4Q MATH REVIEWER (Liam)

NOTE: bring exam kit: 1 long folder, blue or black ballpen, pencil, eraser,
correction tape, sci cal

LESSON 1: Sets and Venn Diagram

Set: A collection of well-defined objects.
Well defined sets- if the elements in the set can be easily differentiated and
clearly distinguished from the others
NOT Well-defined Set- if the given characteristic of the elements in the set are
vague.
Well Defined or NOT?
1. A set of favorite colors. (not)
2. A set of rainbow colors.(wd)
3. A set of good politicians.(not)
4. A set of mobile games.(Wd)
Elements- All the things/ items included in the set
 Members/objects of the set
How do we name a set?
 We use capital letters such as A, B, C, D, and E to denote sets.
 We use lowercase letters as a, b, c, d, and e to denote the elements of a set.
 It is also a common practice to list the elements of a set in braces { }, and
separate these elements by commas.
 An ellipsis is used to indicate that there are elements in the set that have not
been written down.(…)
 This symbol is used to indicate an empty set or a null set.
Φ

CARDINALITY
Cardinal number (Cardinality) of set A is the total number of elements contained in a
set.
 It is denoted by n(A) which can be classified as infinite, finite or null set.
 Thus, in set A = {a, e, I, o, u}, n(A) = 5 because set A contains 5 elements.

Finite Set- It has a definite number of elements.

Infinite Set- It never comes to an end. The number of elements is indefinite.

3 WAYS IN WRITING SETS

1. Roster Notation/Listing Method- It is a method describing a set by listing each
element of the set inside the braces. Each element must only be listed once.
Examples: A = {p, h, I, l, n, e, s}
B = {5, 10, 15,…}
C = {red, blue, yellow}
2. Verbal Description Method - It is a method describing a set through words.
Examples: Set A is the set of letters in the word “Philippines”
Set B is the set of positive multiples of 5
Set C is the set of primary colors.
3. Set Builder Notation/Rule Method- It is a method that lists the rule that
determine whether an object is an element of the set rather than the actual
elements.
Examples: A = {x|x is a letter in the word “Philippines”}
B = {x|x is a positive multiple of 5}
C = {x|x is a primary color}
Wherein the symbol x | x can be read as “x such that x”.
RELATIONSHIP among SETS
1. Equivalent sets- Two sets that contain the same number of elements.
In symbols, A ≈ B
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {m, a, t, h},
we say that set A is equivalent to set B (A ≈ B) because both sets
contain four elements.
2. Equal Sets- Two sets that contain exactly the same elements. In
symbols, A = B.
Given A = {m, e, a, t} and B = {m, a, t, e},
we say that set A is equal to set B (A = B) because both sets contain exactly the
same elements.
Try These!
a. A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {w, x, y, z}
A≈B
b. C = {1, 3, 5, 7, …} and Set D is the set of odd natural numbers
C=D
c. G = {m, e, b, r} and Set H is the set of letters of the word ‘REMEMBER’
G=H
d. Set E is the set of the days of the week and F = {h, o, n, e, s, t, y}.
E≈F
3. Universal Sets: It contains all the elements of any other given sets
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {d, e, f, g}
C = {a, b, j, k, l}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, j, k, l}

Form the sets described below U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

• The set of even numbers.
• The set of odd numbers
• The set of multiples of 3
• The set of counting numbers less than 10
• The set of whole numbers greater than 10

Set A is a subset of set B, ( A ⊆ B ), if all the elements of A are contained in B.

4. Subsets- A set taken from a given set.

*Every set is a subset of itself.

** A null set is also a subset of any set.
Given set: U = {c, a, p}
Subsets of set U: { }, {c}, {a}, {p}, {c, a}, {c, p}, {a, p}, {c, a, p}

not contained in A. (A ⊂ B)
5. Proper Subsets- Set A is a proper subset of B if there is at least one element in B

A is a proper set of B (A ⊂ B), since each element in A is also in B, and there is at

A = {a, b, c} and B = {a, b, c, d}

least one element in B not contained in A.

