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About
The International Electrical Testing Association (NETA)
• is an accredited standards developer for the American National Standards Institute
• establishes standards for electrical equipment concerning safety and reliability
• The leading source of specifications, procedures, testing, and requirements, not only
for commissioning new equipment but for testing the reliability and performance of
existing equipment.
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About
Each NETA Full Member Company…
• Is an independent, third-party testing organization.
• Functions as an unbiased testing authority.
• Is involved in full-service testing, analysis, and maintenance of
electrical power systems
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About
Why hire a NETA Accredited Company?
• NETA certifies the company and the individual so that the end-user can be
assured of the company's qualifications as well as the overall competence of
individual technicians.
• NETA also requires Continuing Technical Development for its Certified
Technicians.
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About
Hiring a NETA Accredited Company assures that the customer that:
• The NETA Technician has broad-based knowledge.
• The NETA Technician is trained to inspect, test, maintain, and calibrate all
types of electrical equipment
• NETA Technicians meet requirements of ANSI/NETA ETT-2000 Standard for
Certification of Electrical Testing Technicians.
• All tests are performed objectively according to NETA specifications
• The company is a full-service electrical testing and maintenance business.
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Scope
• Establishes minimum requirements for qualification and certification of the
electrical testing technician (ETT)
• Details the minimum training and experience requirements for electrical
testing technicians and provides criteria for documenting qualifications and
certification
• Details the requirements for an independent and impartial certification
system to certify electrical testing technicians

Description
This standard was created to codify the experience, education, and training
requirements necessary for an individual to obtain a level of competency as an
electrical test technician. NETA carefully examines the qualifications of each
NETA Accredited Company (NAC) in addition to certifying the individual
technician employed by that NAC. Because of this requirement, another
directive of this task group was to assure that the NETA requirements for
certification were aligned with an alternate certification path for qualified
individuals. The ANSI/NETA Standard for Certification of Electrical Testing
Technicians was approved as a revised American National Standard on January
7, 2022.
 Performs tests and
inspections and evaluates
the suitability of electrical
power equipment and
systems for the intended
use
 Certification is a means for
individuals to indicate to employers,
co-workers, the general public, and
that they have met the standards of
an impartial, nationally-recognized
organization for the performance of
specific technical tasks.
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Four levels of classification are defined 1. ETT Trainee Level 1
in terms of the knowledge, skills, and 2. ETT Certified Assistant Level 2
abilities required in a given method or 3. ETT Certified Level 3
methods to perform specified electrical 4. ETT Senior Certified Level 4
testing and maintenance activities. To
proceed to a higher level, an individual
shall meet the qualifications set forth
and pass the examination for all
previous levels.
 ETT CERTIFIED ASSISTANT TECHNICIAN
1. shall have two years of related
ETT TRAINEE TECHNICIAN experience in the electrical testing
1. High school or general equivalency industry
diploma (GED). 2. Minimum of 40 hours training in safety
2. Minimum of 8 hours of electrical 3. Minimum of 160 hours of training related
safety training to certification in electrical testing
categories
4. shall pass an Electrical Test Technician
Level 2 examination

ETT CERTIFIED TECHNICIAN ETT SENIOR CERTIFIED TECHNICIAN

1. Five years of full-time experience in 1. Ten years of full-time experience in
the electrical testing industry the electrical testing industry
2. Minimum of 24 hours of additional 2. Minimum of 40 hours of additional
documented safety training documented safety training
3. 240 hours of additional documented 3. 200 hours of additional documented
training related to the electrical testing training related to the electrical testing
4. shall pass an Electrical Test 4. shall pass an Electrical Test
Technician Level 3 examination Technician Level 3 examination
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Technical Profiles Level 2 – 15% Overall Score
Level 3 – 13% Overall Score
Level 1 - Responsible for the safety of self but Level 4 – 10% Overall Score
requires supervision.

Level 2 - Understands hazardous electrical 1. Risk Assessment

energy control procedures. Requires limited 2. Establishing an Electrically
supervision. Safe Work Condition
3. Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Level 3 - Responsible for the safety of others, 4. Personal Protective
supervises Levels I and II. Performs switching, Equipment
evaluations, lockout/tagout and safety 5. Safety Equipment Selection
grounding. 6. Confined Space
7. Switching and Temporary
Level 4 - Supervises large projects and multiple Protective Grounding
crews. Is capable of working independently. 8. Incident Energy Analysis
9. Codes and Standards
Technical Profiles Level 2 – 25% Overall Score
Level 3 – 23% Overall Score
Level 1 - Has high school / GED education. Level 4 – 15% Overall Score
No related experience required.

Level 2 - Has 160 hours electrical education / 1. Fundamentals of Electricity

technical training and two years related 2. Electrical Calculations
experience. 3. AC and DC Circuits
4. Insulation Testing
Level 3 - Has 240 hours electrical education / 5. Resistance Testing
technical training and five years related 6. Thermographic Survey
experience. 7. Current Testing
8. System Tests, Analysis, and
Level 4 - Has 200 hours electrical education / Operation
technical training and ten years related
experience.
 Level 2 – 55% Overall Score
Level 3 – 47% Overall Score
Level 4 – 55% Overall Score

