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Practical Guide to
Oracle SQL,
T-SQL and MySQL
Practical Guide to
Oracle SQL,
T-SQL and MySQL
Preston Zhang

p,
p,
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 Preface

Databases are used everywhere. They effect on our daily lives widely. Online business
companies use databases to store critical data for their products and users; Doctor offices
use databases to keep patient, pharmacy and insurance information; Banks use databases
to track millions of financial transactions.
Relational database management systems (RDBMS) have become the standard database
type from 1980s. The most popular relational database management systems in the
world are Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL. To get data or manipulate data from database
systems developers and database administrators use Structured Query Language (SQL).
I have worked on Web applications using Oracle and MySQL databases on the backend.
In order to display important data I write SQL statements to access databases in php or
other development tools. I also use SQL to create databases or update database structures.
SQL is so powerful that I can process millions of records in few seconds.
As a database administrator I have been working on Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL
for decades. Although the basic SQL statements for Oracle SQL, SQL Server T-SQL and
MySQL are similar to each other, some functions and styles are quite different. I often
need to work with different database systems at the same time and it takes time for me to
check SQL syntax for the three database systems. There are a lot of SQL books available in
the market, but it is very hard to find a practical SQL book that comparing the differences
between the three major database systems. That’s why I want to write this reference book
with step by step examples in the real working environment.
I hope that this book can be a quick reference book for Oracle SQL, SQL Server T-SQL and
MySQL.

Why Learn SQL?

• SQL is one of the most desirable programming skills
• SQL is used by all types of career fields
• You can use SQL to ask questions about your business
• You can get useful business reports from SQL statements
• You can manipulate millions of records in seconds
• You can import data to a database
• You can export data from a database
• You can embed SQL statements to other programming languages
vi Preface

Who This Book Is For

This book is for beginning and intermediate SQL developers, database administrators,
database programmers and students. It starts from database concepts, installation of
database management systems, database creation and datatypes. It introduces basic and
advanced SQL syntax with side by side examples in Oracle SQL, T-SQL and MySQL. The
SQL code in this book is fully tested in Oracle 12c, SQL Server 2012 and MySQL 5.7.

How to Use This Book

To run the examples from this book you need to install the following database systems and
development tools:
Oracle 11g or 12c
Oracle SQL Developer
SQL Server 2012 or above
SQL Server Management Studio 2012 or above
MySQL Server 5.7
MySQL Workbench 6.3
All of the above software can be download from Oracle.com and Microsoft.com

Acknowledge
I wish to express appreciation to the Science Publisher editors who have been supporting
this book from the beginning and made this book a reality.
My deepest expression of gratefulness goes to my mom who has been learning for 30 years
after her retirement.
 Contents

Preface v
Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases 1
Brief History of SQL and Relational Databases 2
SQL Standards 2
Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL Versions 3
Relational Database Basic Concepts 3
Constraints 7
Data Integrity 7
Types of Relationships 8
One-to-Many Relationships 8
Many-to-Many Relationships 9
One-to-One Relationships 9
Self-Referencing Relationships 9
Summary 10
Chapter 2 Data Types 11
Character Data Types 11
Number Data Types 12
Date and Time Data Types 13
Boolean Data Type 14
Summary 14
Chapter 3 Installation of Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL 15
Minimum System Requirements 15
Installation of Oracle 12c 16
Installation of SQL Server 2016 20
Installation of MySQL Server 5.7 26
Summary 32
Exercise 33
Chapter 4 Database Development Tools 34
Command Line Tools 34
Oracle SQL Plus 34
MySQL Command Line Client 36
Installation of Oracle SQL Developer 4.3 38
Installation of SQL Management Studio 2016 40
Installation of MySQL Workbench 6.3 43
Summary 46
Exercise 46
viii Contents

Chapter 5 Data Definition Language (DDL) 47

Data Definition Language Statements 47
Using SQL Commands to Create a Database 48
Using GUI Tools to Create a Database 49
Using SQL Commands to Create a Table 51
Using GUI Tools to Create a Table 54
Using Data from an Existing Table to Create a Table 56
Renaming a Table 58
Truncating a Table 61
Altering a Table 61
Summary 64
Exercises 64
Chapter 6 Data Manipulation Language (DML) 65
Data Manipulation Language Statements 65
INSERT INTO Statement 65
SELECT Statements 72
DISTINCT Clause 73
WHERE Clause 74
Arithmetic Operators 74
Order of Arithmetic Operators 76
Comparison Operators 76
AND Condition 77
OR Condition 77
IN Condition 78
BETWEEN Condition 79
IS NULL Condition 79
IS NOT NULL Condition 80
LIKE Condition 81
ORDER BY Clause 82
ALIASES 84
INSERT Multiple Records into an Existing Table 85
UPDATE Statement 86
DELETE Statement 86
Data Control Language 87
Summary 87
Exercises 87
Chapter 7 Aggregate Functions and GROUP BY Clause 89
Aggregate Functions 89
AVG ( ) 90
COUNT ( ) 90
MIN ( ) 91
MAX ( ) 92
SUM ( ) 93
GROUP BY and HAVING Clause 94
GOUNP BY with AVG ( ) Function 94
GROUP BY with COUNT ( ) Function 95
 Contents ix

