pp. 15–20.
and OS-7 created a pressure on the simulated foun- Bezuijen, A. 2010. Compensation Grouting in Sand.
dation slab, which corresponded to the mean pres- Experiments. Field Experiences and Mechanisms.
sure sustained during the lifting and had therefor Building Code 58.13330.2012. Hydraulic Structures.
enabled vertical displacement of the simulated Guidelines. Updated Code 33-01-2003.
foundation slab. Burland, J.B. Building response to tunneling. Case stud-
In the course of grouting, the composition of ies from construction of the jubilee line extension / J.B.
basic grouts KN-2 and OS-7 were adjusted based Burland, J.R. Standing, F.M. Jardine. – London,
2001. pp. 134–145.
on the grouting results. Clief Kettle. Compensation Grouting – Evolution, Field
The test simulation showed that the arrangement Application and Current State of the Art in UK practice.
of eight lines of boreholes for aligning of ZaPSPP EN 12715 Execution of special geotechnical work
2 had proved expedient and enabled lifting of the – Grouting.
building to the required horizontal position. Kharchenko, I.Y., Merkin, V.E., Simutin, A.N. & Zert-
salov, M.G. 2015. Compensation Grouting: A Protec-
tion Technology in Tunnel Construction. Transport
5 CONCLUSION Construction. Vol. pp. 6–9.
Knitsch, H. Visualization of relevant data for compen-
sation grouting/H. Knitsch//Tunnel, 3. – 2008. –
The outcomes of the test simulation enable the fol- pp. 38–45.
lowing the conclusions. Makovsky, L.V. 2009. Determining the Parameters of
Expediency has been verified of the use of con- Compensation Grouting for Tunneling in Com-
trolled compensation grouting as a technology for plex Conditions/L.V. Makovsky, V.V. Kravchenko//
creating in soil mass of a stress field enabling lift- Motor Roads Engineering: Proceedings – M.: MMRU
ing of the simulated foundation, and the building (GTU), 2009. pp. 119–124.
itself, to the height never attained previously. Schweiger, H.F. Reduction of settlements by compensa-
The grouting operations on Test Site 3 have tion grouting – Numerical studies and experience from
allowed identifying the lines of further studies, Lisbon underground/H.F. Schweiger, E. Falk//Tunnels
and Metropolises. – Balkema, Rotterdam, 1998. –
which encompass composition and properties of pp. 1047–1052.
grouts; collar column design; and mechanized Telford, T. Sprayed concrete linings (NATM) for tun-
solutions for feeding of grout into collars. nels in soft ground/T. Telford. – London, 2004. –
Pp. 10–12.
Warner J. & Byle, M. 2012. Limited Mobility Grouting –
REFERENCES Past, Present and Future.
Zertsalov, M.G., Simutin, A.N. & Alexandrov, A.V. 2015.
Alexandrov, A.V., Bellendir, E.N., Lashchenov, S.A. & Compensation Grouting as a Structural Protection.
Alzhanov, R.S. 2016. Liquidating the Consequences Journal of MGSU, 2015. Iss. 6. pp. 32–40.
of Settlement in Zagorsky PSPP-2: Restoration Works
// Hydraulic Engineering. Iss. 6. pp. 81–89.

5
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Model tasks for management of process of sibsidence of earth’s surface

Sh. Altynbekov
South Kazakhstan State Pedagogical University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan

ABSTRACT: The mathematical formulation of two types of model control problems is formulated.
The results of preliminary calculations are presented.

Keywords: geomechanics, subsidence, oil layer, the surface of the earth, tasks about management, mathematics

1 INTRODUCTION In numerous applications, due to the complexity

of the controlled systems, it was necessary to aban-
Pumping oil from the field leads to a decrease in don the just mentioned mathematical model and
excess pressure in the pore fluid in the oil reservoir consider Λ as a partial differential operator (Lions
layer. The natural balance of pressure in the lower 1972). It is this case that we study in this paper.
and upper layers is disturbed. The greater the differ-
ence between them and the power of the oil reser-
voir, the greater the subsidence of the earth’s surface 2 THE TASK OF MANAGING THE
on the territory of the oil complex. Therefore, dur- PROCESS OF THE OIL RESERVOIR
ing oil production, as a rule, injection wells are SUBSIDENCE
necessarily drilled to ensure the balance of stresses
in the reservoir. However, this way of dealing with The tasks of managing the process of subsidence
negative phenomenon, as shown in practice, leads of the oil reservoir and the earth’s surface during
to a decrease of the subsidence of the earth’s sur- oil pumping are closely related to the tasks of man-
face only 25–35% of the real. Therefore, there is a aging the pressure of the pore liquid.
need to develop and improve methods of struggle. There are numerous types of management. In
To prevent this negative process, in our opinion, it this paper we consider only two types of Manage-
is necessary to solve one of the problems of geome- ment: management at the border and management
chanics – the problem of managing the process of within the region. Consistently consider these types
subsidence of the earth’s surface using the theory of of management.
filtration consolidation of the earth’s environment.
Currently, there are numerous works on the
mathematical theory of optimal control (Bellman 2.1 Pressure management on the border
and others 1962, Boltyansky 1969, Butkovsky Management is implemented so that the pressure
1965, Tikhonov 1965, Plekhanova 2016, Lattes p (z,r,t) on the boundary Γ of the domain Ω is not
and Lions 1967, Lions 1968, Leray 1933, Polak reduced over time (eg, fluid flow through the wall).
1971, Wang 1964, Pontryagin and others 1969, Function of p (z,r,t) (pressure) within the area
Hestenes 1966, Lions 1972, Altynbekov 2010, Ω × ]0,T [ satisfies the equation of sealing
Altynbekov and others 2010). The optimization
theory for systems with distributed parameters ∂p
described by partial differential equations begins − Cv ( z, r )∆p = f , z, r ∈ Ω , t ∈]0,T [, (1)
∂t
to be developed after obtaining the main results
in the optimization theory for ordinary differen-
or, in general case, the equation
tial equations. The theory set out in The works of
(Pontryagin and others 1969) and (Hestens 1966)
∂p
is devoted to the study of the following questions: + Ap = f , (2)
to obtain the necessary conditions of extremum; ∂t
to study the structure and properties of equations
expressing these conditions for the case where Λ, where
called the “model” of the system, is an ordinary
differential operator. Aϕ = −(aij ( z, r )φ1 j ), (3)