Technical Profiles 1. Switchgear and 15. Ground Fault Protection

Level 1 - Assists higher technicians, makes basic Switchboard Assemblies Systems
measurements, performs set up and removal of test 2. Transformers 16. Rotating Machinery
equipment along with basic maintenance and 3. Cables 17. Motor Control Centers and
cleaning. 4. Metal-Enclosed Busways Motor Starters
Level 2 - Performs inspections, tests, data collection 5. Switches 18. Adjustable-Speed Drive
and can test for de-energized locked out/tagged out 6. Circuit Breakers Systems
equipment. 7. Circuit Switchers 19. Direct-Current System
Level 3 - Supervises lower technicians, keeps 8. Network Protectors 20. Surge Arresters\
records, evaluates, and writes reports. Also performs 9. Protective Relays 21. Capacitors and Reactors
moderately complex tasks, troubleshoots and 10. Instrument Transformers 22. Outdoor Bus Structures
interacts with other skills and operations. 11. Instrument Transformers 23. Emergency Systems
Level 4 - Supervises large projects and multiple 12. Metering Devices 24. Automatic Circuit Reclosers
crews. Is capable of working independently and 13. Regulating Apparatus and Line Sectionalizers
performing more complex investigations, tests, and 14. Grounding Systems 25. Fiber-Optic Cables
evaluations. Reviews reports, recommends corrective 26. Insulating Liquids and Gases
actions, interacts with engineers and managers. 27. Fuses
Technical Profiles Level 2 – 5% Overall Score
Level 3 – 17% Overall Score
Level 1 - Assists and makes basic measurements. Level 4 – 20% Overall Score

Level 2 - Inspects, tests, collects data.

1. Troubleshooting
Level 3 - Performs moderately complex tasks, 2. SCADA
troubleshoots, writes reports. 3. Monitoring/DCS Systems
4. Functional Testing
Level 4 - Performs very complex investigations,
tests, and evaluations. Recommends corrective
actions.
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Examination Requirements
• ETT Trainee Level 1
Competency of the candidate shall be determined by the employer to confirm the
knowledge and skills outlined in Table 1 and Appendix A.
• Examination for ETT Certified Assistant Level 2, Certified Technician
Level 3, Senior Certified Technician Level 4
Examinations shall be prepared by a certifying body as defined in this standard to test for
the knowledge and skills outlined in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, as applicable, and Appendix A.
2. Examinations shall be administrated by a certifying body as defined in this standard.
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The certifying body shall be a third-party, corporately independent organization
that can function as an unbiased certification authority. It is responsible for
decisions related to granting, maintaining, extending, restricting, suspending,
and withdrawing certificates issued. The certifying body must ensure that it is
financially stable and has a documented quality control system in place.
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SCOPE
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that tested
electrical equipment and systems are operational, are
within applicable standards and manufacturer's tolerances,
and are installed in accordance with design specifications.

Three voltage classes of equipment are detailed within the

ANSI/NETA ECS:
• Low-Voltage Systems (less than 1,000 volts)
• Medium-Voltage Systems (greater than 1,000 volts and
less than 100,000 volts)
• High-Voltage and Extra-High Voltage Systems (greater
than 100 kV and less than 1,000 kV)
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The ANSI/NETA Standard for Electrical

Commissioning Specifications (ECS) :

It is used to assure that Electrical Power

Equipment and Systems:

(1) are within applicable standards

(2) and manufacturers’ tolerances
(3) and are installed in accordance to
design specifications
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The ANSI/NETA Standard for Electrical

Commissioning Specifications (ECS) :

It provides guidance on updated

commissioning processes and improved
inspection procedures for:

(1) low voltage systems,

(2) medium voltage systems,
(3) high, and extra high voltage systems.
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Section VII: INSPECTION AND COMMISSION PROCEDURES

The text goes here

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Section VII: INSPECTION AND COMMISSION PROCEDURES

1. LOW-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS (<= 1 kV)

Pre-energization: During energization: Post-energization:

● Review project requirements, ● Restrict access to ● Conduct oil and gas
specifications, and regulatory equipment. analysis.
guidelines. ● Remove temporary ● Monitor temperature and
● Ensure equipment manuals are grounding. device parameters.
available. ● Follow the energization plan. ● Notify equipment
● Verify acceptance test data and ● Check current, voltage, and manufacturers.
documentation. phase angles. ● Perform corona inspection
● Inspect equipment visually. ● Verify phasing, motor and thermographic survey.
● Confirm safety measures like labeling rotation, and system ● Compare equipment
and grounding. functionality. loading to design criteria.
● Check interlocks, protective devices, ● Complete commissioning
and instrument connections. report.
● Confirm operation of mechanical and
electrical components.
● Ensure correct settings and clearances.
● Verify readiness of power systems and
emergency equipment.
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Section VII: INSPECTION AND COMMISSION PROCEDURES

2. MEDIUM-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS (>1 kV and <100 kV)

Pre-energization: During energization: Post-energization:

● Review project requirements and ● Restrict access and remove ● Conduct oil and gas
manuals. grounding. analysis.
● Verify test data and acceptance. ● Follow the energization plan. ● Monitor temperature and
● Inspect equipment and ensure ● Verify current, voltage, and parameters.
safety measures. system sequence. ● Submit compliance reports.
● Check interlocks, settings, and ● Check phasing, motor ● Notify equipment
grounding. rotation, and transformer manufacturers.
● Confirm clearances and labeling. operations. ● Perform corona inspection
● Ensure readiness of power systems and thermographic survey.
and safety equipment. ● Complete commissioning
report.
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Section VII: INSPECTION AND COMMISSION PROCEDURES

3. HIGH-VOLTAGE AND EXTRA-HIGH VOLTAGE

SYSTEMS (>= 100 kV and < 1000kV)

Pre-energization: During energization: Post-energization:

● Review project requirements and ● Restrict access and remove ● Conduct oil and gas
manuals. grounding. analysis.
● Verify test data and acceptance. ● Follow the energization plan. ● Monitor temperature and
● Inspect equipment and ensure ● Verify current, voltage, and parameters.
safety measures. system sequence. ● Submit compliance reports.
● Check interlocks, settings, and ● Check phasing, motor ● Notify equipment
grounding. rotation, and transformer manufacturers.
● Confirm clearances and labeling. operations. ● Perform corona inspection
● Ensure readiness of power systems and thermographic survey.
and safety equipment. ● Complete commissioning
report.
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SECTION IX: THERMOGRAPHIC SURVEY

What is a Thermographic Survey:

The purpose of the thermographic survey is to detect and

identify potential issues or anomalies in electrical
equipment by measuring temperature variations. This
non-invasive technique helps in identifying hot spots, loose
connections, overloaded circuits, and other abnormalities
that may indicate impending failures or safety hazards.
Conducting thermographic surveys regularly allows for
proactive maintenance and helps prevent costly downtime,
equipment damage, and safety risks.
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SECTION IX: THERMOGRAPHIC SURVEY

9.1 Visual and Mechanical Inspection:

(1) Perform thermographic survey when load is applied to

the system.
(2) Remove all necessary covers prior to thermographic
inspection. Use appropriate caution, safety devices, and
PPEs.