GROUP BY with HAVING Example 96

Summary 97
Exercises 97
Chapter 8 Functions 98
Common Number Functions 98
CEIL ( ) 98
CEILING ( ) 98
FLOOR ( ) 99
GREATEST ( ) 99
LEAST ( ) 100
MOD ( ) 100
POWER ( ) 101
ROUND ( ) 101
SQRT ( ) 102
TRUNC ( ) 102
Common String Functions 103
CONCAT ( ) 104
FORMAT ( ) 106
LEFT ( ) 106
INITCAP ( ) 106
LENGTH ( ) 107
LEN ( ) 107
LOWER ( ) 108
LPAD ( ) 108
LTRIM ( ) 109
REPLACE ( ) 109
RIGHT ( ) 110
RPAD ( ) 110
RTRIM ( ) 111
SUBSTR ( ) 111
SUBSTRING ( ) 111
UPPER ( ) 112
Common Date and time Functions 113
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 113
ADD_MONTHS ( ) 114
DATEADD ( ) 114
DATE_ADD ( ) 114
EXTRACT ( ) 114
DATEPART ( ) 114
CURRENT_DATE 115
GETDATE ( ) 115
CURRENT_DATE ( ) 115
MONTHS_BETWEEN ( ) 115
DATEDIFF ( ) 116
PERIOD_DIFF ( ) 116
SYSDATE 116
SYSDATETIME ( ) 116
SYSDATE ( ) 116
x Contents

Conversion Functions 116

CAST ( ) 117
TO_DATE 117
CONVERT ( ) 118
STR_TO_DATE ( ) 119
Summary 120
Exercises 121
Chapter 9 Advanced SQL 122
Advanced SQL Statements 123
Union 123
Union All 124
INTERSECT 124
EXCEPT 125
MINUS 125
ROWNUM 126
TOP 126
LIMIT 126
Subquery 128
CASE 130
SEQUENCE 132
IDENTITY 132
AUTO_INCREMENT 132
Summary 136
Exercises 136
Chapter 10 Joins 137
INNER JOIN 137
JOIN with USING Clause 138
Joining with Multiple Tables 141
LEFT JOIN 142
RIGHT JOIN 142
FULL JOIN 142
Summary 144
Exercise 145
Chapter 11 Views 146
Creating Views in Oracle 146
Creating Views in T-SQL 149
Creating Views in MySQL 151
Updating Views 153
Summary 154
Exercise 154
Chapter 12 Data Import and Export 155
Oracle Data Export from Query Results 155
SQL Server Data Export from Query Results 157
MySQL Data Export from Query Results 159
Oracle Data Import Tool 161
 Contents xi

SQL Server Data Import Tool 166

MySQL Data Import Tool 171
Summary 174
Exercise 174
Chapter 13 Stored Procedures 175
Steps to Create an Oracle Stored Procedure 175
Steps to Create a SQL Server Stored Procedure 176
Steps to Create a MySQL Stored Procedure 177
A Stored Procedure with Parameters 178
Summary 182
Exercise 183
Index 185
About the Author 189
 Chapter 1

Introduction to SQL and

Relational Databases

Relational database management systems (RDBMS) have become the standard database
type for various industries since the 1980s. These systems allow the users to store data and
access data in graphic user interfaces. It also allows users to set security rules.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard computer language for relational database
management systems. SQL has different dialects. For example, Oracle SQL is called
PL/SQL, MS SQL Server SQL is called T-SQL (Transact-SQL).
SQL is a very useful tool for database developers and database administrators. Database
developers use SQL to select, insert, and update data. Database administrators (DBAs)
apply their SQL skills to support Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL and other database systems.
The highlights of this chapter include
• Brief History of SQL and Database Systems
• SQL Standards
• Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL Versions
• Introduction to RDBMSs
• Relational Database Basic Concepts
• Entity Relational Diagram Used in This Book
2 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases

Brief History of SQL and Database Systems

Table 1.1 History of SQL and Database Systems

Year SQL and Database Development

1970 to 1972 Dr. E.F. Codd in IBM introduced in his paper the term “A Relational Model of Data for
Large Shared Data Banks”. In the paper he defined RDBMs by Codd’s 12 rules.