6
and functions aij(z, r) satisfy conditions: p( z, r,t ) = æ(t ) p0 ( z, r ) at τ 1 < t < ∞ , (8)
p( z, r0 ,t ) = q1, p( z, R,t ) = q2 , (9)
aij ( z, r ) ∈ L∞ (Ω ), aij ( z, r ) = a ji ( z, r ) ∀i , j ;
(4) ∂p ∂p
aij ( z, r )ξiξ j ≥ αξiξi , α > 0, ∀ξi ∈ R.
= 0, = 0, (10)
∂z z=h ∂z z =0
Let moreover, the initial pressure (Altynbekov
2010) is given in the form where Cv(z) and Φ(z, r, t) are known functions.
In this problem, the function (pressure) p(z,r,t)
p( z, r,τ 1 ) = p0 ( z, r ) = and the function æ (t) belong to the definition. The æ
∞  µ   µ  (t) function in the considered time interval is continu-
(5)
= q1 + ∑ Di (τ 1 )V0  i r ⋅ ch  i z ous, positive and bounded from below and above. We
i =1  Kr   Kz  are interested in the values of this function that lie
inside polysegment ]0,1], i.e., 0 < æ (t) ≤ 1.
The presence and type of control action depends To solve the problem (6) – (10) first define a
on the boundary conditions (Altynbekov and oth- function of pressure p(z, r, t), satisfying the equa-
ers 2010). tion (6), the initial condition (7) and the boundary
The deformation of the inhomogeneous earth conditions (9) and (10). Then, satisfying the condi-
mass strongly depends on the type of bound- tion (8), we find the function æ (t):
ary conditions. In boundary conditions when on
borders of the massif of the earth environment
there is a free liquid exchange with environment, (11)
subsidence of heterogeneous soil bases at the ini-
tial moments of time is more, than at homogene-
ous, and over time it becomes much less (in, 1–5
times), depending on their physical and mechanical Here D1ij, D2ij, D3ij, D4ij, D5ij and D6ij, -known
properties. coefficients determined in the course of solving the
In the case of boundary conditions, when the problem, and λij – positive roots of the equation
steam liquid is freely removed from the lateral sur- composed of a combination of Bessel function of
faces of the earth’s rock mass, and at its lower and the first and second kind.
upper boundaries there is a free water exchange Note that the function of the form (11) in the con-
with the environment, at the initial moments of sidered problem is a control function. Indeed, the
time the reverse process of compaction occurs – control of the pressure inside the region Ω, the con-
the swelling of the reservoir, which eventually fades trol of the process of subsidence of the oil reservoir
and can lead to a small precipitation. and the earth’s surface in the territory of oil-produc-
Based on the above, we conclude that artificially ing complexes, ultimately, can be carried out only
creating boundary conditions can control the proc- with the help of the function æ (t), the introduction
ess of subsidence of the oil reservoir. of the qb in Ω fluid flow, controlled by a semiper-
meable partition or some servo-mechanism, accord-
ing to the rule (h – field of specified pressures):
2.2 Pressure control inside the area
The essence of the control is that the pressure
p (z,r,t) in the region Ω does not decrease with time
(for example, with the introduction of the fluid
flow qb in Ω). The amount of liquid q entering the and
oil reservoir from the peripheral region of the res-
ervoir in the control state should be approximately
equal to the number selected from the oil depos-
its q1, i.e. qb ≈ q1. Then the task of controlling the
process of sedimentation of oil reservoirs can be where k (positive scalar) is the measure of the con-
reduced to the following form ductivity wall.
when t → ∞ from (11) we have
∂p  ∂2p  ∂ 2 p 1 ∂p  
= Cv ( z )  K z 2 + K r  2 + 
∂t  ∂z  ∂r r ∂r   (6)
+ Φ ( z, r,t ),
p ( z, r,t ) = p0 ( z, r ) at t = τ 1, (7)

7
 V0(r) – the function consists of a combination of
and where æ∞ = 1 at the Bessel function of the first and second kind;
The mechanical meaning of this number means: µi – positive roots of the equation consisting of a
the final pressure in the pore fluid is equal to the combination of these functions satisfying the cor-
initial pressure; the subsidence of the oil reservoir responding conditions (9).
and the earth’s surface is almost zero. It is easy to notice, from (12) and (13) when æ (t)
> 1 there is a negative phenomenon—swelling of
the oil reservoir, which is undesirable in practice.
2.3 Management of the process of oil And for æ(t) → ∞ (i.e. for q2 → ∞) a catastrophic
reservoir subsidence phenomenon can be expected. The swelling force
of the oil reservoir is such that even it can destroy
Management of the process of oil reservoir subsid- the earth’s surface on the territory of oil-produc-
ence, caused by the load q(t, r): ing complexes.

q0
q ( r, t ) = (R − β q r )( Aq − Bq e− α qt ), 2.4 Control of the process of subsidence of the
R earth’s surface
0 < β q ≤ 1, β q r ≤ R, 0 < Aq ≤ 1,
Bq ≤ Aq , α q > 0, r0 ≤ r ≤ R, This control is based on the control function æ (t)
on two equations
can be done with the help of function æ(t) on the
formula 1 d2  d 2y 
2 
EJ (r ) 2  = q(r ) − p(r ) (14)
2(1 − µ0 ) r0 dr 
2
dr 
3a0 (α 1 + α 2 )
s ( r, t ) = (1− æ (t )) × R0
(1+ ε 0 )(1+ 2ξ0 ) s(r ) = C ∫ p(η )e − m |r −η |dη, (15)
h
 q0 ( Aq − Bq e− α qt )
× ∫ eα5 z  q1 +
r0
(12)
0  R
 the law of distribution of reactive pressure p(r) sat-
∞  µi   µi 
⋅ ∑ B1i V0  r  ⋅ ch  z  dz isfying two basic conditions:
i=1  Kr   Kz  
− deflections of the strip throughout its sole
should coincide with the subsidence of the oil
Hence when t → ∞ reservoir surface, i.e.

3a0 (α 1 + α 2 )
s∞ ( r ) = × (1–æ∞ )× y( r ) = s ( r ) (16)
(1 + ε 0 )(1 + 2ξ 0 )
 q0 Aq  µi   µi  
h ∞

∫ eα 5 z  q1 + ⋅ ∑ B1i V0  r  ⋅ ch  z   dz,
0  R i=1  Kr   Kz   − reactive pressure and external load must meet
equilibrium conditions:
(13)
R0
and when the oil reservoir subsid-
ence is equal to zero, i.e. s∞ (r ) = 0, since in this ∑Y = ∫ p(η )dη = Y ; 0 (17)
r0
case æ∞ = 1.
Here q0 – the mass of rocks located above the R0

oil reservoir; R – the radius of the existing well; M= ∫ η p(η )dη = M , 0 (18)
r0 – the radius of the well; Aq, Bq, βq and αq – experi- r0

mental data depend on the chemical composition,

physical and mechanical properties, as well as the where (15) and (16) defined by one of the formulas
VAT of rocks located above the layers of the res- (12) and (13); Y0 and M0 are the amount of verti-
ervoir. For example, for incoherent or clay-current cal-forces and the sum of the moments of all exter-
environments, the values of Aq, Bq and αq are equal: nal loads with respect to the initial section in bands.
Aq ≈ 1, βq ≈ 0, αq ≈ ∞; a0 and ξ0 – odds instant com- Further, by attaching to those which are given
pression and lateral pressure; ε0 is the initial poros- in (14) – (18) a system of linear algebraic equa-
ity; α1, α2 and α5 – parameters of heterogeneity; tions a0 f0 k + a1 f1k + … + an − 2 fn − 2,0 = y0 k + Φ k , k =
h – thickness of the layer; Kr and KZ and the filter 0, 1, 2, …, n – 2, and solving it, we define neces-
coefficients; B1i – a well – known coefficients are sary parameters of process control of subsidence
determined in the process of solving the problem; the earth’s surface.