A thermographic survey is when a specialized Infrared (IR)

camera is used to take photos. Infrared cameras identify
heat.The more heat that comes off an object or a person,
the brighter the colours appear.
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ANSI/NETA ACCEPTANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS

Scope
These specifications are designed to assure that tested electrical
equipment and systems are operational, are within applicable
standards and manufacturers’ tolerances, and are installed in
accordance with design specifications. Use the ANSI/NETA ATS-
2021 as a guide to ensure that electrical systems and apparatus
not only meet project specifications, but that the manufacturer of
the equipment supplied a product that will perform safely and
reliably for many years to come.

Description
The NETA Acceptance Testing Specifications was developed for
use by those responsible for assessing the suitability for initial
energization of electrical power equipment and systems and to
specify field tests and inspections that ensure these systems and
apparatus perform satisfactorily, minimizing downtime and
maximizing life expectancy.
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TESTING ORGANIZATION

QUALIFICATIONS
1. The testing organization shall be an independent, third party entity
which can function as an unbiased testing authority, professionally
independent of the manufacturers, suppliers, and installers of
equipment or systems being evaluated.
2. The testing organization shall be regularly engaged in the testing of
electrical equipment devices, installations, and systems.
3. The testing organization shall use technicians who are regularly
employed for testing services.
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TESTING ORGANIZATION

QUALIFICATIONS
4. An organization having a designation of NETA Accredited Company
issued by the InterNational Electrical Testing Association meets the
above criteria.

5. The testing organization shall submit appropriate documentation to

demonstrate that it
satisfactorily complies with these requirements.
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TESTING PERSONNEL

QUALIFICATIONS
1. Technicians performing these electrical tests and inspections shall
be trained and experienced concerning the apparatus and systems
being evaluated. These individuals shall be capable of conducting
the tests in a safe manner and with complete knowledge of the
hazards involved. They must evaluate the test data and make a
judgment on the serviceability of the specific equipment.
2. Technicians shall be certified in accordance with ANSI/NETA ETT,
Standard for Certification of Electrical Testing Technicians. Each on-
site crew leader shall hold a current certification, Level 3 or higher,
in electrical testing.
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Division of Responsibility

• The Owner’s Representative

• The Testing Organization
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OWNER’S REPRESENTATIVE

1. A short-circuit analysis, a coordination study, and a protective

device setting sheet as described in Section 6.
2. A complete set of electrical plans and specifications, including all
change orders.
3. Drawings and instruction manuals applicable to the scope of work.
4. An itemized description of equipment to be inspected and tested.
5. A determination of who shall provide a suitable and stable source of
electrical power to each test site.
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OWNER’S REPRESENTATIVE

6. A determination of who shall perform certain preliminary low-voltage

insulation-resistance, continuity, and low-voltage motor rotation tests
prior to and in addition to tests specified herein.

7. Notification of when equipment becomes available for acceptance

tests. Work shall be coordinated to expedite project scheduling.

8. Site-specific hazard notification and safety training.

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TESTING ORGANIZATION

1. All field technical services, tooling, equipment, instrumentation, and

technical supervision to perform such tests and inspections.
2. Specific power requirements for test equipment.
3. Notification to the owner’s representative prior to commencement of
any testing.
4. A timely notification of any system, material, or workmanship that is
found deficient based on the results of the acceptance tests.
5. A written record of all tests and a final report.
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Division of Responsibility

(1) Safety and Precautions

(2) Suitability of Test Equipment
(3) Test Instrument Calibration
(4) Test Report
(5) Test Decal
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SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS

1. Safety practices shall include, but are not limited to, the following
requirements:
a. All applicable provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act, particularly OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910 and 29 CFR Part
1926.
b. ANSI/NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the
Workplace.
c. Applicable state and local safety operating procedures.
d. Owner’s safety practices.
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SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS

2. The testing organization shall have a designated safety lead person

on site to supervise operations with respect to safety.

3. A job hazard analysis and a safety briefing shall be conducted prior

to the commencement of work.

4. All tests shall be performed with the apparatus de-energized and

grounded except where otherwise specifically required to be
ungrounded or energized for certain tests.
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SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS

5. The testing organization shall have a designated safety

representative on the project to supervise operations with respect to
safety. This individual may be the same person described in 5.1.2.
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SUITABILITY OF TEST EQUIPMENT

1. All test equipment shall meet the requirements in Section 5.3 and
be in good mechanical and electrical condition.
2. Field test metering used to check power system meter calibration
must be more accurate than the instrument being tested.
3. Accuracy of metering in test equipment shall be appropriate for the
test being performed.
4. Waveshape and frequency of test equipment output waveforms
shall be appropriate for the test to be performed and the equipment
to be tested.
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TEST INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION

1. The testing organization shall have a calibration program which

assures that all applicable test instruments are maintained within
rated accuracy for each test instrument calibrated.
2. The firm providing calibration service shall maintain up-to-date
instrument calibration instructions and procedures for each test
instrument calibrated.
3. The accuracy shall be directly traceable to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST).
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TEST INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION

4. Instruments shall be calibrated in accordance with the following

frequency schedule:
a. Field instruments: Analog and Digital, 12 months maximum.
b. Laboratory instruments: 12 months maximum.
c. Leased specialty equipment: 12 months maximum.