1970s Ingres and System R were created at IBM San Jose. System R used the SEQUEL query
language. The development of SQL/DS, DB2, and Oracle were based on the SEQUEL
query language.

1976 Dr. Peter Chen developed the entity-relationship model. This model becomes the
foundation of many systems analysis and design methods.

1980s Structured Query Language became the standard query language. Computer sales
increased rapidly. Relational database systems became a commercial success. IBM’s DB2
and IBM PC resulted in the launches of many new developments of database systems
such as PARADOX, dBase III and IV.

1990s Successful Online businesses let to demand for database accessing tools. MySQL and
Apache became open source solution for the Internet. Application development tools
including Oracle Developer, Power Builder, and Visual Basic were released.

2000s The three leading relational database systems in the world are Oracle, Microsoft SQL
Server and MySQL.

SQL Standards
Table 1.2 SQL Standards

Year SQL Standard

1974 Original SQL (SEQUEL)

1986 SQL became a standard by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO
(International Standards Organization)

SQL/96 Major modification (ISO 9075)

SQL/99 Added many features including recursive queries, triggers, procedural and control-of-flow
statements, and some object-oriented structures

SQL/2003 Introduced XML-related features

SQL/2006 Defined ways for importing and storing XML data in database

SQL/2008 Added TRUNCATE TABLE statement and INSTEAD OF triggers

 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases 3

Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL Versions

Table 1.3 Different versions for the three database systems

Oracle SQL Server MySQL

1979–Oracle 2 1989–SQL Server 1.0 1995–First Release

1983–Oracle 3 1991–SQL Server 1.1 1996–MySQL 3.19

1984–Oracle 4 1993–SQL Server 4.21 1997–MySQL 3.20

1985–Oracle 5 1995–SQL Server 6.0 1998–MySQL 3.21

1988–Oracle 6 1996–SQL Server 6.5 2000–MySQL 3.23

1992–Oracle 7 1998–SQL Server 7.0 2002–MySQL 4.0

1997–Oracle 8 2000–SQL Server 2000 2003–MySQL 4.01

1998–Oracle 8i 2005–SQL Server 2005 2004–MySQL 4.1

2001–Oracle 9i 2008–SQL Server 2008 2005–MySQL 5.0

2003–Oracle 10g 2010–SQL Server 2008 R2 2010–MySQL 5.5

2007–Oracle 11g 2012–SQL Server 2012 2013–MySQL 5.6

2013–Oracle 12C 2014–SQL Server 2014 2015–MySQL 5.7

2016–SQL Server 2016 2016–MySQL 8.0

Relational Database Basic Concepts

▪ Databases
Relational Database Management System consists of one or more databases.
For example, the following SQL Server has HR and Sample databases.

Figure 1.1 Database examples

4 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases

▪ Entity
Entity is any person, place, or thing that the data can represent in a database design. For
example, Employees and Departments are entities. Entities are converted to tables at the
physical design stage.

▪ Data Type
SQL developers need to choose a data type for each column when creating a table. The
common data types are boolean, integer, float, currency, string, date and time.

▪ DDL
DDL stands for Data Definition Language. DDL commands can be used to create, modify
database structures. Sample DDL commands are CREATE, ALTER and DROP.

▪ DML
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. DML commands can be used to insert
data into database tables, retrieve or modify data, deleting data in database. Sample DML
commands are INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE.

▪ DCL
DCL stands for Data Control Language. DCL commands can be used to create rights and
permissions. Sample DCL commands are GRANT and REVOKE.

▪ Query
SQL developers can use a query to get data or information from one or more database
tables.

Attributes
Entity has its own attributes. For example, an Employee entity may have name, email,
phone and salary as attributes.

Types of Attributes
Simple attribute—An attribute that cannot be divided into subparts. For example, an
employee’s age is a simple attribute.
Composite attribute—An attribute that can be divided into simple attributes. For example,
an employee’s name has First_Name and Last_Name.
Derived attribute—An attribute whose value can be derived (calculated) from other
attribute. For example, Average_Age for employees can be calculated.
 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases 5

Single-value attribute—An attribute contains a single value. For example, City or State.
Multi-value attribute—An attribute have more than one values. For example, an employee
can have more than one skills.

Tables
Each database contains collection of tables.
For example, the HR databases has country, customer, departments, employees, job and
locations tables.

Figure 1.2 Table examples

▪ Fields (Columns)
Each table consists of smaller entities called fields or columns.
For example, The Country table has three fields (columns): Country_ID, Country_Name
and Region_ID.
6 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases

▪ Records (Rows)
Each table consists of one or more records (rows).
For example, the COUNTRY table has the following rows:

Figure 1.3 Record examples

▪ Primary Key
Each table can have only one primary key.
For example, the COUNTRY table has a primary key COUNTRY_ID.