0.
What is the FORMULA for the number of subsets and proper subsets?
Subsets: 2n
Proper Subsets: 2n−1
where n is the number of elements (cardinality).
 Find the number of subsets and proper subsets of the given sets.
Try These!
1. A = {x, y} SUB 4 PSUB 3
2. B = {3, 6, 9} SUB 8 PSUB 7
3. C = {c, u, t, e} SUB 16 PSUB 15
4. D = {-1, -3, -5} SUB 8 PSUB 7
5. E = { m, u, s, i, c} SUB 32 PSUB 31

Operation on Sets:

Union- The set operation that combines all the elements of two or more sets altogether
Notation: A ∪ B
All elements which are in either A or B (or both).
Examples: A= {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
WHAT IS A ∪ B?
A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u}

EXAMPLES: A= {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
WHAT IS B ∪ C? B ∪ C = {a, e, i, o, u, d, f, g,
h}

Intersection- The result of this operation is all common elements of the sets being
considered.
Notation: A ∩ B
All elements which are in both A and B.
EXAMPLES: A= {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
WHAT IS A ∩ B? A ∩ B = {a, e}

EXAMPLES: A= {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
WHAT IS B ∩ C? B ∩ C= {e, i}

EXAMPLES: A= {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
WHAT IS A ∩ B ∩ C? A ∩ B ∩ C=
{e}

Complement -The set of elements contained in the universal set and not in the given
set.
Notation: A'
All elements which are not in A.
EXAMPLES: U = {a, b, c, …, z}
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
WHAT IS A'? A' = {b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z }

Set Difference- This operation yields the set of element in the first set not found in the
second set.
Notation: A-B
 All elements which are in A but not in B.
EXAMPLES: A= {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
C = {d, e, f, g, h, i}

WHAT IS A-B? A-B =

{b, c, d}
WHAT IS B-C? B-C = {a, o,
u}

WHAT IS A-C? A-C =

{a, b, c}

Venn diagram- is used to show the relationship between sets. Often, it serves
to graphically organize things, highlighting how the items are similar and
different.

The Venn Diagram consists of a rectangle which represents the universal set
and a circle or circles inside the rectangle which represent the set or sets
being observed

B is a subset of A A and B are disjoint sets Comparison of two sets Comparison OF

3 sets
Use a Venn Diagram to represent the following sets according to the indicated operations.

Given: U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 9, 10}

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Union intersection

Complement set difference

SOLVING PROBLEMS USING VENN DIAGRAM

1. Siji asked 100 coffee drinkers whether they like cream or sugar in their coffee.
According to the Venn diagram below, how many like:
a. Cream?
b. Sugar?
c. Sugar but not Cream?
d. Cream but not Sugar?
e. Cream and Sugar?
f. Cream or Sugar?

2. Out of 50 Grade 7 students, 20 are members of Math Club and 34 are

members of Glee Club. If 8 are in both clubs, how many students are in:
A. Either clubs 47
 B. Not members of any of the two clubs 3

LESSONS 2: Set of Real Numbers

A real number is a value that represents a quantity

The symbol for the set of real numbers is ℝ

along a continuous number line.

1. Natural Numbers- These numbers are used for counting. SYMBOL- ℕ

SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS

ELEMENTS: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
USED for: counting, ordering
2. Whole numbers- These numbers are formed by adding zero (0) to the set of
natural numbers.
Symbol: W ELEMENTS: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
USED for: STANDARDIZATION
3. Integers- The set of integers are formed by adding the opposites or “negatives” of

Symbol: ℤ - Zahlen, German word for “integers”.

the natural numbers to the set of whole numbers.
ELEMENTS: {… -3, -2, -
1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
USED for: business, money, lifestyle, temperature
4. Rational numbers- The set of rational numbers includes all numbers that can be
written as a fraction or as a ratio of integers. However, the denominator cannot be
equal to zero.
 The set of rational numbers includes all numbers that can be written as a
fraction or as a ratio of integers. However, the denominator cannot be equal to

SYMBOL: ℚ ELEMENTS: 𝒂 /b where 𝒂 and 𝒃 are integers but 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎

zero.

USED for: interest rate, nutritional facts label, taxes

5. Irrational numbers- Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as a
ratio of two integers. The decimal representation of these numbers is neither

SYMBOL: ℚ′
repeating nor terminating.