8
3 RESULTS Bellman, R., I. Glickeberg. O.A. Gross. Some questions
of the mathematical theory of control processes. IL,
A program has been developed to predict the sub- M., 1962.
sidence of the oil reservoir and the earth’s surface Boltyansky. V.G., Mathematical methods of optimal con-
trol, publishing house “Science”, M., 1969.
on the territory of the oil-producing complex. Butkovsky. A.G. The theory of optimal control of sys-
Preliminary calculations on the PC are carried tems with distributed parameters, publishing house
out. The calculation uses the same initial data “Science”, M., 1965.
as in (Altynbekov, 2010) Calculations showed a Hestenes. M.R., Calculus of variations and optimal con-
decrease of the subsidence of an oil formation and trol theory. – Wiley, 1966.
the earth’s surface by 50–70% in comparison with Lattes, R. J.L. Lions. Methode de quasi-reversibilite et
given in (Altynbekov, 2010). applications. Dunod, Paris 1967.
Leray. J. Etude de diverses equations integrales
non lineaires et de quelques problemes que pose
I’hydrodynamique, J.Math. Pures et Appl., 12 (1933),
4 CONCLUSIONS 1–82.
Lions. J.L. Optimal control of systems described by par-
The proposed approach and control function can tial differential equations. M.: Mir, 1972.
reduce the subsidence of the oil reservoir and the Lions. J.L., E. Magenes. Problems aux limites non homo-
earth’s surface, which affects the solution of spe- genes et applications, v.1,2,3, Paris, 1968.
cial tasks for the use of cost-effective and construc- Plekhanova. M.V. Optimal Control for Quasilinear
tive solutions in accordance with a certain cost Degenerate Distributed Systems of Higher Order.
function. Journal of Mathematical Sciences. New York, 2016.
Polak. E. Computational methods in optimization. A
Unified Approach. Department of Electrical Engi-
neering and Computer Sciences University of Califor-
REFERENCES nia. Berkeley, California. Academic Press. New York.
London 1971.
Altynbekov S., Djamanbayeva M.A., Bikbulatova S. Pontryagin, L.S., V.G. Boltyanskii, R.V. Gamkrelidze,
Effect of boundary conditions on the precipitation E.F. Mishchenko. The mathematical theory of opti-
patterns of soil bases/Proc. int report. Conf. on differ- mal processes. – M.: Science, 1969.
ential equations and dynamical systems. -M.: MIAN, Tikhonov. A.N. On regularization methods for optimal
2010. control problems, DAN SSSR, 162 (1965) 763–765.
Altynbekov Sh. Forecast of oil reservoir precipitation Wang. P.K.C. Control of distributed parameter systems,
and land surface subsidence caused by oil pumping «Advances in control systems. Theory and
from the reservoir//Proc. Vseros. Conf., posv. 80th applications», ed. By C.T. Leondes, v. 1, Acad. Press,
anniversary of academician E. I. Shemyakin “geody- New York-London, 1964, 75–172.
namics and stress state of the earth’s interior”. Nov-
osibirsk, 2010.

9
 Geotechnics Fundamentals and Applications in Construction – Mangushev et al. (Eds)
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-17983-0

Surcharge preloading as a method for engineering reservoir

foundations in silty soils

A.A. Ananyev
Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

ABSTRACT: When a construction site is, geologically, composed of thick layers of soft, water-satu-
rated, clayey soil, piled foundations are economically unviable and surcharge preloading is used as soil
consolidation method. With general intention to introduce surcharge preloading into the practice of con-
struction engineering, in this study the author aims to determine the dimensions of the surcharge fill;
and the time needed for the silty soils that comprise the foundation of the reservoir to be consolidated, to
reach the required degree of consolidation. The results of the geological engineering survey are presented
in the article. Description is given of the water reservoir design. Rationale is provided of the foundation
deformation design diagram. The fill settlement monitoring results are presented, as well as calculation of
the silt consolidation coefficient. Calculations were carried out of strength, deformation, and consolida-
tion of the foundation, based on soil engineering theories and building regulations. It was found expedient
in the soil conditions under analysis to apply the surcharge load to the foundation for it to yield to the
maximum allowed level. The dimensions of the surcharge fill were calculated, as well as the time needed
for the settlement to reach the target level. This article is recommended for use by design engineers as ref-
erence materials for foundation calculation or road bed design, as well as by students as a study aid.

1 INTRODUCTION parameters of fill and reservoir foundation; and

surcharge fill design development.
The mechanical and physical properties of silts
include high porosity and water saturation, low
strength, high plasticity, low permeability, lengthy 2 GEOTECHNICAL SURVEY RESULTS
consolidation, and thixotropy (Neizvestnov et al.
2004). In general practice, the foundations com- Geologically, the site for the projected water sup-
posed of or including silts may not be used as ply line is represented, within the drilling depth of
natural foundations of buildings or structures, as 19–20 m, by superimposed layers of quaternary
their estimated deformation appears to be higher deposits. A total of three engineering geological
than the ultimate one or their bearing capacity is elements (EGE) have been identified. The surface
too low. Where silty soils are thick, the use of piled
foundations for structures that convey only minor
downward forces into foundations – low-rise build-
ings, airfield or road paving, etc. – appears techni-
cally and economically unviable. In this case, more
expedient is fill surcharge preloading (Ilyichev
et al. 2016, Stroganov 1985).
In this regard, the author aims to provide a
rationale for the use of surcharge preloading as
a method of preconstruction consolidation of
a water reservoir foundation. The analysis aims
to determine the height and dimensions of the
surcharge fill, and the time needed for the silty
foundation to consolidate and reach the required
settlement. The methods of the analysis included Figure 1. Lithological column and reservoir foundation
surveying of building regulations and reference design diagram: 1 − water-saturated, medium-density
literature; geotechnical survey; monitoring of sandy silt (EGE 1); 2 − mineral loamy silt (EGE 2); 3 −
the foundation settlement; calculations of the fine, water-saturated, medium-density sands (EGE 3).