5. Dated calibration labels shall be visible on all test equipment.

6. Records which show date and results of instruments calibrated or

tested must be kept up to date.
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TEST INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION

7. Calibrating standard shall be of better accuracy than that of the

instrument tested.
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TEST REPORT

1. The test report shall include the following:

a. Summary of project.
b. Description of equipment tested.
c. Description of tests.
d. Device settings.
e. Test data.
f. Analysis and recommendations.
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TEST REPORT

2. Test data records shall include the following minimum requirements:

a. Identification of the testing organization.
b. Equipment identification.
c. Nameplate data.
d. Humidity, temperature, and other conditions that may affect the
results of the tests and/or calibrations.
e. Date of inspections, tests, maintenance, and/or calibrations.
f. Identification of the testing technician.
g. Indication of inspections, tests, maintenance, and/or calibrations to
be performed and recorded.
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TEST REPORT

2. Test data records shall include the following minimum requirements:

h. Indication of expected results when calibrations are to be performed.
i. Indication of as-found and as-left results, as applicable.
j. Identification of all test results outside of specified tolerances.
k. Sufficient spaces to allow all results and comments to be indicated.

3. The testing organization shall furnish a copy or copies of the

complete report as specified in the acceptance testing contract.
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TEST DECAL

1. The testing organization shall affix a test decal on the exterior of

equipment or equipment enclosure of protective devices after
performing electrical tests.
2. The test decal shall be color-coded to communicate the condition of
maintenance for the protective device. Color scheme for condition
of maintenance of overcurrent protective device shall be:
a. White: electrically and mechanically acceptable.
b. Yellow: minor deficiency not affecting fault detection and operation,
but minor electrical or mechanical condition exists.
c. Red: deficiency exists affecting performance, not suitable for
service.
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TEST DECAL

3. The decal shall include:

a. Testing organization
b. Project identifier
c. Test date
d. Technician identifier
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ANSI/NETA MAINTENANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS

Scope
The purpose of these specifications is to assure tested electrical equipment and
systems are operational, are within applicable standards and manufacturer's
tolerances, and are suitable for continued service. These specifications incorporate
comprehensive field tests and inspections to assess the suitability for continued
service, condition of maintenance, and reliability of electrical power distribution
equipment and systems.

Description
The Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power
Equipment and Systems, 2023 edition, was approved as an American National
Standard on March 6, 2023 and supersedes the ANSI/NETA MTS-2019. NETA
recommends always referencing the most current edition of the ANSI/NETA
standards whenever possible to assure that bid documents, specifications, and
reports are as accurate and complete as possible.
The ANSI/NETA Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical
Power Equipment and Systems is a document that is used worldwide by individuals
seeking to assure that the electrical power equipment and systems in their care
operate reliably and safely in conformance with industry and manufacturer
standards and tolerances.
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7.1. Switchgear, Switchboard, and Panelboard Assemblies

A.Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Perform a comprehensive visual and mechanical inspection of the unit, including checking physical,
electrical, and mechanical conditions, anchorage, alignment, grounding, and clearances. Verify
proper fuse and circuit breaker sizes, transformer ratios, tight wiring connections, and correct
operation of interlock systems. Apply appropriate lubrication, inspect insulators, barriers, shutters,
filters, indicating devices, instrument transformers, surge arresters, and control power transformers
for physical damage, correct installation, and functioning. Conclude with as-left tests to ensure the
unit's readiness for operation.

A.Electrical Test
Conduct thorough electrical tests including resistance measurements on bolted connections,
insulation-resistance tests, and dielectric withstand voltage tests on bus sections and control wiring
to ensure electrical integrity and safety.Verify proper operation of instrument transformers, ground
resistance, metering devices, and control power transformers while adhering to manufacturer's
guidelines for test voltages and durations. Complete essential tests on surge arresters, perform an
online partial-discharge survey, and conduct system function tests to validate the overall
functionality and reliability of the electrical system within the switchgear or switchboard.
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7.1. Switchgear, Switchboard, and Panelboard Assemblies

C. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical

Compare bolted connection resistance values to values of similar connections. Investigate
values which deviate from those of similar bolted connections by more than 50 percent of the
lowest value. (7.1.A.8.1). Bolt-torque levels should be in accordance with manufacturer’s
published data. In the absence of manufacturer’s published data, use Table 100.12. (7.1.A.8.2).
Results of the thermographic survey shall be in accordance with Section 9. (7.1.A.3)

D. Test Values - Electrical

Compare bolted connection resistance values to identify deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest
value, which may indicate potential issues requiring investigation and correction. Ensure
insulation-resistance values of bus insulation meet manufacturer's specifications or Table 100.1,
investigating any deviations. Prioritize raising insulation levels before proceeding with dielectric
withstand voltage tests to maintain safety standards.Verify control wiring insulation-resistance
values are above two megohms, consistent with past results, and investigate any deviations.
Confirm results of electrical tests on instrument transformers, ground resistance tests, metering
device accuracy, control power transformers' insulation-resistance values, proper function of
control transfer relays, heater operation, surge arrester tests, online partial-discharge survey,
and system function tests as per respective sections for overall system reliability and
performance.
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7.2.1.1. Transformers, Dry-Type, Air Cooled, Low Voltage,
Small

NOTE: This category consists of power transformers with windings rated 600 volts
or less and sizes equal to or less than 167 kVA single-phase or 500 kVA three-
phase.

A. Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Conduct a comprehensive inspection, testing, and cleaning process for the unit, including
examining physical and mechanical aspects, verifying anchorage, alignment, grounding,
performing resistance checks on bolted electrical connections using appropriate methods, and
completing both as-found and as-left tests to ensure proper functionality and adherence to
specifications.
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7.2.1.1.Transformers, Dry-Type, Air Cooled, Low Voltage,
Small
B. Electrical Tests
Conduct resistance measurements on bolted connections, insulation-resistance tests on
windings, including winding-to-winding and winding-to-ground, applying appropriate voltages as
per manufacturer guidelines or Table 100.5, and calculate the dielectric absorption ratio or
polarization index, along with performing turns-ratio tests at the specified tap position.

C. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical

Compare bolted connection resistances, investigate deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest
value, ensure bolt-torque levels match manufacturer guidelines or Table 100.12, validate
thermographic survey results per Section 9, and maintain tap connections unless instructed
otherwise.

D. Test Values - Electrical

Compare bolted connection resistances, investigating deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest
value, ensure transformer insulation-resistance meets manufacturer standards or Table 100.5,
and maintain dielectric absorption ratio or polarization index above 1.0, while ensuring turns-
ratio test results stay within one-half percent of adjacent coils or calculated ratio.
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7.2.1.2. Transformers, Dry-Type, Air Cooled, Large

NOTE: This category consists of power transformers with windings rated higher
than 600 volts and low-voltage transformers larger than 167 kVA single-phase or
500 kVA three-phase

A. Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Inspect physical and mechanical conditions, including anchorage, alignment, and grounding,
conduct as-found tests before cleaning, verify temperature indicator settings, fan operation, and
surge arrester presence, check bolted connections for high resistance using various methods,
perform recommended manufacturer-specific inspections and mechanical tests, and complete
as-left tests ensuring tap connections match specifications.
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7.2.1.2. Transformers, Dry-Type, Air Cooled, Large

B. Electrical Tests
Perform various electrical tests on transformers, including resistance measurements through bolted
connections, insulation-resistance tests, polarization index calculation, insulation power-factor tests,
turns-ratio tests, excitation-current tests, core insulation resistance measurement, applied voltage tests,
secondary voltage verification, surge arrester testing, and online partial-discharge survey on
designated windings, adhering to manufacturer guidelines and industry standards.

C. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical

Ensure temperature indicator settings meet manufacturer recommendations, verify cooling fan
operation, check bolted connection resistances for deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest value,
adhere to specified bolt-torque levels or Table 100.12, validate thermographic survey results, and
maintain tap connections unless directed otherwise.

D. Test Values - Electrical

Compare bolted connection resistances and investigate deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest value,
ensure transformer insulation-resistance meets specifications or Table 100.5, maintain polarization
index above 1.0, adhere to specified insulation power-factor test limits, investigate power-factor or
dissipation-factor tip-up, validate turns-ratio test results, verify excitation current patterns, compare
temperature-corrected winding-resistance values, maintain core insulation-resistance levels, adhere to
dielectric withstand test voltages, verify secondary voltages, validate surge arrester test results, and
ensure online partial-discharge survey compliance with manufacturer guidelines or Table 100.23
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7.2.2. Transformers, Liquid-Filled

A.Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Inspect the physical and mechanical condition of the unit, including anchorage, alignment,
grounding, and the presence of PCB labeling. Conduct as-found tests before cleaning, then clean
bushings and control cabinets. Verify the operation of alarm, control, and trip circuits, cooling
fans/pumps, bolted electrical connections, liquid levels, gas pressure, load tap-changer, surge
arresters, and perform recommended manufacturer inspections, concluding with as-left tests and
ensuring de-energized tap-changer positions match specifications.

A.Electrical Test
Perform electrical tests including resistance measurements through bolted connections, insulation-
resistance tests, polarization index calculation, turns-ratio tests, insulation power-factor tests, and
excitation-current tests, following manufacturer guidelines or Table 100.5 for voltage application. Conduct
power-factor tests on bushings with power-factor/capacitance taps or hot-collar tests, and if accessible,
remove and measure core insulation resistance. Sample and test insulating liquid properties according to
ASTM standards, including dielectric-breakdown voltage, acid neutralization, specific gravity, interfacial
tension, color, water content, and power factor. Additionally, perform dissolved-gas analysis on insulating
liquid and test instrument transformers, surge arresters, and transformer neutral grounding impedance
devices as per specified sections for comprehensive testing and analysis of transformer components.
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7.2.2. Transformers, Liquid-Filled

C. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical

Ensure the proper operation of alarm, control, and trip circuits, cooling fans/pumps, bolted
connections, and gas pressure indicators in accordance with manufacturer guidelines.
Additionally, verify liquid levels and positive pressure in gas-blanketed transformers within
specified tolerances to maintain optimal performance and safety standards.

D. Test Values - Electrical

Compare bolted connection resistances, investigate deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest
value, and ensure transformer insulation-resistance meets manufacturer standards or Table
100.5, with a polarization index above 1.0. Validate turns-ratio test results within one-half percent
tolerance, adhere to maximum power-factor/dissipation-factor values for liquid-filled
transformers, and investigate deviations in bushing power-factor, capacitance, and hot-collar test
values. Verify excitation-current test patterns, sweep frequency response analysis, temperature-
corrected winding-resistance values within two percent of previous results, and core insulation
values not less than one megohm at 500 volts DC.Investigate oxygen presence in gas blankets,
maintain insulating liquid values according to Table 100.4, evaluate dissolved-gas analysis per
IEEE C57.104, ensure instrument transformer and surge arrester test results meet standards,
and compare grounding impedance device values to manufacturer's data or previous
measurements.
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7.4. Metal-Enclosed Busways

A. Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Conduct a thorough inspection of the physical and mechanical condition,
including anchorage, alignment, grounding, and bolted electrical
connections. Use low-resistance ohmmeter, torque-wrench method, and
thermographic survey to assess connections and confirm proper orientation
for cooling, inspect outdoor busway installations, and clean ventilating
openings for optimal performance and safety.