Ex. Pi: 𝜋 = 3.1415 … Euler’s Number: ℯ = 2.7182 … The square root of 2: 2 =

ELEMENTS: Real Numbers “minus” Rational Numbers

1.4142 …

PROPERTIES of REAL NUMBERS:

𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 The sum, 15 is a real number.

1. CLOSURE: Addition: The sum of any two real numbers is a real number.

(𝟏𝟎)(𝟓) = 𝟓𝟎 The product, 50 is a real number

Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is a real number.

2. COMMUTATIVE: ADDITION Two real numbers can be added in any order without

𝐛 = 𝐛 + 𝐚 14 + 8 = 8 + 14 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐2
affecting the sum

MULTIPLICATION COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY Two real numbers can be

𝐚 𝐛 = 𝐛 𝐚 (14)(8) = (8)(14) 𝟏𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏2

multiplied in any order without affecting the product.

𝐚+𝐛+𝐜=𝐚+𝐛+𝐜
3. ASSOCIATIVE: ADDITION Regrouping the addends does not affect the sum

3 + (4 + 5) = (3 + 4) + 5

𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐
3+9=7+5

MULTIPLICATION Regrouping the factors does not affect the product

 (𝐚)(𝐛 ∙ 𝐜) = (𝐚 ∙ 𝐛)(𝐜)
(3)4 ∙ 5 = (3 ∙ 4) (5)

𝟔𝟎 = 𝟔0
(3)20 = (12) (5)

𝐚 𝐛 + 𝐜 = (𝐚)(𝐛) + (𝐚)(𝐜)
4. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY- Multiplication distributes across addition/subtraction.

(2) 3 + 4 = (2) 3 + (2)(4)

𝟏𝟒 = 𝟏4
(2)(7) = 6 + 8

5. IDENTITY PROPERTY

𝐚+𝟎=𝐚
Addition: Any number added to identity number 0 will remain unchanged. Zero is
the additive identity.

𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏1
11 + 0 = 11

a is 1 / 𝑎 , where
Multiplication: The product of any number and its multiplicative inverse or
reciprocal is 1. The multiplicative inverse of the number.
a ≠ 0.

1.(- 𝟐)( 𝟏 ∙ 𝟑) = (−𝟐 ∙ 𝟏)(𝟑) −𝟏𝟗 + 𝟎 = −𝟏9

DRILLS: What property?

2. 𝟏𝟖 + (−𝟏𝟖) = 0
5.

3. 𝟓 (𝟐 + 𝟗) = (𝟓)(𝟐) + (𝟓)(𝟗) 𝟑𝟒(𝟏) = 𝟑4

6. (𝟑)( −𝟕) = (−𝟕)(𝟑)

𝟔+𝟖=𝟖+6
7.
4. (5/3)(3/5) =1 8.
ASSoc PROPERTY OF MULTIP, INVERSE PROPERTY OF ADDITION, DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION,
INVERSE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION, IDENTITY PROPERTY OF ADDITION, COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION, IDENTITY
PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION, COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION

1. 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟕
TRY THESE:
^COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF

2. (𝟐 )𝟑 ∙ 𝟒 = (𝟐 ∙ 𝟑) (𝟒)
MULTIPLICATION
ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF

3. 𝟐𝟐 −𝟓 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎
ADDITION
CLOSURE PROPERTY OF

4. 𝟔 + (𝟖 + 𝟗) = (𝟔 + 𝟖) + 𝟗
MULTIPLICATION
ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF
MULTIPLICATION
5. (−𝟓)(−𝟐) = (−𝟐)(−𝟓) ^COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
OF ADDITION

LESSON 3: Algebraic Expressions and Equations

LESSON 4: Parallel Lines cut by a Transversal
Supplementary angles- Pair of angles whose sum is 180°
Vertical angles-Non-adjacent angles formed when two lines intersect and they
are congruent
Congruent angles- Angles having the same or equal measure
Linear pair- Two adjacent angles formed when two lines intersect and they are
supplementary
Transversal- Line that passes through two lines in the same plane at two distinct
points
Parallel Lines cut by a Transversal : When parallel lines are cut by a transversal, different
angle relations are formed such as:

1. Corresponding angles-
pair of angles in
similar position whose
measures are congruent

2. Alternate interior angles

are two interior angles in
alternate positions having
equal measurements

3. Alternate exterior angles

are two exterior angles in
alternate positions having
equal measurements

4. Same-side exterior angles

are two exterior angles on the
same side of the transversal.
They are supplementary

5. Same-side interior angles

are two interior angles on the
same side of the transversal.
They are supplementary

ACTIVITY: find the measure

1. Find the measure of: see module 3q parallel lines and transversal for answers

a. <1 = ____ f. <5 = ____

b. <2 = ____ g. <6 = ____

c. <3 = ____ h. <7 = ____

d. <4 = ____ i. <8 = ____

2. Find the angle which is similar in

position with:

a. <1 = ____ c. <3 = ____

b. <2 = ____ d. <4 = ____

3. Find the angle inside the parallel lines

which is congruent to:

a. <3 = ____ b. <4 = ____

4. Find the angle outside the parallel lines

which is congruent to:

a. <1 = ____ b. <2 = ____

Directions: Find the measurement of the following angles if the measure of ∠f
= 58°.

1. m ∠ g=¿ ¿

2. m ∠ e=¿ ¿

3. m ∠ a=¿ ¿

4. m ∠ c=¿ ¿

5. m ∠ d=¿ ¿

Solving Equations with Angle Relationships (see module)

Combination of algebra and geometry happens when we identify geometric

angle relationships and then express unknown quantities using algebraic
equations

The steps to solve for x:

1. Identify the angle relationship.
2. Write an equation.
3. Solve for the unknown.

Lesson 5: Polygons
Polygons- a closed two-dimensional figure made up of line segments but not curves.
The term polygon originates from a Greek word “Poly” meaning “many” and “gon”
meaning “angles”.
Types:
 Regular POLYGON Has all angles equal and all sides equal.

Irregular POLYGON Has no angles equal and no sides equal.

CONVEX – all vetices pointing out
CONCAVE- one or more vertices caving in

Parts of a polygon:
Side- a line segment that joins 2 vertices
Vertex- the point at which two sides meet
Diagonal- a segment joineing any 2
nonconsecutive vertices
Consecutives sides- 2 sides of a polygon
that share a common endpoint
Consecutive angles- 2 angles whose vertices
are endpoints of the same side
Exterior angle- The angle formed outside the polygon
Interior angle- The angle formed within the polygon.

ACTIVITY: Use diagonals and triangles to figure out the sum of interior angles
in each polygon

No. of diagonals: 1 No. of diagonals: 2 No. of diagonals: 5

No. of Triangles: 2 No. of Triangles: 3 No. of Triangles: 6
Sum of interior angles: Sum of interior angles: Sum of interior angles:
2 x 180 = 360° 3 x 180 = 540° 6 x 180 = 1 080

Type equation here .

Calculation of unknown angles:

1. Find the measure of angle a.

Angle a = 180 – (90 + 65)

a = 180 – 155

6 a = 25o

2. Calculate for angles a, b, and c

Since the triangle is equilateral, angles a, b and c are all 60o

(180/3)

3. Calculate angle w
Angle w = 360 – (100 + 75 + 70)
 b
w = 360 – 245
w = 115o

4. Find the measure of angle x

Angle x = 540 – (115 + 110 + 95 + 75)
x = 540 – 395
x = 145o

 The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon is always equal to 360
degrees.

Lesson 6: Triangles
A triangle is a polygon with three sides.
Naming triangle: using its vertices ex. ABC
Classification of Triangle
1. According to sides
Equilateral- A triangle with three congruent (equal) sides and
three equal angles These marks indicate equality-

Isosceles triangle: A triangle with at least two congruent (equal) sides.