10
Table 1. Mechanical and physical properties of soil. water filtration, rely on the theory of filtration
consolidation, first proposed by K. Terzaghi in
Soil parameter Sand Silt 1924 and improved by Russian scientists N.M.
Gersevanov and V.A. Florin, among others. In its
γ − specific weight, kN/m3 16.4 14.1
simplest version, the theory describes deformation
e − porosity factor, unit fraction 0.76 2.5
of a completely water-saturated soil, i.e. soil mass.
ϕ − internal friction angle, degree 22 6
In many cases, variation of stressed-deformed
c − specific cohesion, kPa 2 11
state in time can be analyzed within the framework
E − modulus of deformation, MPa 10 0.6
of one-dimensional problem of filtration consoli-
ν − Poisson’s ratio, unit fraction 0.23 0.4
dation in soil layer.
k − filtration coefficient, m/day 3.5 0.01
The compressible strata of the foundation of
the reservoir comprises two engineering-geological
elements. The bearing layer is water-saturated,
layer is water-saturated, medium-density sandy silt medium-density sandy silt (EGE 1). Under the cen-
(EGE 1). This layer has a thickness of 7 ÷ 8.5 m. tral part of the footing of the reservoir, its layer has
The sandy silt is underlain by 7.5 ÷ 9.5 m thick height h1 = 6.3 m. EGE 1 is underlain by silt with
layer of mineral loamy silt (EGE 2), which, in turn, layer height h2 = 8.5 m (EGE 2). Let us not take into
is underlain by fine, water-saturated, medium-den- account the compressibility of sand (EGE 3) with
sity sands (EGE 3). Their penetrated thickness is layer height h3 = 3 m, because the sand has a modu-
3 m. Groundwater occurs in the sandy silt (EGE 1) lus of deformation which is 10 times higher than
at the depth of 0.4 ÷ 1.5 m from the surface of the that of silt. The lower boundary of the compressible
natural terrain (Fig. 1). strata of the foundation is set at Hc = 14.8 m (Fig. 1).
The mechanical and physical properties of the Since the footing of the reservoir has breadth
soil under analysis (EGE 1, EGE 2) are shown in b = 36 > 10 m and the ratio Hc/b = 14,8/36 = 0,41 < 1,
Table 1 (Ivanov et al. 2015). the variation of stressed-deformed state of soil dur-
ing filtration consolidation can be analyzed within
the framework of one-dimensional problem.
3 RESERVOIR DESIGN Let us determine other mechanical and physical
properties of the soil required for further calcula-
The 10.000 m3 water storage reservoir is designed tions. In the compressible strata, all pores are filled
to form part of a potable water supply system. It is with water. The specific weight of sand γ1sb and silt
a rectangular, composite, ferro-concrete tank with γsb2 is calculated with account of the suspension
dimensions l × b × h = 60 × 36 × 4.8 m to be embed- action of water as follows:
ded in soil to depth d = 1.7 m (Fig. 1) and designed
for a 2 m groundwater dam. γ s1 − γ w 26 − 10
γ sb1 = = = 9,1 kN / m 3 (1)
1+ e1 1+ 0, 76
4 RATIONALE FOR THE FOUNDATION γ s 2 − γ w 24 − 10
SOIL SETTLEMENT CALCULATION γ sb 2 = = = 4, kN / m 3 (2)
1+ e2 1+ 2, 5
The building codes for large-scale construction
where γs1 = 26 kN/m3 is specific weight of sandy
projects prescribe that the settlement of founda-
soil particles p.2.180 (Sorochan et al. 1986); γs2 =
tions be calculated with the use of linearly elastic
24 kN/m3 is specific weight of loamy silt particles
half-space design model with conventional height of
(Ananyev et al. 2014); γw = 10 kN/m3 is specific
compressible strata Hc (Code 22.13330.2016 “Con-
weight of water. Coefficients β1 and β2 which takes
struction Norms and Regulations 2.02.01–83* Foun-
into account the absence of transverse extension
dations of Buildings and Structures”). This model
under compression, will be calculated as follows:
is commonly used in engineering practice as it is
simple, allows the use of mathematical tools of elas-
ticity theory, is standardized and therefore requires 2ν12 2 ⋅ 0, 232
β1 = 1 − = 1− = 0, 863 ; (3)
no additional verification. The validity limit of this 1 − ν1 1 − 0, 23
model is defined as the limitation of superload,
2ν 2 2 2 ⋅ 0, 4 2
within the compressible strata, by estimated soil β2 = 1 − = 1− = 0, 467, (4)
resistance R. With regard to estimating settlements 1 − ν2 1 − 0, 4
of road embankments, the pressure must not exceed
safe load psec (Kazarnovsky et al. 2004). where ν1 = 0.23 and ν2 = 0.4 are transverse defor-
The current methods for predicting consolida- mation coefficients of sand and silt, respectively,
tion of clayey soils in conditions of very slow-rate found based on the survey data.

11
5 CALCULATION OF FINAL where γc1 = γc2 = 1 are operating conditions coef-
SETTLEMENT OF RESERVOIR ficients from Table 5.4 for liquidity index IL > 0.5
FOUNDATION and flexible structure design; k = 1 is coefficient
used because the strength characteristics of soil are
5.1 Monitoring of foundation footing dimensions survey-based; kz = z0/b + 0.2 = 8/36.5+ 0.2 = 0.42 is
The calculation orients to the underlaying layer of coefficient used because b > 10 m; γ2sb = 4 kN/m3 is
silt, as the bearing layer of sand has higher strength. specific weight of silt with account of suspension
The formula and coefficients used in the calcula- action of water; γ ′ = (γ1⋅0.5 + γ1sb⋅7.5)/dz = (16.4⋅0.5 +
tion are from Building Code 22.13330.2016. 9.1⋅7.5)/8 = 9.6 kN/m3 is mean specific weight of
The mean pressure across the footing of the res- the sand above the footing of the conventional
ervoir of breadth b = 36 m during the operating reservoir; Mγ = 0.1; Mq = 1.39; Mc = 3.71 are the
period is p = σzp0 = 69 kPa (Fig. 1). The vertical coefficients from Table 5.5 depending on internal
intensity σzp1 in soil at depth z1 = 6.3 m from the friction angle of silt ϕ2 = 6°; c2 = 11 kPa is specific
footing of the reservoir, which presses on the sur- cohesion of silt (Table 1).
face of the silt layer, equals: Let us compare the actual load σz on the surface
layer of silt with Rz
σ zp1 = α 1 p = 0, 9775 ⋅ 69 = 67 kPa (5)
( )
σ z = σ zp1 − σ zγ 1 + σ zg1 = ( 67 − 18 ) + 76 =
(10)
where α1 = 0,9775 is coefficient from Table 5.8 125 < 154 kPa
dependent on relative depth ζ = 2z1/b = 2⋅6,3/36 =
0.35 and height-to-width ratio η = l/b = 60/36 = which means that the condition is satisfied and
1.67. Vertical dead stresses of soil σzg0 and σzg1 that the footing of the foundation slab has suf-
equal: at foundation footing d = 1.7 m ficient dimensions. The linearly elastic half-space
design model is suitable for calculating the settle-
σ zg 0 = γ ′ d = 11, 3⋅ 1, 7 = 19 kPa (6) ment of the foundation of the reservoir.