▪ Foreign Key
Database tables might be related by (foreign key) common column(s).
For example, Location_ID is the common column for Departments and Locations tables.

Figure 1.4 Foreign key example

 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases 7

▪ NULL
Null value is a field with no value. It is different with a zero value and it has been left blank
during record creation.

▪ Constraints
Constraints define rules to restrict what values can be stored in columns. This assurances
the correctness of the data in the database. For example, we can set a primary key for a
table so that there is no duplicated rows in the table.

Common Constraints
• NOT NULL—A column does not accept NULL values.
• DEFAULT—Set a default value to a column when no value is specified to a column.
• UNIQUE—No duplicated values in a column.
• Primary Key—A column or a combination of columns that uniquely defines a row.
The primary key column can not contain a NULL value.
• Foreign Key—A foreign key in one table points to a candidate key in another table.
• CHECK—Check whether the value is valid or not.

▪ Data Integrity
• Entity Integrity—No duplicate records in a table.
• Referential Integrity—Referential integrity is violated when deleting a row that is
referenced by a foreign key in another table.
For example, a user can’t delete the Marketing department from the Departments table,
as there are two employees working for the Marketing department (#20). Deleting the
Marketing department violates the referential integrity rule. See the sample records below:

Figure 1.5 Sample data in Departments table

Figure 1.6 Sample records in Employees table

8 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases

Entity Relational Diagram (ERD) Used in This Book

Departments Locations
department_id int PK location_id int PK
department_name text street_address text
manager_id_per_unit decimal(6,0) postal_code text
location_id decimal(4,0) city text
Locations_location_id int FK state_province text
country_id text FK

Employees Country
employee_id int PK country_id int PK
Jobs first_name text country_name text
last_name text region_id int
job_id int PK email text Regions_region_id int FK
job_title text phone_number text
min_salary int job_id text
max_salary int salary decimal(8,2)
manager_id int
department_id int Regions
job_id int FK
department_id int FK region_id int PK
Employees_employee_id int FK region_name text

Figure 1.7 Simplified Oracle HR Schema

Types of Relationships
• One-to-Many Relationships
• Many-to-Many Relationships
• One-to-One Relationships
• Self-Referencing Relationships

One-to-Many Relationships
One-to-Many Relationships define the situation when each row in the table_1 has many
linked rows in table_2. It is the most common type of relationship.
From the Entity Relationship diagram we can see:
The relationship between the Employees and Departments is a one-to-many
relationship. The Dept_ID is the primary key in the Departments table and the foreign
key in the Employees table. One DEPARTMENT_ID can relate to many rows in
the Employees table. One department can have one or many employees; an employee is
assigned to one department.
The relationship between the JOB and Employees is a one-to-many relationship. The
Job_ID is the primary key in the JOB table and the foreign key in the Employees table. One
Job_ID can relate to many rows in the Employees table. One job title can be used for one or
many employees; however, an employee only can have one job title.
 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases 9

The relationship between the Locations and Departments is a one-to-many relationship.

The Location_ID is the primary key in the Locations table and the foreign key in
the Departments table. One Location_ID can relate to many rows in the Departments table.
One location can have one or many departments; a department only has one location.
The relationship between the Country and Locations is a one-to-many relationship. The
Country_ID is the primary key in the Country table and the foreign key in the Locations
table. One Country_ID can relate to many rows in the Locations table. One country can
have one or many locations (States or Provinces); a location (State or Province) only belongs
to one country.
The relationship between the Regions and Country is a one-to-many relationship. The
Region_ID is the primary key in the Regions table and the foreign key in the Country table.
One Region_ID can relate to many rows in the Country table. One region have one or
many countries; a country only belongs to one region.

Many-to-Many Relationships
A record in table_1 has many matching records in table_2, and a record in table_2 has many
matching records in table_1. For example, an employee may work on one or more projects,
and each project may have one or more employees. In this case, MANY employees are
related to MANY projects.
How can we build many-to-many relationship in a database system? Suppose we have
finished two tables: Employees table and Projects table. We can accomplish many-to-many
relationships by creating two one-to-many relationships and adding a link table between
the two tables. For example, we can create a table “Emp_Project” that has a composite
Primary Key that consists of the two primary keys from the Employees table and Projects
tables. Thus, the two one-to-many relationships are:
1. From Employees table to Emp_Project table: One-to-Many relationships.
2. From Project table to Emp_Project table: One-to-Many relationships.

One-to-One Relationships
One-to-Many Relationships define the situation when one row in table_1 has one linked
row in table_2.
For example, every person has a social security number. We can create a Person table with
name, address, email, phone info and a Person_2 table with social security number. We
link the two tables with a key.