The base angles of an isosceles triangle is congruent.
Scalene triangle: A triangle that has no congruent (equal) sides

Identify kind of triangle acc. To sides:

1. 5 cm, 5 cm, 5 cm
2. 3 cm, 3 cm , 5 cm
3. 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm
4. 6 cm, 6cm, 6 cm

2. According to angles-
Acute- A triangle in which all 3 angles are less than 90˚

Right: A triangle with a right angle 90˚

Obtuse : A triangle with an obtuse angle

Equiangular triangle: A triangle in which all 3 angles are congruent (equal).

identify the kind of triangles acc to angle:

1. 60, 60, 60
2. 30, 60, 90
3. 25,15, 140
4. 60, 70, 50
Angles in a Triangle:

Interior angles – are angles inside a triangle.

Exterior angles – an angle which forms a linear pair with an angle of triangle.

Triangle Sum Theorem (Angle Sum of a Triangle: The sum of the degree measures
of the interior angle of a triangle is 180

Find the value of the missing angle in the given triangle:

1.

2.
Exterior Angle of a Triangle: The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is
equal to the sum of the measures of its two remote interior angles,

Ex. Find the value of

the missing angle

Lesson 7: Circles A circle is a set of all points equidistant from a given point called the
center.
-We name a circle by its center
PARTS of a CIRCLE:
 Radius- It is the distance from the center to any point on the circle. It measures
half of the diameter.
 Diameter- It is twice the radius that gives the distance across the circle through
its center. It cuts the circle into two congruent parts.
 Chord- A segment whose endpoints are on the circle.
 Secant line- A line that passes through the circle at exactly two points.
 Tangent line- A line touching the circle at exactly one point.
Point of Tangency: The point where the tangent intersects the circle.
 Central angle- An angle whose legs are two radii of the circle, and the vertex is
at the center.
  Inscribed angle- An angle whose legs are two chords of the circle, and the
vertex is on the circle.
 Arc- If the arc is over half of the circumference or measures more than 180 °,
then it is called a major arc. If it is less than half of the circumference or
measures less than 180 ° , it is called a minor arc.
 Semicircle- An arc that measures exactly 180 degrees .

Lesson 8: Statistic and Basic Terms

Statistics- It deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and

interpretation of data. We see and use data in our everyday lives.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE: To study the population, we only select a sample. The idea of
sampling is to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion
(the sample) to gain information about the population
Example: Situation 1
Analyst Wolf wants to determine which of the players has the higher chance of
winning the MVP award for season 11 Mobile Legends Professional League. Based
on his analysis, players who played “jungler role” has the greater chance of
winning the MVP award.
Population: All professional players (all roles)
Sample: Players who played “jungler role”
Situation 2: The Social Action Program coordinator is planning to have an
outreach program by giving 100 hygiene kits to the residents of Brgy. Dolores.
Population: All residents of Brgy. Dolores.
Sample: 100 residents.
Nature of DATA- Statistics is about gathering, analyzing, and interpreting information.
Data- The information is obtained from various sources, and its basic form
two types of data:
1. Qualitative- These are measurements for which there is no natural numerical scale,
but which consist of attributes, labels, or other non-numerical characteristics.
2. Quantitative- These are numerical measurements that arise from a natural
numerical scale. It may be separated into discrete data and continuous data.
DRILL
1. Passing rate- quantit
2. Name od ASEAN country- quali
3. Colors of the flag- quali
4. Annual income- quanti
5. General weighted average- quanti
6. Opinions on a political issue- quali
DISCRETE DATA- obtained by counting and can only take-up a finite number of possible
values
Examples:
a. A shop sold 500 face shields.
b. E-sipnayan’s tutorial videos was viewed 150 times.
c. 300 packs of relief goods was distributed in a Barangay
CONTINUOUS DATA- can result from infinitely many possible values and are usually
obtained from measurements such as time, length, and weight.
Examples:
a. Leira is 163.4 cm tall.
b. Exchange rate of USD to Php is 48.36.
c. Average yearly temperature in the Philippines is around 26.6 ° C.
DRILL
1. Room Temperature -continuous
2. Duration of a Korean Drama episode- continuous
3. Number of Pets in a household- Discrete
4. Number of Pages in a book- Discrete
5. Distance traveled from your house to school- Continuous
6. Total of Facebook reactions- Total of Facebook reactions