at depth z1 = 6.3 m from the footing of the reservoir

5.2 Calculation of final settlement of foundation

σ zg1 = σ zg 0 + γ 1sb h1 = 19 + 9,1⋅ 6, 3 = 76 kPa (7) Let us calculate the settlement using the layerwise
summation method. Height h1 = 6.3 m and h2 =
8.5 m of the estimated soil layers that comprise
where γ ′ = (γ1 ⋅ 0.5 + γ1sb ⋅ 1.2)/d = (16.4 ⋅ 0.5 + 9.1 the compressible strata. do not exceed 0.4b =
⋅ 1.2)/1.7 = 11.3 kN/m3 is mean specific weight of 0.4⋅36 = 14.4 m. Loads σzp2 = 59 kPa. σzg2 =
the sand (dry and water-saturated) above the foot- 110 kPa and σzγ2 = 16 kPa at z2 = 14.8 m at com-
ing of the reservoir; and γ1sb = 9.1 kN/m3 is specific pressible strata height Hc (Fig. 1) are calculated
weight of sand calculated with account of suspen- on analogy with 5.1.
sion action of water. The design dimensions of the Let us calculate the average stabilized settlement
reservoir are lk × bk = 62 × 38 m. Let us calculate the under the center of the reservoir according to for-
dead stress of the soil excavated from the reservoir mula (5.16).
at z1 = 6.3 m using the formula:

σ zγ 1 = α 1σ zγ 0 = 0, 9783⋅ 19 = 18 kPa (8)

s = β
( )
 σ zp1 − σ zγ 1 h1
+
( )
σ zp 2 − σ zγ 2 h2 
 =
 E1 E2 
where α1 = 0.9783 is the coefficient from Table 5.8  ( 68 − 18, 5 ) 6, 3 ( 63 − 17 ) 8,5  (11)
depending on relative depth ζ = 2z1/bk = 2⋅6.3/38 = 0, 8  +  =
0.33 and height-to-width ratio η = lk/bk = 62/38 =  10000 600 
1.63. 0,02 + 0,52 = 0,54 M,
The design strength Rz of silt will be calculated
for conventional foundation with breadth b =36 m where β = 0.8 is coefficient; σzp1 = 68 and σzp2 =
at depth dz = d + z1 = 1,7 + 6,3 = 8 m (Fig. 1) using 63 kPa; σzγ1 = 18.5 and σzγ2 = 17 kPa are average
formula (5.7) stresses in estimated layers of sand h1 = 6.3 m and
silt h2 = 8.5 m; E1 = 10,000 kPa and E2 = 600 kPa
γ c1γ c 2 1⋅ 1 are survey-based moduli of deformation of sand
Rz =
k
(M k bγ
γ z z 2 sb )
+ M q d zγ ′1 + M c c2 =
1
(EGE 1) and silt (EGE 2), respectively, (Table 1).
According to Table D.1 of Building Code
( 0,1⋅ 0, 42 ⋅ 36, 5 ⋅ 4 + 1,339 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 9, 6 + 3, 71⋅ 11) = 154 kPa 22.13330.2016, the average ultimate settlement
(9) of buildings and structures prone to differential