Self-Referencing Relationships
A database model with a relationship to itself.
For example, Adam (Employee_ID 101) has a manager (Manager_ID 109). By linking the
manager ID 109 to Employee_ID 109 we know Adam’s manager is Lex De Hann.
10 Chapter 1 Introduction to SQL and Relational Databases

Figure 1.8 Self-referencing example

Summary
Chapter 1 covers the following:
• Introduction to the brief history of SQL and relational databases.
• Introduction to SQL standards.
• The basic terms of relational database management systems.
• Introduction to Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL versions.
• Displaying sample entity relationship diagram that used in this book.
• Defining one-to-one relationships.
• Defining one-to-many relationships.
• Defining many-to-many relationships.
• Defining self-referencing relationships.
 Chapter 2

Data Types

You have learned in Chapter 1 that tables are consisted of many columns. When you design
or modify databases it is very important to understand the different data types. There are
three main data types: Characters, Numbers, and Date/Time.

Character Data Types

Table 2.1 Characters data types for the three database systems

Data Type Oracle SQL SQL SERVER MySQL

Fixed-length CHAR(n) CHAR(n) CHAR(n)
Character Hold up to 2,000 characters Hold up to 8,000 characters Hold up to 255 characters
NCHAR NCHAR(n) NCHAR NCHAR(n)
for any language Hold up to 2,000 characters Hold up to 4,000 characters Hold up to 65,535 characters
variable-length VARCHAR2(n) VARCHAR(n) VARCHAR(n)
character strings Hold up to 8,000 characters
Hold up to 4,000 characters VARCHAR(max) Hold up to 255 characters
Hold up to 1,073 million characters
NVARCHAR2(n) NVARCHAR2(n) NVARCHAR NVARCHAR(n)
for any language Hold up to 4,000 characters
Hold up to 4,000 characters NVARCHAR(max) Hold up to 65,535 characters
Hold up to 536 million characters
TINYTEXT
Hold up to 255 characters
NTEXT LONG TEXT TEXT
for any language Variable width NTEXT
Hold up to 2 GB characters Hold up to 4,000 characters Hold up to 65,535 characters
RAW(n) BINARY(n) MEDIUMTEXT
Binary date Fixed width binary date Hold up to 16 million
Hold up to 2,000 bytes Hold up to 8,000 bytes characters
Character Large CLOB VARBINARY LONGTEXT
Object NCLOB Variable width binary date
NCLOB Hold up to 4G characters Hold up to 8,000 bytes 4G bytes
for any language
Binary Large BLOB VARBINARY(max) LONGBLOB
Object Hold up to 4G characters Variable width; Hold up to 2 GB Hold up to 4,294 million
characters
IMAGE ENUM(a, b, c, …)
Variable width; Hold up to 2 GB List up to 65,535 values
SET
List up to 64 values
12 Chapter 2 Data Types

What is the difference between fixed-length characters and variable-length characters?

Fixed-length characters—When you create a fixed size field, like phone numbers, SSN,
State, CHAR data type is a good choice.
Variable-length characters—Many fields have variable-length characters. When you create
VARCHAR(30) or VARCHAR2(30) for first name field, for example, as first name length is
different for each person you need to use VARCHAR or VARCHAR2 type. If a first name
is “Peter”, only 5 characters are stored in a table (5 bytes), not 30. If we use CHAR(30) for
a first name field, than all the first names will be stored in 30 characters. Obviously, it will
waste a lot of storage spaces.

Number Data Types

Table 2.2 Number data types for the three database systems

Data Type Oracle SQL SQL SERVER MySQL

Small Integer NUMBER (3) TINYINT TINYINT (n)
–128 to 127
0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 UNSIGNED
Median Integer NUMBER (5) SMALLINT SMALLINT (n)
–32,768 to 32767 –32,768 to 32767
0 to 65,535 UNSIGNED
MEDIUMINT (n)
–8,388,608 to 8,388,608
0 to 16,772,215 UNSIGNED
Integer 32 bit NUMBER (10) INT INT (n)
–2,147,483,648 to –2,147,483,647 –2,147,483,648 to –2,147,483,647
UNSIGNED
NUMBER (38) BIGINT BIGINT (n)
–9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
REAL FLOAT (n, d)
Small floating number
Floating number n—maximum of digits
–3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 d—decimal points
SMALLMONEY DOUBLE (n, d)
–214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 Large floating number
MONEY n—maximum of digits
–922,337,203,685,477.5808 to d—decimal points
922,337,203,685,477.5807
NUMBER (p, s) DECIMAL (p, s) DECIMAL (n, d)
NUMERIC (p, s) NUMERIC (p, s)
–10^38 + 1 to 10^38 – 1 Stored as a string
p from 1 – 38 p from 1 – 38 n—maximum of digits
s from –84 to 127 s from –84 to 127 d—decimal points
 Chapter 2 Data Types 13

NUMBER (p, s) (Oracle)

NUMERIC (p, s) (Oracle)
p—precision
s—scale
For example, NUMERIC (5, 2) including 3 digits before the decimal and 2 digits after the
decimal.