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT- Also called scales of measurement, tell how precisely

variables are recorded.
NOMINAL- Categorized using names, labels, or qualities. No mathematical
computations can be made at this level. This data can only be categorized.
Examples: Name. Gender. Marital Status
ORDINAL- Arranged in order, but you cannot say anything about the intervals
between the rankings. This data can be categorized and ranked.
Examples: Class number. Top 10 songs played in Spotify. Garment sizes
INTERVAL- Arranged in order, the differences between data entries can be
calculated, but there is no true zero point. Zero does not mean an absolute lack of
the trait being measured. This data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly
spaced.
Examples: Test scores. Years on a timeline. Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
RATIO- Categorize, rank, and infer equal intervals and there is a true zero point. A
true zero means there is an absence of the variable of interest. In ratio scales, zero
does mean an absolute lack of the variable. This data can be categorized, ranked,
evenly spaced, and has a natural zero
Examples: Age. Height. Weight
DRILL:
1. Eye color- nominal
2. Socio-economic Status (Lower Class, Middle Class, and Upper Class)- ordinal
3. Temperature in Kelvin- ratio
4. Days per week- interval
5. Place of Birth- nominal
6. Runner’s Individual Time in a Marathon- ratio
7. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)- interval
8. Time of the Day (Morning, Afternoon, and Evening)- ordinal
9. Phone Number- nominal

Lesson 9: Collection, Organization, and Presentation of Data

 COLLECTION OF DATA
Primary DATA- Data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources. It is not
clouded with someone else’s views or judgments, using methods like:
EXAMPLES. Diaries, Letters, Interviews, Surveys and censuses, Experiments
performed by the researcher
SECONDARY DATA- Data gathered from studies, surveys, or experiments that have

been gathered by other people. Examples: Essays, Journals, Magazines, Reviews,

Newspaper Textbooks

DATA collection method:

1. Conducting Surveys
• Interviews- Method is done when a person solicits information from another
person. It can be personal or a telephone interview.
Interviewer- The person gathering the data
interviewee- the person supplying the data

• Questionnaires- A popular means of data collection because they are

inexpensive and can provide a broad perspective. It can be conducted face-to-face,
by mail, telephone, or Internet (in which case, it can include respondents from
anywhere in the world).
2. Observing the Outcomes of Events
OBSERVATIONS: A way of collecting data through observing. Researchers have to
immerse themselves in the place where respondents are while taking notes as they
observe behavior of either an individual or a group of individuals.
3. Taking Measurements in Experiments
EXPERIMENTS: Involves manipulating one variable to find if a change in one
variable causes a change in another variable. The researcher using this method
attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships.
4. Reading Statistical Publication- The researchers make use of vital statistics
such as birth rates, death rates, marriages, and the like in making projections of
trends and values on historical data

DRILL: What is the best and most appropriate data gathering method?

1. Behavior of students during IAC

2. Number of enrollees of A.Y. 2019-2020
3. Effectiveness of the K-12 Curriculum
4. Popularity of Korean Dramas
5. Strengths and weaknesses of the 20 job applicants.
6. Student’s willingness to apply for a student council position
7. The effect of exercise in blood pressure

ORGANIZATION of DATA
RAW data- Data that is not organized. When data is collected from a survey or designed
experiment, they must be organized into a manageable form
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE- is a statistical record of how often each value in
set of data occurs.
Tally mark is used to record each time an item appears in a set of data
Frequency is the total number of tallies
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE- is a statistical record where
observations are grouped into class interval.
Class interval is the numerical width of any class in a particular distribution. It is the
difference between the upper class limit and the lower class limit.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION- Obtained by adding the frequency

starting from the frequency of the lowest class interval up to the frequency of the
highest class interval.