12
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soon in funeral swathes we also at an end shall be; and they
anointed with the fragrant myrrh shall lie of odour ill. How is it they
adorn’d with gold lie unadorn’d and void of form? Therefore, my
brethren well belov’d, musing on our brief life, let us of Christ entreat
for rest for him who hence hath gone, and for great mercy for our
souls.
Verse. O Lord, deliver my soul from unrighteous lips.
Farewell, vain life; farewell, all friends, acquaintances, and
children too; for in a way I go where never have I trod. But come,
remembering my love for you, follow ye me, and give ye to the grave
this clay of mine, and pray ye Christ with tears, who hath to judge my
humble soul, that he may snatch me from the quenchless fire.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
O gate impassable, in mystery seal’d, God-bearing Virgin bless’d;
accept our prayers, and offer them thy Son and God, that he,
through thee, may save our souls.
Stichera idiomela, tone iii.
Lo, brethren mine belov’d, amid you all I silent lie, bereft of
speech; the mouth is listless, still the tongue, impeded are the lips,
the hands are tied, the feet together bound, the countenance is
chang’d, the eyes are dimm’d and see not them that wail, the
hearing takes not in the cry of them that mourn, the nose the fragrant
incense smelleth not; but in nowise true love becometh dead.
Therefore I you beseech, all mine acquaintances and friends,
Remember me before the Lord, that I in day of doom may mercy find
before that fearful judgment-seat.
Verse. I have lifted up mine eyes to the hills, whence cometh my
help.
All human things are vanity which last not after death: riches abide
not, nor doth glory stay; for when death cometh these all disappear.
Then let us cry to the immortal Christ, O rest him who is gone away
from us where is the dwelling-place of all that joy.
 Verse. The Lord shall keep thy goings-out and thy comings-in from
henceforth and for evermore.
O men, why do we vainly we ourselves disquiet? the course we
run is quick and hard: life is as smoke: soon vapour, dust, and ashes
we shall be; and as a flower shall fade. Therefore let us to the
immortal Christ exclaim, Rest him remov’d from us where is the
dwelling-place of all that joy.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
God-bearing Virgin, we, we tempest-tost upon life’s sea, thee as
salvation’s haven have. Therefore pray God, who seedlessly from
thee incarnate was, and man became unspeakably, to save our
souls.
Stichera, tone iv.
Where is the predilection of the world? where their imaginings who
fade? where is the silver and the gold? where servants’ multitude
and noise? All dust, all ashes, all a shade. But, come ye, let us say
to the immortal King, O Lord, him, who hath been remov’d from us,
of thine eternal blessings worthy count, him resting in thine ageless
happiness.
Verse. I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the
house of the Lord.
Death as a robber came, like as a thief he came, and laid me low;
he came, and me declar’d as one existing not; he came, and, being
earth, I lie as being not. We verily are a dream, O men, a phantom
verily. But, come ye, let us cry to the immortal King, O Lord,
vouchsafe thine everlasting blessings unto him remov’d from us, him
resting in the life that grows not old.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
O only pure and spotless Virgin, who without seed didst bring forth
God, pray that our souls be sav’d.
Stichera, tone v.
 I remember’d what the prophet said, I am earth and I am dust; and
again I meditated in the graves, and saw the naked bones, and said,
Who now is king, or, warrior, who; or, who is rich, or, who is poor; or,
who the just, or, he that sinn’d? But, with the just, thy servant rest, O
Lord.
Verse. Our feet have stood in thy courts, O Jerusalem.
Thou, Christ, hast said that he in thee believing shall not death
behold: but, as I out of light in light am light, so shall ye also in my
glory be enlightened in me; for I, that am true God, have come to
save them that revere me in true right-belief, me, one Lord God, in
dual nature of deity and flesh, but one in essence. Therefore, thy
faithful servant, who thus confesseth thee, rest in thy countenance’s
light among the Saints, as lover of mankind.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
We thee beseech, as Mother of God, O blessed one, Pray thou for
us, that we be sav’d.
Stichera, tone vi.
To me thy life-effecting bidding was substance and origin; for,
willing me to form a living one from nature that unseen is and is
seen, my body thou didst make of earth, and, by thy breathing life-
creating and divine, me gavest soul. Therefore, O Christ, thy servant
rest in tract of them that living are, and in the dwellings of the just.
Verse. Unto thee have I lifted up mine eyes, O thou that dwellest in
heaven.
That which thy hands did frame thou with thine image honour’d
hast, O Word; for, in material form inscribing livingly a mental
essence’s similitude, of this me also thou hast made participant,
placing me on the earth to be, of mine own power, creation’s lord.
Therefore, thy servant, Saviour, rest in tract of them that living are,
and in the dwellings of the just.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
God-bearing Virgin, we have understood the God made flesh from
thee, whom do thou pray to save our souls.
 Stichera, tone vii.
After thine image and resemblance in the beginning making man,
in paradise thou him didst place to be of thy creation lord; but, by the
devil’s enviousness beguil’d, he ate the fruit, transgressing thy
commands. Therefore again to earth, whence he was taken, thou
hast doom’d him to return, O Lord, and beg for rest.
Verse. How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts.
Death looseth every grief befalling Adam’s nature; for corrupt we
have become, partaking of the food. Then let us learn, form’d out of
earth, we dust and ashes shall become, like as we were before.
Therefore let us with wailing voice our Maker pray pardon and mercy
to bestow on him removed hence.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
Thee, O God-bearing one, we faithful have as an unbroken wall
and trust. Therefore, cease not, O Queen, to pray for them thy
servants that in faith have slept, that in the judgment there may
pardon be for them, when he thy Son and God shall sit; for thou dost
nature know, that it with every sin is now commix’d: so may we bless
thee all.
Stichera, tone viii.
I weep and I lament when I reflect on death, and see the
comeliness, according to God’s image, that was shap’d for us lying
in the graves disfigur’d, and bereft of glory and of form. O wonder!
what is this mystery concerning us? how to corruption have we been
assign’d? how unto death conjoin’d? Verily by God’s command, as it
is written, who giveth the departed rest.
Bearing an image incorrupt, and having an immortal soul received
by breath divine, and so become compound, as it is written, why do
we fade away? and why did we God’s bidding overstep? O wonder!
why did we leave the food of life, and eat the fruit that bringeth bitter
death? why, by guile, have we been robb’d of life divine? As for the
rest, let us exclaim to Christ, Him whom thou hast removed hence
place in thy courts.
 Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
God-bearing Virgin, thy protection is a spiritual healing place; for
thereunto betaking us, we are set free from ailments of the soul.
Stichera, tone viii. Idiomela.
To them that prodigally live unmeasur’d torment is, gnashing of
teeth, and wailing unconsol’d, gloom unillum’d, and darkness most
profound, the never dying worm, and unavailing tears, and, without
mercy, doom. Therefore let us, before the end, lift up our voice, and
say, O Master Christ, him who thou chosen hast give rest with thine
elect.
Similar.
The trumpet shall give sound, and, as from sleep, the dead shall
rise, desiring to obtain the heavenly life, they who have put their trust
in thee, the Maker and the Lord. Then, O condemn thy servant not;
for thou, immortal one, for our sake mortal didst become. Therefore
let us, before the end, lift up our voice, and say, O Master Christ, him
whom thou chosen hast, give rest with thine elect.
Behold, the elements, the heaven and earth shall be transform’d,
and all creation shall with incorruption clothed be. Corruption shall be
done away, and darkness at thine advent fly; for thou with glory art to
come again, as it is written, to render unto each as he hath done. O
Master Christ, him whom thou chosen hast, give rest with thine elect.
Glory, tone vi.
O come ye all and see a strange and fearful sight made manifest
to all, the image now beheld, and vex yourselves no more with
transient things. To-day divided from the body is a soul, and is
translated to th’ eternal world; for in a way it goeth wherein never yet
it went, and to the Judge who no respect of persons hath, where
stand the Angels’ hosts. My brethren, fearful is that judgment-seat,
where naked all of us shall stand, and some be crown’d and some
be sham’d. Then let us to th’ immortal King exclaim, When thou shalt
try the secrets of mankind, O spare thy servant whom thou hast
receiv’d, Lord, Lover of mankind.
 Both now. Theotokion.
Through her entreaties who to thee gave birth, O Christ, and those
of thy Forerunner, and of apostles, prophets, hierarchs, venerables,
and just, and of all Saints, unto thy sleeping servant give thou rest.
Then, It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord.... The whole.
Trisagion. After Our Father....
Our Saviour, rest thy servant with the just, and place him in thy
courts, as it is written, as being good despising his iniquities, both
willing ones and those unwilling, and all those done in knowledge
and in ignorance, O lover of mankind.
In thy resting-place, O Lord, where all thy Saints repose, O rest thy
servant’s soul; for thou alone art lover of mankind.
O holy Mother of describeless Light, revering thee with angels’
songs, we magnify thee piously.
The deacon saith,
Have mercy upon us, O God, according to thy great mercy, we
pray thee, hear and have mercy. Vide page 139.
After the exclamation of the prayer the kiss is given, while the
choir singeth the stichera, tone ii.
Come, brethren, let us give the last kiss....
And the rest, as hath previously been written in the order for
laymen.
Then, Glory, tone vi. Me, lying voiceless....
Both now. The theotokion.
And giving forth to the grave the priests sing the irmi of the great
canon, that is to say,
A help and protection.... And the rest.
Trisagion. After Our Father.... In thy resting-place, O Lord.... O only
pure and spotless Virgin....
 Then, Have mercy upon us, O God.... and the rest as customarily.
O God of spirits....
And the remains are buried.
And the full dismissal is made.
 Chapter XIX.
THE OFFICE OF THE BURIAL OF A BABE.