DECIMAL (p, s) (T-SQL)

NUMERIC (p, s) (T-SQL)
p—the maximum number of digits that can be stored (including all the digits
from on the left and right of decimal point).
s—the maximum number of digits that can be stored to the right of the decimal
point.

Oracle Number Example

Datatype Input Data Stored Value
NUMBER 634,782.59 634782.59
NUMBER (8) 634,782.59 634783
NUMBER (8, 2) 634,782.59 634782.59
NUMBER (8, 1) 634,782.59 634782.5

Date and Time Data Types

Table 2.3 Date and time data types for the three database systems

Oracle SQL SQL SERVER MySQL

DATE DATE DATE
Format: DD-MON-YY Format: YYYY-MM-DD Format: YYYY-MM-DD
Example: 25-JAN-2017 Example: 2017-01-25 Example: 2017-01-25
TIMESTAMP ( 0 ) SMALLDATETIME DATETIME ()
Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
If we don’t specify a precision Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
then the timestamp defaults to DATETIME
six places. Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
[.mmm]
TIME TIME (p)
HH:MI:SS.0000000 Format: HH:MI:SS
TIMESTAMP (3) TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP
DD-MM-YY HH:MI:SS Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
YEAR ( )
Format: YY (70 to 69) 1970 to 2069
YYYY: 1901 to 2155
14 Chapter 2 Data Types

Boolean Data Type

Table 2.4 Boolean data types for the three database systems

Data Type Oracle SQL SQL SERVER MySQL

Boolean CHAR(1) (0 or 1) BIT BOOLEAN, BOOL
0, 1 and NULL 0 or 1; Not NULL

Summary
Chapter 2 covers several data types for the three database systems.
• Character data types
• Number data types
• Date and time data types in the three database systems
• Boolean data type
Although this chapter is short but it takes time to get familiar with all those date types.
When you study Chapter 5 ‘‘Creating Databases and Tables’’ you will use different data
types for columns.
In the next chapter we will install Oracle 12c, SQL Server 2016 and MySQL 5.7 database
systems.
 Chapter 3

Installation of Oracle, SQL

Server and MySQL

Before we run SQL commands we need to install relational database management systems.
This chapter covers how to install Oracle 12c, SQL Server 2016 and MySQL 5.7.

Minimum System Requirements

Table 3.1 System requirements

Oracle 12C SQL Server 2016 MySQL 5.7

Hard Disk: 10 GB Hard Disk: 6 GB Hard Disk: 8 GB
A DVD drive is required for
RAM: 2 GB installation from disc. RAM: 2 GB
1 GB of space in the tmp directory. .NET Framework 4.6
Operating System
Recommended RAM
Operating System Express Editions: 1 GB Windows 32-bit and 64-bit
32-bit: All other editions: At least 4 GB
Windows 8 (Pro and Enterprise editions) Processor: x64 Processor Linux
Windows 7 (Professional, Enterprise, Operating System Mac OS X
Ultimate editions) SQL Server Enterprise
Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2016
Windows Server 2012
64-bit:
Windows 8 (Pro and Enterprise SQL Server Standard
editions) Windows Server 2016
Windows 7 (Professional, Enterprise, Windows Server 2012
Ultimate editions) Windows 10
Windows Server 2012 Windows 8.1
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Server 2008 SQL Server Web and Express:
Windows Server 2016
Linux Windows Server 2012

SQL Server Developer:

Windows Server 2016
Windows Server 2012
Windows 10
Windows 8.1
Windows 8
16 Chapter 3 Installation of Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL

Installation of Oracle 12c

• Download Oracle Database 12c Release 2 from the Oracle Web site:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/enterprise-edition/downloads/
database12c-win64-download-2297732.html

Figure 3.1 Oracle 12c downloads

• After downloading and decompressing Windows x64 files, make sure that two folders
are at the same location:

Figure 3.2 Downloaded files

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on
the Operation and Use of Mercury in the Venereal
Disease
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Observations on the Operation and Use of Mercury in the

Venereal Disease

Author: Andrew Duncan

Release date: May 14, 2022 [eBook #68077]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: A. Kincaid and W. Creech,

1772

Credits: Barry Abrahamsen, and The Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OPERATION AND USE OF MERCURY
IN THE VENEREAL DISEASE ***
The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public
domain.
OBSERVATIONS
ON

M E R C U R Y.
 O B S E R VAT I O N S
ON THE
O P E R AT I O N A N D U S E
OF
MERCURY
IN THE
VENEREAL DISEASE.
B Y

A N D R E W D U N C A N , M . D .
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.