A. Electrical Tests
Perform resistance measurements on bolted connections and bus joints
using a low-resistance ohmmeter as per Section 7.4.A.3.1, conduct insulation
resistance tests on each busway, and verify the operation of busway space
heaters to ensure proper functionality and safety.
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7.4. Metal-Enclosed Busways

C. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical

1. Compare bolted connection resistance values to values of similar
connections. Investigate values which deviate from those of similar bolted
connections by more than 50 percent of the lowest value. (7.4.A.3.1) Bolt-
torque levels should be in accordance with manufacturer’s published data.
Inthe absence of manufacturer’s published data, use Table 100.12.
(7.4.A.3.2). Results of the thermographic survey shall be in accordance with
Section 9. (7.4.A.3.3)

D. Test Values - Electrical

Compare bolted connection resistance values to values of similar
connections. Investigate values which deviate from those of similar bolted
connections by more than 50 percent of the lowest value. Insulation-
resistance test voltages and resistance values shall be in accordance with
manufacturer’s published data or Table 100.1. In the absence of
manufacturer’s published data, minimum resistance values are for a nominal
1000-foot busway run.
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7.5.1.1. Switches, Air, Low-Voltage

A. Visual and Mechanical Inspection
Assess physical and mechanical condition, verifying electrical connections and fuse integrity, checking alignment and operation
of blades and interlocking systems, conducting tests before and after cleaning, and ensuring proper lubrication and phase-
barrier mounting.
A. Electrical Tests
The electrical tests checklist includes measuring resistance at bolted connections and switchblade/fuseholder contacts,
conducting insulation-resistance tests, measuring fuse resistance, checking cubicle space heater operation, performing
a ground-fault test, and testing other protective devices as per Section 7.9 guidelines.
A. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical
Compare bolted connection resistance values with similar connections, investigate significant deviations, ensure bolt-
Insertorthe
torque levels adhere to manufacturer specifications text here
industry standards if manufacturer data is unavailable, and ensure
thermographic survey results comply with Section 9 guidelines.
A. Test Values - Electrical
Compare bolted connection resistances and investigate deviations exceeding 50% of the lowest value, ensure
transformer insulation-resistance meets specifications or Table 100.5, maintain polarization index above 1.0, adhere to
specified insulation power-factor test limits, investigate power-factor or dissipation-factor tip-up, validate turns-ratio test
results, verify excitation current patterns, compare temperature-corrected winding-resistance values, maintain core
insulation-resistance levels, adhere to dielectric withstand test voltages, verify secondary voltages, validate surge
arrester test results, and ensure online partial-discharge survey compliance with manufacturer guidelines or Table
100.23
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7.5.1.2. Switches, Air, Medium-Voltage, Metal Enclosed

A.Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Inspection of physical and mechanical aspects, including anchorage, alignment,
grounding, and clearances. It emphasizes performing as-found tests before
cleaning, ensuring proper blade alignment, fuse sizes, and expulsion-limiting
devices, inspecting bolted electrical connections for high resistance, verifying
interlocking system operation, phase-barrier integrity, and functionality of
indicating/control devices, applying appropriate lubrication, and conducting as-left
tests after maintenance.

A.Electrical Tests
The electrical testing checklist includes measuring resistance at bolted
connections, contact resistance across switchblade assemblies and fuseholders,
conducting insulation-resistance tests on poles and dielectric withstand voltage
tests, measuring fuse resistance, and verifying cubicle space heater operation.
Additionally, it suggests performing an online partial-discharge survey as per
Section 11 guidelines.
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7.5.1.2. Switches, Air, Medium-Voltage, Metal Enclosed

C. Test Values - Visual and Mechanical

1. Compare bolted connection resistance values to values of similar connections.
Investigate values which deviate from those of similar bolted connections by more than
50 percent of the lowest value. (7.5.1.2.A.9.1)
2. Bolt-torque levels should be in accordance with manufacturer’s published data.
Inthe absence of manufacturer’s published data, use Table 100.12. (7.5.1.2.A.9.2)
3. Results of the thermographic survey shall be in accordance with Section 9.
(7.5.1.2.A.9.3)

D. Test Values - Electrical

Compare bolted connection resistances, monitoring microhm or dc millivolt drop
values, ensuring insulation-resistance values meet standards before proceeding with
dielectric withstand voltage tests, passing the test if no distress is observed,
investigating significant deviations in fuse resistance, ensuring heaters are operational,
and aligning online partial-discharge survey results with manufacturer guidelines or
industry standards.
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7.9.1. Protective Relays,

Electromechanical and Solid State

Visual and mechanical inspection of protective relays:

- Inspect for physical damage and perform as-found tests.
- Clean and inspect relay cases, tightening connections and
ensuring gasket seals.
- Verify target reset and check for foreign material in cases and
relays.

Electrical testing:
- Conduct insulation-resistance tests as per manufacturer's
data.
- Verify targets and indicators, ensuring correct operation.
- Calibrate and test protection elements as per manufacturer's
guidelines or engineering specifications.
- Ensure relay elements operate contacts and end devices as
intended in the design.
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7.9.1. Protective Relays, Microprocessor-
Based

Comprehensive visual and mechanical inspection:

- Record essential relay details and download event data before testing.
- Verify LED, display, and target operations, record access passwords,
and ensure proper grounding.
- Clean panels, check connections, inspect shorting devices, and
compare settings with the coordination study.
Electrical testing and verification:
- Perform insulation-resistance tests and verify analog inputs and SCADA
metering.
- Check functional operation of protection elements and control
inputs/outputs as per design.
- Reset records and counters after testing, verify communication links,
and monitor SCADA indications.
Maintenance and data management:
- Ensure relay settings align with engineering files and clear
maintenance/statistical data.
- Validate correct date/time display, SCADA communication, and relay
functionality within specified tolerances.
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7.10.1. Instrument Transformers, Current Transformers

Visual and Mechanical Inspection:

- Conduct thorough physical and mechanical inspections, including bolted
connections, grounding, and lubrication.
- Perform as-found tests before cleaning and verify all required connections.
Electrical Tests:
- Measure resistance through bolted connections and perform insulation-
resistance tests.
- Conduct polarity, ratio-verification, excitation, and power-factor/dissipation-
factor tests as per standards.