Choosing categories: check module organization of data

PRESENTATION of DATA
Data presentations are different tools you can use to share information.
- use numbers, pictures, or charts to represent your data.
Why are they USEFUL: 1. Organize infos
2.Compare data
3.easy to understand and share
4. make decisions
5. spot trends
6. Educate others

PIE CHART- A pie chart looks like a pizza and divides up one whole into parts.
- Use a pie chart when you want to show how something is divided into parts.
They are great for data given in percentages
BAR GRAPH- A bar chart uses bars (vertically or horizontally) to show and compare
data.
- Use a bar chart when you want to compare different categories or items.
LINE GRAPH- A line graph uses lines to show how data changes over time.
- Use a line graph when you want to track how something changes over different
timescales (minutes, hour, days etc.)
HISTOGRAM- A histogram is like a bar chart but for numbers in ranges (not categories).
-Use a histogram when you have data in different ranges, like measuring the
heights of people in your class.
PICTOGRAPH- A special chart that uses pictures or symbols to show information.
- Use a pictograph when you want to express large information in a simple
manner

Lesson 10: Measures of Central Tendency

Measure of central tendency - is a value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central
tendency are sometimes called measures of central location.

 MEAN- represents the average value of the dataset. It can be calculated as the
sum of all the values in the dataset divided by the number of values
Example:The grades in Algebra of 10 students are 87, 84, 85, 85, 86, 88, 82, 82,
81, 80. Find the mean of their grades.

x=
∑x |
∑ of All Data Values
N Number of DataValues
 87+84 +85+ 85+86+88+ 82+82+81+80 840
x= =
10 10
x=84
Therefore, the average grade of the 10 students in Algebra is 84.

 MEDIAN- is the middle value of the dataset in which the dataset is arranged in
ascending or in descending order
Example 1:
The library logbook shows that 58, 50, 60, 10, and 77 books, respectively, were
borrowed from Monday to Friday. Find the median.

Solution:
Arrange the data in increasing order or decreasing order. 10, 50, 58,
60, 77
Since the middle value is the median, then the median is 58
Example 2:
Mika’s scores in 10 quizzes during the first quarter are 8, 7, 6, 10, 9, 3, 9, 6, 10,
and 7. Find the median.
Solution:
Arrange the data in increasing order or decreasing order. 3, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8,
9, 9, 10, 10
Since the number of measures is even, then the median is the average of the two
middle scores.
~ 7+8
x= =7.5
2
Therefore, the median of the set of scores is 7.5.

What is the difference between MEAN and MEDIAN?

Which of the two is more reliable
When do we need to use MEDIAN?
 If your data contains outliers (are extreme values that differ from most other
data points in a dataset), then you would rather use the median because
otherwise the value of the mean would be dominated by the outliers rather than
the typical values

 MODE- It represents the frequently occurring value in the dataset. Sometimes the
dataset may contain multiple modes and, in some cases, it does not contain any
mode at all.
Ways to find the mode for a set of data:
1. Select the measure that appears most often in the set
Example: Given the set of scores 10, 12, 9, 10, 13, 11, and 10.
Find the mode.
Solution: 10 appears most often (3 times). Therefore, the mode is 10.
2. If two or more measures appear the same number of times, then each of these values
is a mode.
Example: Given the set of scores 5, 8, 7, 9, 6, 8, and 5.
Find the mode. Solution: 5 and 8 appears most. They both occur twice.
Therefore, 5 and 8 are the modes.
3. If every measure appears the same number of times, then the set of data has
no mode
Example: Given the set of scores 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, and 4.
Find the mode. Solution: Every score appears the same number of times
(twice).
Therefore, there is no mode.
 IMPORTANT NOTES: MEAN- average value Median- middle value Mode- most
frequent value

Which measure of central tendency is appropriate to use?

1. Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) wants to determine the Most Valuable
Player (MVP) of the season. mean

2. The COMELEC conducts an election for the next batch of officers of the student

council. Mode
3. You want to know how long do you use gadget each day.
mean

4. The Social Welfare Department wants to know the income distribution in a

country in which income of 20% rich people is roughly equal to the income of
80% remaining people. median
5. A businessman thinking what shoe size should he stock more.
mode

6. In line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) numbers 2 and 3, project

“feed the children” aims to have feeding program to their chosen communities.
They want to know the health status and BMI of the children
mode

Measures of Variability
Measures of dispersion or variability refer to the spread of the values about the mean.
These are important quantities used by statisticians in evaluation. Smaller dispersion of
scores arising from the comparison often indicates more consistency and more reliability.