After the priest hath given the blessing, the singers sing,
Whoso dwelleth under the defence of the Most High....[48]
And after this, Alleluia, in tone viii.
Verse. Blessed is he whom thou hast chosen....
Verse. And his remembrance is to generation and generation.
Trisagion. And after Our Father.... For thine is the kingdom.
Then, Thou who man-lovingly in depth of wisdom....
Glory.
Our Maker, and our Author, and our God.
Both now.
We have thee as a fortress and a haven....
Then psalm l.
And after this the requiem canon over a departed babe is begun.
Ode i. Tone viii.
Crossing the sea as on dry land....
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
O Word of God, who in the flesh didst poor become, and, without
change, wast pleas’d a babe to be; we pray thee place in Abraham’s
bosom the babe thou hast receiv’d.
Thou wast beheld a babe who ere all ages art, and, as the blessed
one, thy kingdom promis’d hast to babes: O number thou therein the
present babe.
 Glory.
The undefiled babe, O Saviour Christ, whom thou received hast
ere earthly pleasures’ trial, vouchsafe eternal blessedness, as lover
of mankind.
Both now.
Thou who unspeakably didst bear him who the Father’s Wisdom is
and Word; heal thou my soul’s sore wound, and my heart’s pain
appease.
Ode iii. Irmos.
O Lord, creator of the vault of heaven and builder of the church;
thou me hast stablish’d in thy love, thou ending of desire, the
faithful’s confirmation, sole lover of mankind.
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
O thou most perfect Word, who didst appear a perfect babe, thou
hast removed to thyself a babe imperfect in its growth, whom do thou
rest with all the just who have been welcome unto thee, sole lover of
mankind.
Him taken hence, not tasting of the pleasures of the world, of
supermundane blessings make participant we pray, O thou
Compassionate One, even the uncorrupted babe, whom thou hast
chang’d by thy divine command.
Glory.
Of heavenly dwellings, and of shining lot, and of the sacred choir
of Saints, O Lord, make the pure babe participant, even him, whom,
Saviour, as thou wast well-pleas’d, thou hast remov’d.
Both now.
Bereft of all, to thy sole shelter, most pure Queen, I fly, O aid thou
me; for I unto much sinful riches cleave, but with a poverty of virtues
am altogether fill’d.
Then the irmos. And after the irmos the priest saith this ectenia.
Again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord.
 Choir. Lord, have mercy.
Furthermore let us pray for the repose of the happy babe, name,
and that to him may be vouchsafed, according to thine undeceiving
promise, thy heavenly kingdom.
Choir. Lord, have mercy, thrice.
That the Lord our God may place his soul where all the just
repose.
Choir. Lord, have mercy, thrice.
The mercy of God, the kingdom of heaven, and repose among the
Saints, for him and for ourselves let us ask of Christ, our immortal
King and God.
Choir. Vouchsafe, O Lord.
Priest. Let us pray to the Lord.
Choir. Lord, have mercy.
Priest.
O Lord Jesus Christ our God, who hast promised to bestow the
kingdom of heaven upon them that are born again of water and of
the spirit and in a blameless life are translated onto thee, and hast
said, Suffer the children to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom
of heaven; we humbly beseech thee to grant, according to thine
undeceiving promise, the inheritance of thy kingdom unto thy
servant, the blameless babe, name, now removed from us; and
count us worthy to continue and end an unblamable and christian
life, and to be stablished in heavenly abiding-places with all thy
Saints.
And he exclaimeth,
For thou art the resurrection, the life, and the repose of all thy
servants, and of thy servant, the babe, name, now removed from us,
O Christ our God, and to thee we ascribe glory, with thine
unbeginning Father, and with thy most holy, and good, and life-
creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages of ages.
 Choir. Amen.
Then troparion.
Verily everything is vain, and life a shadow is, a dream; for vainly
every earth-born one disquieteth himself, as saith the scripture.
When we have gain’d the world, then dwell we in the grave, where
kings and beggars, elders and babes together are. Therefore, Christ
God, as lover of mankind, rest the departed babe.
Ode iv. Irmos.
I have heard, O Lord, the mystery of thy dispensation....
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
We wail not for the babes, but rather for ourselves do we lament,
we, who have always sinn’d, that we may be delivered from
gehenna.
Thou, Master, hast depriv’d the babe of the delights of earth: do
thou, as righteous judge, vouchsafe him heavenly blessings.
Glory.
He hath declared thee a citizen of paradise, O truly happy babe,
he who hath taken thee from earth and ranged thee among the
choirs of Saints.
Both now. Theotokion.
All we that are illuminated, O all-pure, own thee God-bearing,
thou, O Ever-virgin; for thou the Sun of righteousness hast borne.
Ode v. Irmos.
Why hast thou rejected me....
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
By thy just dooming, ere he waxed perfectly in growth, thou hast,
as new grown herb, cut down the babe whom thou hast taken, Lord;
but, leading him, O Word, to hill divine of everlasting blessings, plant
him there.
 As a young branch the sword of death hath come and cut thee off,
thou who of worldly sweets no trial hast sustain’d, thou happy one!
but, lo, to thee the gates of heaven Christ open’d hath, counting thee
with th’ elect, as being loving-kind.
Glory.
Concerning me, lament ye not; for I in nowise have begun for
weeping to be meet; but rather weep ye alway for yourselves, ye
who have sinn’d, O kinsfolk and O friends, the dead babe cries, so
that of torment ye have no essay.
Both now.
I am despairing of myself when on the number of my deeds I
muse; but when in mind I bear thee, Mother of God, who above mind
didst bear the Lord, I am refresh’d with hope; for we have thee a sole
defence.
Ode vi. Irmos.
I will pour forth a prayer before the Lord, and to him will I tell my
grief; for my soul is full of evils, and my life draweth nigh unto hades,
and I pray as Jonas, O God, raise me out of corruption.
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
Thou was laid in a manger as a babe, and wast plac’d in an
elder’s arms, who generatest babes in the womb; and ere this one
attain’d perfect growth, thou hast bidden him to thee. Then we with
thanksgiving extol thee.
Thou didst say to the apostles, O Word, Let the children come
unto me; for my kingdom is for them that are such in wiseness. Then
count the babe remov’d to thee of thy light worthy.
Glory.
Thou of earth’s blessings hast depriv’d thy babe, that thou of
heaven’s might’st make him sharer, who hath not overstepp’d thy bid
divine. O Good One, we extol thy judgments’ depth unmeasur’d.
Both now. Theotokion.
 We have thee, Maiden, as a sheltering wall, for souls a full
salvation, and in afflictions ample room; and in thy light we aye
rejoice, and in this save us now, O Queen, from passions and from
dangers.
Then the irmos. And after the irmos the priest saith the previously
written ectenia and the prayer. Page 139.
Then the condakion, tone viii.
Rest with the Saints, O Christ, thy servant’s soul, where is no pain
nor grief, nor sighing, but life that endeth not.
Icos.
Thyself alone immortal art, who madest and didst fashion man; for
out of earth we mortals fashion’d were, and unto that same earth
shall go, as thou who madest me hast given command, and sayest
unto me, Earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return. And thither
all we mortals go, making the funeral wail, even the song, the
Alleluia.
And these following icosi.
More sympathetic than a mother there is none, and than a father
more compassionate none; for vexed are their inward parts when
they the babes accompany hence: great is the sting which for the
children’s sake their hearts receive, and still the more when these
sweet-spoken are, and they their words remember with the song, the
Alleluia.
For oft beside the grave they smite their breasts, and say, O thou
my son and sweetest child! hearest thou not thy mother what she
saith? lo, ’tis the womb that thee hath borne: why dost thou speak
not as thou wert wont to speak to us? But so thou silent art, even to
say with us the Alleluia.
O God, O God, who callest me, be now the comfort of my house,
for great the wailing is befalling them; for they all have regard to me,
even they who have me as a sole-begotten one. But thou who wast
of Virgin Mother born, refresh the bowels of my mother, and bedew
my father’s heart, even with this, the Alleluia.