- Compare bolted connection resistance and torque levels to standards and

investigate deviations.
- Ensure insulation-resistance values, polarity results, ratio errors, and
excitation results meet specified criteria.
- Verify grounding points, conduct dielectric withstand voltage tests, and
ensure power-factor/dissipation-factor values comply with standards.
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7.10.2. Instrument Transformers, Voltage Transformers

Visual and Mechanical Inspection:

- Inspect physical and mechanical condition, perform as-found tests before
cleaning, and verify grounding and connections.
- Verify correct operation of transformer withdrawal mechanism, fuse sizes,
and apply appropriate lubrication.

Electrical Tests:
- Conduct resistance measurements through bolted connections and
insulation-resistance tests according to standards.
- Perform polarity, turns-ratio, voltage circuit burdens, dielectric withstand
voltage, and power-factor/dissipation-factor tests as required.
- Compare bolted connection resistance and torque levels, ensure
thermographic survey compliance, and investigate deviations.
- Validate insulation-resistance values, polarity results, ratio errors, burdens,
dielectric withstand test outcomes, and power-factor/dissipation-factor values
against standards.
- Confirm proper grounding, verify adherence to IEEE standards for ratio error,
and ensure test results indicate single grounding points for circuits.
 @Preneurflexible
7.10.1. Instrument Transformers, Coupling Capacitor
Voltage Transformers
Visual and Mechanical Inspection:
- Check physical and mechanical condition, perform pre-cleaning tests, and ensure
proper grounding and connections.
- Verify correct operation of transformer withdrawal mechanism, fuse sizes, and
apply lubrication as needed.

Electrical Tests for Coupling-Capacitor Voltage Transformers:

- Conduct resistance measurements, insulation-resistance tests, polarity tests, ratio
tests, dielectric withstand voltage tests, and capacitance measurements.
- Measure voltage circuit burdens, insulation power factor, and verify proper
grounding of potential circuits.
- Compare bolted connection resistance and torque levels, ensure thermographic
survey compliance, and investigate deviations.
- Validate insulation-resistance values, polarity results, ratio errors, burdens,
capacitance values, dielectric withstand test outcomes, and power-
factor/dissipation-factor values against standards.
- Confirm proper grounding, adherence to IEEE standards for ratio error, capacitance
values, and ensure test results indicate single grounding points for circuits.
 @Preneurflexible
7.11.1. Metering Devices, Electromechanical and Solid-
State

Visual and Mechanical Inspection:

- Check physical and mechanical condition, including bolted electrical connections,
cover gasket, cover glass, spiral spring, disk clearance, contacts, and case-shorting
contacts.
- Conduct thermographic survey, perform as-found tests, and clean the unit.
- Verify freedom of movement, end play, and alignment of rotating disk(s) and perform
as-left tests.

Electrical Tests:
- Perform resistance measurements through bolted connections and verify meter
accuracy at all cardinal points.
- Calibrate meters according to manufacturer’s specifications and verify all instrument
multipliers.
- Compare bolted connection resistance values, ensure proper bolt-torque levels, and
comply with thermographic survey requirements.
- Validate meter accuracy, calibration results, and instrument multipliers against
specified standards and tolerances.
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7.13. Grounding Systems

Visual and Mechanical Inspection:

- Verify compliance with NFPA 70 regarding the ground system.
- Inspect physical condition, bolted connections for high resistance,
and anchorage.

Electrical Tests:
- Measure resistance through bolted connections, perform fall-of-
potential or alternative tests on the main grounding electrode, and
conduct point-to-point tests for resistance assessment.
Comparison and Validation:
- Ensure corrosion-free electrical and mechanical connections in the
grounding system.
- Compare bolted connection resistance values, check bolt-torque
levels, and validate resistance values between grounding electrode
and ground as per IEEE standards.
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Test Values from Electrical Tests

1. Bolted Connection Resistance: Compare resistance values to identify
potential issues like poor contact or corrosion, which could lead to overheating
and equipment failure.
2. Insulation Resistance: Maintain minimum insulation resistance levels to
prevent electrical leakage, shocks, and ground faults caused by moisture or
deterioration.
3. Control Wiring Insulation: Ensure control wiring insulation is intact to avoid
malfunctions, equipment failure, and safety hazards due to damage or
contamination.
4. Ground Fault Protection: Verify proper operation of protective devices to
prevent electrical accidents and equipment damage during ground fault
conditions.
5. Relay Timing: Ensure relays operate within specified time limits to promptly
detect faults and prevent prolonged outages and equipment damage.
6. Circuit Interrupting Devices: Confirm devices trip at appropriate voltage
levels to prevent overcurrent situations, equipment damage, and fire hazards.
7. Zone-Blocking Tests: Validate zone-blocking system performance for
selective coordination and fault isolation, enhancing system reliability and
safety.
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Test Values from Electrical Tests

1. Bolted Connection Resistance Comparison: Compare resistance values of
bolted connections to detect deviations indicating potential issues like loose
connections or corrosion, which can lead to overheating and electrical faults.
2. Insulation-Resistance Verification: Check insulation resistance against
manufacturer's specifications to identify insulation degradation that could result
in short circuits, electrical shocks, or equipment failure.
3. Control Wiring Insulation-Resistance Check: Monitor control wiring
insulation resistance to prevent malfunctions or failures that could compromise
system safety or functionality.
4. Motor Protection Parameter Verification: Verify motor protection parameters
to prevent motor burnout or mechanical failures, ensuring safe and reliable
motor operation.
5. Circuit Breaker Test Compliance: Test circuit breakers to ensure proper
operation and fault-clearing capability, reducing the risk of electrical incidents or
equipment damage.
6. Control Device Functionality Assessment: Assess control device
functionality to prevent system malfunctions, ensuring operational efficiency
and personnel safety.
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Test Values from Electrical Tests

