Biology EXAM 1 - Study Guide

Packet
Study of Life Content
List the characteristics of life.
Which of these may be optional?
What is the smallest unit of life?
What is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms?
What is the purpose of a binomial name and how is it used?
List (in order) how things are classified by group labels in taxonomy.
Which group is the most inclusive? Which is the most specific?
List and briefly describe the organisms as groups found in the three domains on Earth based on cell types.
Define the following terms by developing a short definition (five to six words):
Biosphere -
Population -
Community -
Ecosystem -
List the steps of the scientific method (understand importance of order)
List and briefly describe some examples of the major Scientific Theories (Cell theory, Evolution, Spontaneous
generation).

Chemistry of organic molecules

This refers to anything that takes up space and is composed of elements
Elements consist of tiny particles called _________.
Atoms are composed of ________ with a (+) charge, ____________ with a (neutral) charge, and ___________
with a (-) charge.
The atomic number refers to the number of ___________
The atomic mass is the sum of ___________ and ____________.
Isotopes differ in the number of _____________, but have the same number of _____________.
Describe an atom when they have a neutral charge.
Define the following using a short working definition (5 to 6 words):
1
Molecule-
Compound –
Ionic bond –
Covalent bond -
Ion (cation and anion) -
Dehydration -
Hydrolysis -
Notes:
Organic Molecules (always contain carbon and hydrogen)
Carbohydrates- function for quick fuel and short-term energy storage
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates and many monosaccharides form polysaccharides
Disaccharides -
Polysaccharides include –
Starch-
Glycogen -
Cellulose-
Lipids (function as energy storage molecules)
Fats are _________ at room temperature and usually of animal origin and oils are ______ at room
temperature and usually of plant origin
Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins
Amino Acids -
A polypeptide –
A peptide bond joins - _____________
These types of proteins speed up the chemical reactions of metabolism
List some of the many functions of proteins
Nucleic Acids
List the 3 types of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides and nucleotides are composed of what structures?
This nucleic acid is known as the universal energy source.

2
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Define the following words using a short working definition ( five to six words long)- be able to recognize
functions of various eukaryotic organelles
Nucleus -
Nucleolus -
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) -
Golgi bodies (Golgi apparatus) -
Ribosomes -
Vesicles (vacuoles) -
Central vacuole -
Lysosomes -
Cytoplasm (cytosol) -
Mitochondria -
Chloroplasts -
Centrioles -
Cytoskeleton -
Plasma membrane -
Flagella & cilia -
Cell wall -
 Describe how heterotrophic and autotrophic cells are similar
 Describe how heterotrophic and autotrophic cells are different
Define the following - Be able to recognize the functions of the various prokaryote cell structures
Nucleoid -
Ribosome -
Cell wall (peptidoglycan) -
Glycocalyx -
Biofilm -
Plasmid -
Fimbriae -
Sex pilus (pl. pili)
 Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

3
Know bacteria occur in 3 basic shapes (Rod, Coccus, Spirillium or Spirochete)
Cyanobacteria – eubacteria only; photosynthesizing contain thylakoids

Cell’s Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of ________________________

Describe what differentially (selectively) permeable membrane

Define and recognize the types of plasma membrane embedded proteins based on activity
Channel Proteins-
Carrier Proteins-
Cell Recognition Proteins
Receptor Proteins-

Define the following terms:

Diffusion-
Osmosis –

Isotonic solution-
Hypotonic solution-
In blood cells this causes lysis; In plant cells causes turgor pressure

Hypertonic solution-
In blood cells this causes crenation; In plant cells causes plasmolysis

Facilitated Transport- Molecules combine with carrier proteins; Energy is not required; Moves with
concentration gradient
Active Transport- Molecules combine with carrier proteins or vesicle formation occurs; Energy is required;
Moves against the concentration gradient
List molecules that can move freely across membrane via diffusion
Vesicle formation – membrane assisted transport; requires expenditure of cellular energy
Types of vesicle formation – recognize the differences between these
1. Exocytosis
2. Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Worksheet

4
 7

14 N
What is the above atom?

How many protons does the above atom have?

How many neutrons does the above atom have?

How many electrons does the above atom have?

Ca
20

40

What is the above atom?

How many protons does the above atom have?

How many neutrons does the above atom have?

How many electrons does the above atom have?

C
6
0

13

How many protons does the above atom have?

How many neutrons does the above atom have?

How many electrons does the above atom have?

What is the atomic mass of the above atom?

Determine atom’s electron numbers

5
Draw in the presence of electrons with each atom depicted.

Functions of eukaryotes cellular

organelles
6
Across
2. system of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules that provide internal cellular structure
5. energy production organelle, site of aerobic respiration and ATP formation

6. control center of the cell that houses DNA

7. sites of protein synthesis

8. wall provides structural support and protection to outside of Fungal, Plant and Protista cells

7
10. small organelles that contain water food or waste materials

13. site of photosynthesis; contains thylakoids, production of food

14. organelle involved with intracellular digestion

15. unique large vacuole structure in plants that contains water

16. disc-like structure that contain chlorophyll pigment, in eukaryotes they are stacked in chloroplasts

17. a central vacuole in plant cells helps young plants to maintain this phenomenon

18. regulates movement of substances into and out of cell; primarily composed of two layers of phospholipids
Down

1. storage and transport of cellular products and raw materials also known as vacuoles

3. membrane tunnel system where many proteins and lipids are made and distributed throughout the cell

4. involved in modification or packaging and distribution for products coming in and out of the cell

9. facilitate division of genetic material in nucleus during cell division and organization of cytoskeleton

11. plasma membrane projections; involved with cell movement

12. whip-like plasma membrane projection; involved with cell movement

19. synthesis of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA

Prokaryotic cellular structures

8
Across

5. word means light makes or light produces

7. whip-like structure used for movement
8. a smooth surfaced glycocalyx associated with some bacteria
9. circular shaped DNA found in cytoplasm of bacteria
11. spiral shaped bacterium
12. bacteria that contain thylakoids and can use photosynthesis to make their own food
13. wall found outside the plasma membrane, structure contains the compound peptidoglycan
9
14. hardened substance, serves a protective purpose, produced from many combined bacterial glycocalyx
15. layer a loose slimy-like glycocalyx
17. recognizable shape of a bacterium
18. jelly-like substance that suspends cellular structures in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Down
1. unique compound found in the bacteria’s cell wall which antibiotics typically target
2. protein making structure
3. small piece of DNA, not included in nucleoid, usually codes an ability like antibiotic resistance
4. excreted polymeric compounds, part of biofilm
6. disc-like structure that contains chlorophyll
7. bristle like structures found on the external area of bacteria
8. term used for a round shaped bacterium
10. a sugary outer covering that acts to protect the bacterium from environmental conditions
11. pilus structure by which bacteria can exchange DNA, most common is plasmid
16. artifact left over from fixative process with electron microscopy, not real cellular structures

10