RANGE is the simplest measure of variability. It is the difference between the largest
value and the smallest value
R = H – L Where, R is Range H is the Highest Value L is the
Lowest Value
Example 1: Find the range given the test scores of 10, 8, 9, 7, 5, and 3.
Solution: H = 10 , L = 3, R = 10 – 3 = 7 Therefore, the range of the given
scores is 7.
Example 2: The following are the daily wages of 8 factory workers of two garment
factories, Factory A and Factory B. Find the range of salaries in peso (Php).

Solutions:
Note: Workers of both factories have mean wage = 469
Finding the range of wages: Range: Highest wage – Lowest wage
Range A: 575 – 380 = 195
Range B: 672 – 400 = 272

 Comparing the two wages, you will note that wages of workers of Factory B have a
higher range than wages of workers of Factory A. These ranges tell us that the
wages of workers of Factory B are more scattered than the wages of workers of
Factory A.
 The range tells us that it is not a stable measure of variability because its value
can fluctuate greatly even with a change in just a single value, either the highest
or lowest.
MEAN DEVIATION is the average of the positive distance of each point from the mean.
To solve for mean deviation, we may use the formula:

MD=
∑ ¿ x −x∨¿ ¿
N
Where, MD is mean deviation
N is the total number of data entries
x is raw score
x is the mean of the data
Example:
The table shows the commute times for two employees (in minutes) over a week
Compute for the mean deviation and interpret it.

Employee A:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑x
N
23+25+23+24 +21+23+22
¿
7
¿ 23
Step 2. Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the mean deviation.

MD (A )=
∑ ¿ x −x∨¿ = 6 ≈ 0.86 ¿
N 7

Employee B:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑x
N
22+ 24+23+ 24+23+23+ 22
¿
7
¿ 23
Step 2. Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the mean deviation.

MD (B)=
∑ ¿ x−x∨¿ = 4 ≈ 0.57 ¿
N 7

The mean deviation of employee B is lower than employee A. This means that time of
employee B tends to cluster closely to the mean than employee A.

VARIANCE- It refers to a statistical measurement of the spread between numbers in a

data set. More specifically, variance measures how far each number in the set is from the
mean and thus from every other number in the set.

Variance is the average squared deviation of each number from the mean of the data
set. To solve for variance, we may use the formula:
2
S=
∑ ( x−x )2
N −1
2
Where, S is variance
N is the total number of data
x is raw score
x is the mean of the data

Example:
 The table shows the daily sales in peso of two sari-sari stores
near a school.
Compute for the variance of each store and interpret it.
Store A:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑x
N
300+120+500+100+ 490+110+ 300+480
¿
8
¿ 300
Step 2. Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the variance.
2
S=
∑ ( x−x )2 252
= =36
N −1 7

Store B:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑x
N
300+120+500+100+ 490+110+ 300+480
¿
8
¿ 300
Step 2. Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the variance.
2
S=
∑ ( x−x )2 217 0000
= =31 000
N −1 7

The standard deviation is considered the best indicator of the degree of dispersion
among the measures of variability because it represents an average variability of the
distribution. Given the set of data, the smaller the range, the smaller the standard
deviation, the less spread is the distribution.

To get the value of the standard deviation ( s d ), just simply get the square root of the
variance (σ 2 )
S= √ S2
Example: Solve and compare the standard deviation of the scores of the three students
in their Mathematics quizzes.

Student A:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑ x = 97 +92+96+ 95+90
N 5
¿ 94
Step 2: Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the standard deviation.
 S=
√ ∑ ( x−x )2 =
N −1
≈ 2.92
√ 34
4
=√ 8.5

Student B:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑ x = 94 +94 +92+94 +96
N 5
¿ 94
Step 2. Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the standard deviation.

S=
√ ∑ ( x−x )2 =
N −1
≈ 1.41
√ 8
4
=√ 2

Student C:
Step 1. Compute the mean score.

x=
∑ x = 95+ 94+ 93+96+ 92
N 5
¿ 94
Step 2. Complete the table below.
Step 3. Compute the standard deviation.

S=
√
N −1
∑ ( x−x )2 =
≈ 1.58
10
4
=√ 2.5
√
The result of the computation of the standard deviation of the scores of the
three students can be summarized as:
S(A) = 2.92 S(B) = 1.41 S(C) = 1.58