1. Bolted Connection Resistance: Ensures tight and efficient electrical
connections. Deviations from standard values can lead to overheating and
fires.
2. Insulation Resistance: Verifies insulation integrity. Low values can cause
short circuits and equipment failures.
3. Arrester Ground Terminal Resistance: Ensures proper grounding for
surge protection. High resistance can lead to ineffective protection and
equipment damage.
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Test Values from Electrical Tests

1. Bolted Connection Check: Compare how tightly bolts are connecting
parts. If the connection's resistance differs a lot from similar ones, look into
it. This step helps ensure connections are solid, preventing overheating or
fires.
2. Insulation Test: Check how well wires are insulated. If the insulation is
weaker than it should be, it could lead to short circuits or shocks. Follow
the manufacturer's guidelines or use industry standards to make sure
insulation is up to par.
3. Grounding Resistance: Measure how easily electricity flows to the
ground. If it's too hard, lightning strikes or faults could damage equipment
or harm people. Aim for low resistance to ensure effective grounding and
lightning protection.
4. Watts Loss Evaluation: Compare how much energy is lost in equipment.
High loss means inefficiency and potential overheating. Comparing with
manufacturer's data, ensure equipment runs efficiently and safely.
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Test Values from Electrical Tests

1. Insulation Resistance Test: Check how well the insulation in electrical
machinery blocks electricity. This helps prevent accidents like short circuits or
fires. Measure this resistance and compare it to set standards.
2. Dielectric Absorption Ratio Test: Make sure the insulation in the machinery
absorbs electricity correctly. If it doesn't, it could lead to electrical problems.
Compare this absorption to past results
3. Protective Relay Device Test: These devices protect the machinery from
damage during electrical problems. Test them to make sure they work properly.
If they don't, the machinery could get damaged or cause safety issues.
4. Protection Features Operation Test: Check if safety features like low oil
pressure or overtemperature warnings work. If they don't, the machinery could
get damaged or cause safety issues.
5. Vibration Level Test: Check if the machinery vibrates too much. If it does, it
could mean something's wrong, like parts wearing out.
6. Performance Test: Make sure the machinery works as it should under normal
conditions. If it doesn't, it could lead to problems like power shortages.
7. Governor and Regulator Operation Test: Test devices that control the
machinery's speed. If they don't work right, it could cause damage or make the
machinery unstable.
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Test Values from Electrical Tests

1. Bolted Connection Resistance Test: Check if bolts holding connections together
are strong enough. Compare them to similar ones and check for big differences.
Loose connections can cause fires or equipment problems.
2. Insulation-Resistance Test for Control Wiring: Make sure wires that control things
are well insulated to stop leaks. Compare results to a standard and ensure it's good
enough. Bad insulation can cause shorts or shocks.
3. Microhm or DC Millivolt Drop Test for Switches: See how well switches let
electricity flow. Compare values and check for big differences. Faulty switches can
cause problems or overheating.
4. Control Device Operation Test: Check if devices controlling electricity work as they
should. Follow the manufacturer's instructions. Malfunctioning devices can damage
equipment or cause safety issues.
5. Relay Test: Check if relays, which control electricity flow, work right. Follow specific
steps to test them. Faulty relays can cause power issues or system failures.
6. Automatic Transfer Operation Test: Check if systems switching power sources do
it right. Follow the manufacturer's instructions. Faulty systems can lead to power
problems.
7. Operation and Timing Test: Check if electrical parts work in the right order and
time. Follow instructions from the manufacturer. Wrong timing or operation can cause
problems or accidents.
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It is the purpose of system function tests to
prove the correct interaction of all sensing,
processing and action devices.
Commissioning documentation will provide
checklists and tests for the equipment and
system function tests
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System function tests are essential to ensure that all parts of a system work together
properly

1. Checking Components Performance

2. Ensuring Safety Features Work
3. Confirming Sensors and Alarms Work
4. Testing Communication-Based Protections
5. Measuring Communication Speed
6. Testing Safety Relays and Related Circuits
7. Verifying Alarm and Monitoring Systems
8. Testing Backup Power Routes
9. Checking Meter Accuracy
10. Restoring Control Circuits
11. Checking Communication
12. Confirming No Warning or Alarms Left
13. Setting System to Normal Mode
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Thermographic surveys in electrical testing
are conducted to identify potential issues
or anomalies in electrical systems by
detecting temperature variations. These
surveys utilize infrared thermal imaging
cameras to capture images of electrical
components.
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Parameters Test

1. Inspect distribution systems with imaging equipment capable of detecting a

minimum temperature difference of 1° C at 30° C.

2. Equipment shall detect emitted radiation and convert detected radiation to

visual signal.

3. Thermographic surveys should be performed during periods of maximum

possible loading. Refer to NFPA 70B.

Test Results

• Suggested actions based on temperature rise can be found in Table 100.18

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 The Online Partial Discharge Survey for
Switchgear is a way to check switchgear
while it's still running. It looks for small
electrical problems called partial discharges.
These problems can lead to bigger issues or
even equipment failure. By doing this survey
online, technicians can catch these
problems early, preventing downtime and
keeping the electrical system safe and
reliable.
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Partial discharge (PD)

• happens when a small area of insulation
in a high voltage environment cannot
cope with the electrical stress and
breaks down. It doesn't span the whole
distance between two insulated
electrodes