❦
Longe mihi potior cura est veritatis quam novitatis.
Morgagni.

EDINBURGH:

Printed for A. Kincaid and W. Creech;

and for T. Cadell in the Strand, and
J. Murray in Fleetstreet, London.
M,DCC,LXXII.
To Dr WILLIAM CULLEN,

S i r,
An address of this nature can add nothing to your reputation. And
professions of gratitude are but an inadequate return for real
services. When, therefore, I inscribe this performance to you, it is
neither my intention to enlarge upon your character, nor to recount
the many obligations for which I am indebted to you. But, as I am
happy in being favoured with your countenance, and proud of the
honour it does me, allow me to take this opportunity of expressing it.
As I have long since adopted the wish, permit me, on this
occasion, to use the language of a celebrated English Poet:

O! while along the stream of time thy name

Expanded flies and gathers all its fame;
Say, shall my little bark attendant sail,
Pursue the triumph and partake the gale?
And shall this verse to future age pretend
Thou wert my guide, philosopher, and friend?

I am SIR,
With unfeigned esteem,
And sincere regard,
Your much obliged,
And most obedient Servant,
The AUTHOR.
 CONTENTS.

Page.
Preface i
Chap. I. Of the general 13
Properties of
Mercury
II. Concerning the 22
opinion, that Mercury
cures Lues Venerea
by the Evacuation
which it produces
III. Concerning the opinion 57
that Mercury cures
Lues Venerea, by
acting as an Antidote
to the Venereal
Matter
IV. Of the different 86
Mercurial
Preparations
employed in
Medicine
V. Of the Mercurial 98
Preparations
intended to act
immediately upon the
 Parts affected with
Lues Venerea
VI. Of the Mercurial 117
Preparations
intended to act in the
cure of Lues
Venerea, by entering
the System
VII. Of the Cautions to be 146
observed in the
Employment of
Mercury in Lues
Venerea
 PREFACE.