 Then the condakion, tone viii.
Rest with the Saints....
Ode vii. Irmos.
The hebrew children in the furnace.
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
Write in the book of them that saved be, as lover of mankind
compassionate, thy babe, that he rejoicing may exclaim to thy
might’s glory, Thou art bless’d.
By, O thou Word, thy countenance’s light, illuminate thy babe, who
now to thee in faith, at an untimely age, is gone, and sings to thee,
Thou blessed art, O Lord, O God.
Glory.
Affliction’s cause thy going hence now seemeth unto them that
thee have lov’d, but unto thee procuracy in truth of gladness and of
joy; for thou, O babe, inheritest eternal life.
Both now. Theotokion.
Behold my grief, O Virgin, which th’ abundance of mine ills doth
bring on me, and ere my going hence give me refreshment by thy
mother prayers to make God merciful to me.
Ode viii. Irmos.
The furnace seven times more....
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
In Abraham’s bosom, in tabernacles of repose, where is their joy
who ever festal keep, in places of refreshment where living water is,
may Christ thee place, yea, he who for our sake became a child,
even ours who unto him cry ceaselessly, O priests, extol him, and, O
people, set him up for aye.
A constant cause of grief to us, yea, and for tears, thine ever
thought on parting is in truth become; for ere the tasting in this life of
things that give delight thou hast left earth, yea, and thy parents’
breasts. But Abraham’s bosom hath received thee, as babe, and
unparticipant of every stain.
Glory.
Why mourn ye me, a babe, that hence is gone? lying he cries
invisibly: for I am wont not to be mourn’d; for destin’d is the joy of all
the just for babes: to them that works perform not there meetness is
for tears. But those the song upraise to Christ, O priests, extol him,
and, O people, set him up for aye.
Both now. Theotokion.
To mine assistance, O God-bearing one, arise, attend unto my
prayer, and me deliver from the dreadful doom, the grave essay, the
darkness, and the fire, the gnashing of the teeth, the contumely of
demons, and from every need, thou hope of them that have no hope,
thou, the despairing’s life.
Ode ix. Irmos.
Be thou in dread concerning this, O heaven, and let earth’s limits
be amaz’d: for God hath shewn himself in flesh to men, and wider
than the heavens thy womb becomes. Therefore the principals of
Angels and of men thee magnify, God-bearing one.
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
Christ, who unchang’d becam’st a babe, and willingly didst bear
the cross, and the maternal pain didst see of her that gave thee birth;
assuage the grief and bitter pain of faithful parents of a babe
deceas’d, that we thy might may glorify.
Master, thou King of all, who from on high didst send and take the
happy babe as a pure bird to heavenly nest, thou hast from diverse
snares preserv’d his soul, and join’d it with the righteous souls thy
kingdom’s sweets that taste.
Glory.
To babes that nothing have perform’d, O Word of God, thou hast
vouchsaf’d a heavenly dwelling-place; for so thou art well-pleas’d, O
blessed one, with these to count up thy creation; and, taking now the
babe to thee, do thou thyself alleviate the parents’ pain, as all-
compassionate and lover of mankind.
Both now. Theotokion.
The heart’s eyes turn I ever unto thee, who hast maternal prayer
with him who birth receiv’d from thee; for I entreat thee, O All-pure,
Quell thou the passions of my soul, rouse me betimes to penitence,
O maid, and with thy light enlighten me.
Then the little ectenia.
And the exapostilarion.
Now am I at rest, and much forgiveness have receiv’d; for I have
passed from corruption, and am translated unto life: glory to thee, O
Lord.
And the people the same.
Verse. Man is as grass, his day is as a flower of the field.
Verse. For his spirit goeth forth through him, and he shall not be.
Verse. And the mercy of the Lord shall endure to ages.
And to each verse the exapostilarion.
Then, Glory. Both now.
Now have I chosen the maiden Mother of God; for Christ,
redeemer of all, was born of her: glory to thee, O Lord.
And straightway the priest exclaimeth,
For holy art thou, O our God, and thou restest on the Saints, and
to thee we ascribe glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the
Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of ages.
Choir. Amen. And they sing, Holy God....
Prokimenon, tone vi.
Blessed is the way in which thou goest to-day, O soul....
Verse. Return, O my soul, unto thy rest.
The epistle to the Corinthians, section clxii.
 Brethren, all flesh is not the same.... ending, a quickening spirit.[49]
Verse. Blessed is he whom thou hast chosen and received, O
Lord.
Verse. His soul shall dwell in good things.
The gospel from John, section xxi.
The Lord spake unto the Jews that came unto him, I am the bread
of life.... ending, at the last day.[50]
And straightway the last kiss is given, while the singers sing these
stichera. Tone viii.
Like, O most glorious wonder!
Who would not weep, my child, because of thy lamented taking
from this life; for thou, a babe unwax’d in growth, from the maternal
arms, like to a bird, hast quickly flown, and unto all things’ Maker
hast betaken thee. O child! who would not weep, beholding faded thy
clear face, which erewhile beauteous as a lily was? Who would not
sigh, my child, and would not cry with wailing because of thy much
comeliness, and for the charm of thine estate? for as a ship that
leaves no track thou quickly from the eyes art gone. Come, ye, my
friends, kinsfolk, and neighbours, and, along with me, let us him kiss
whom send we to the grave.
Death is the freeing of the babes; for unparticipants of ills of life
they are declar’d, and unto rest attain, and they in Abraham’s bosom
with heavenly joys are glad, and now along with holy babes in choirs
divine rejoice, and festal high in faith they keep; for from corruption,
through the love of sin, they, being pure, translated are.
Glory. Tone vi.
On Adam pain befell of old in Eden through the tasting of the tree,
when bane the serpent spued; for thereby death hath come on the
omnigenous man who ate. But the Lord came, subdued the serpent,
and repose bestow’d on us. Then let us cry to him, O Saviour, spare,
and rest with thine elect him whom thou hast receiv’d.
Both now. Theotokion.
 Thou that alleviation art for those in grief, deliverance of the weak,
God-bearing Virgin, save the city and the folk, thou that for those at
enmity art peace, for tempest-tost a calm, the faithful’s sole defence.
Then, Trisagion. O most holy Trinity.... Our Father.... For thine is
the Kingdom....
Then the troparion, With the spirits of the righteous.... Page 138.
And he commemorateth according to custom, saying the
previously written ectenia, and the prayer. Page 139.
Then the deacon. Wisdom.
Choir. The more honourable than the Cherubim.... Glory. Both
now. Lord, have mercy, thrice. Bless.
And the priest maketh this dismissal.
Thou that didst arise from the dead, and hast dominion over quick
and dead, Christ our true God, through the prayers of thy most pure
Mother, and of all thy Saints, place the soul of the babe, name,
removed from us, in holy tabernacles, and number it with the just, as
being good and the lover of mankind.
Choir. Amen.
And after the dismissal the priest saith,
Thy remembrance is everlasting, O thou deservedly blessed and
ever remembered babe, name.
And the choir singeth thrice, Everlasting remembrance.
After this the priest saith this prayer,
the deacon having said, Let us pray to the Lord,
and the singers, Lord, have mercy.
O Lord, who guardest babes in the life that now is, and in the world
to come preparest for them the amplitude of Abraham’s bosom, and,
for their purity, bright angelic places where the souls of the righteous
are established; do thou thyself, O Lord Christ, accept in peace the
soul of thy servant, the babe, name. For thou hast said, Suffer the
children to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom of heaven. For
to thee is due all glory, honour, and worship, with the Father, and
with the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
And, taking up the body, they go to the grave, preceded by the
priests and deacons and all the clergy, singing, Holy God....
And, the remains having been laid in the grave, the presiding
priest, taking a shovel, scattereth earth in the grave, saying,
The earth is the Lord’s, and the fulness thereof, the world and all
they that dwell therein.
And they depart giving thanks unto God.
End of the burial of a babe.
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