T he chief purpose of the study of medicine is to acquire the

knowledge of a safe and effectual method of curing diseases.
The attainment of this end is intimately connected with the public
good. Every endeavour to promote it, therefore, may be considered
as having some claim to a candid examination. In this persuasion, I
submit the following observations to public inspection.
Few diseases are at present more common than lues venerea. For
its cure, mercury is a medicine which is almost universally employed;
and the efficacy with which it operates has long been confirmed by
unquestionable experience. But the successful employment of
mercury in this disease requires very particular attention; and it is to
be regreted, that, while many suffer from the distemper, not a few fall
victims to what is used as the remedy: All therefore that has hitherto
been said on this subject by no means supersedes farther attempts
to improvement. To advance the practice of medicine in this
particular, is the intention of the present publication.
Nothing contributes more to safe and effectual practice, than an
acquaintance with those principles on which remedies operate.
Hence, inquiries concerning the operation of medicines have been,
and ever will be, prosecuted by those who mean to practise on a
solid or rational foundation. Many practitioners, indeed, hold every
thing that is in the least theoretical, in great contempt. They alledge,
that a physician possesses all the knowledge requisite in medicine,
who is acquainted with particular remedies which will infallibly cure
particular diseases. Could such remedies be discovered, their
reasoning would indeed hold good; and medicine, which, of all arts,
is in reality the most difficult, would be the easiest. But it is
incumbent on those who reason in this manner, to shew, that any
such remedies actually do exist. This, however, is a point by no
means determined; and, with regard to it, very great doubts may
justly be entertained.
With certain limitations, some few such remedies may perhaps be
allowed to exist. But no one will pretend, that these can, in every
case, be employed with equal success; or that, in all circumstances,
they are to be used in the same manner. By a knowledge of the
principles upon which a medicine operates in curing a disease, we
can alone be enabled to accommodate its use to particular
circumstances. He therefore who knows, not only that a certain
remedy will cure a particular disease, but is likewise acquainted with
the manner in which it acts in producing that effect, has at least a
double advantage.
Errors in theory, indeed, often mislead in practice; and opinions,
supported by numerous arguments, after being long believed, have
at length been discovered to be without foundation. But this
imperfect state of theory, in place of being any objection to its utility,
is an additional inducement to continue, with unremitting ardour, a
pursuit in which so much still remains to be done. It is by unwearied
assiduity alone that improvement can be expected in any art. The
imperfection of theory, then, can be no argument for discontinuing
farther attempts to render it more perfect.
Theory in medicine is principally despised by two sets of
practitioners, the ignorant and the lazy; the last are unwilling, and the
first are unable, to acquire the knowledge of it; and, amidst all their
boasted contempt, it will be found, that they principally differ from
others in implicitly adopting whatever opinions they first receive.
Theory is natural to the human mind; and those who are accustomed
to think cannot be satisfied without assigning a reason for every
phænomenon which falls under their observation. Theory by no
means precludes observations: On the contrary, it leads to a more
minute attention to facts; and in this way opinions, of themselves ill
founded, have often given rise to useful discoveries in practice. For
these reasons, in treating of mercury in the venereal disease, I have
esteemed it necessary to begin with some observations on its
operations.
There are few medicines, with regard to the operation of which all
practitioners are agreed. Mercury, as well as others, has, in this
respect, been a subject of dispute. It is indeed the misfortune of
medicine, that many points of great consequence still remain in a
very doubtful state. But it affords at least some chance of arriving at
truth, that, in the present age, it is never esteemed criminal to differ
even from the highest authorities: On the contrary, those whose
authority should deservedly have the greatest weight, are unwilling
that any farther deference should be paid to their opinion than arises
from conviction. He therefore who imagines, that an ill-grounded
opinion is generally received, has nothing to restrain him from a
candid inquiry. But arguments adduced in favour of any opinion will
have little weight, if another be previously received as true. To
ensure therefore a fair examination, it is, in the first place, requisite
to remove prepossession. These remarks will sufficiently account for
the attention I have here bestowed in attempting to refute an opinion
different from that which I endeavour to establish.
It is an opinion taught, and at this place very generally received,
with regard to the operation of mercury, that the good effects it
produces, in the cure of lues venerea, are to be ascribed to the
evacuation which it occasions. After attentively examining this
hypothesis, I cannot help thinking that it is ill founded.
Notwithstanding, therefore, the authority by which it is supported, I
have, with freedom, stated what to me seem strong objections
against it.
After having endeavoured to overturn one hypothesis, I have
attempted to establish another. The opinion I support is by no means
new. The honour of invention therefore must be totally resigned to
others; but the praise of broaching novelties is always to be
relinquished when it comes in competition with the support of truth;
and I should consider myself as having done a great deal, were I
able to give satisfactory evidence of any important but doubtful point.
 After this inquiry concerning the operation of mercury in the
venereal disease, I next proceed to make some observations with
regard to its use.
Mercury has been employed in the cure of the venereal disease in
a great variety of forms. Most of these, upon their first introduction
into practice, have been extolled as the safest and most effectual
method of using it in every case. Experience, however, sufficiently
demonstrates, that this holds with regard to no mercurial preparation
hitherto discovered. Whether such a preparation may yet be
discovered, is difficult to say. In this treatise, I have not proposed any
mercurial which was not formerly in use. But if, on the one hand, I
have no title to lay claim to the merit of a discovery, I cannot, on the
other, be charged with being the first proposer of any dangerous
practice.
In treating of the use of mercurials in lues venerea, my aim has
been different from that of most authors. What I have principally had
in view, is not so much to recommend any particular preparation, as
to determine the comparative advantages of some of the most
effectual ones at present in common use. I have likewise
endeavoured to point out those circumstances to which each is best
adapted. To this I have subjoined the principal cautions to be
observed in the employment of mercurials; those more especially
which respect the nature of the medicine, the condition of the patient,
and the necessary regimen.
On these subjects, a good collection of observations would
unquestionably be of the highest utility. How far I have succeeded,
must be left to others to determine. To those who imagine I have not
altogether failed, I need offer no excuse for having published. To
those who are of a contrary opinion, it will be sufficient to observe,
that every attempt to be serviceable should apologise for itself.
 CHAP. I.

Of the General Properties of Mercury.

M ercury is a production of the mineral kingdom. In its natural

state, it is of an opaque metallic substance, of very considerable
specific gravity. To the eye, it appears like melted lead, or silver; from
which it has derived the name of quicksilver. In this condition, when
freed from every admixture, it has neither any perceptible smell nor
taste; and, as its application to the most sensible parts of the body
occasions no irritation, we may conclude, that it is void of all
acrimony.
By very intense cold, artificially excited, mercury may be brought
to a solid form; but, in the greatest natural cold hitherto known, it
remains always in a fluid state. By heat it is rendered very volatile,
exhaling totally in fumes; these fumes, upon being exposed to cold,
condense again into running mercury.
Mercury, like most other metallic substances, is found in the earth,
either in a pure state, or in that of an ore. The first has been called
virgin-mercury, and is in general found by the miners in drops or
small grains; sometimes indeed it is observed in larger quantities,
and forms the appearance of small streams. In the state of ore, it is
most frequently combined either with sulphur, or with earthy matters;
from which it is readily extracted by distillation. It is found in both
these states in different places of Europe, particularly in Spain and in
Hungary; but Britain is principally supplied with it from the East-
Indies.
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