Industrial Organic Chemistry

CHEMY 428
 Industrial Organic Chemistry

Introduction
Why study industrial chemistry?
History
Scope and importance

Content Industrial organic chemistry

Chemical industries
Commodity Chemicals
Fine Chemicals
specialty chemicals
Sources of Raw materials
Facts and Figure about Chemical
Industries
 Introduction to Industrial Chemistry

❑ Industrial chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies chemical and physical
processes procedures towards the transformation of natural raw materials and their
derivatives to valuable products on large scale that are useful to humanity/society.
❑ Manufacturing art concerned with the transformation of raw materials into useful
materials in useful amounts.
❑ NH3 synthesis from N2 and H2
❑ Raw materials e.g., salt, limestone and oil, are converted into a whole range of chemicals
which are then either directly, or indirectly, converted into consumer products.
❑ Traditional university chemistry is more focus on Physical, Theoretical, Analytical,
Organic, Inorganic, Biochemical etc.
❑ Classical chemistry essential
for discovering new products/routes/techniques.

‫التعريف‬
‫األسباب‬
 Bridges the gap between academic knowledge and real-world
applications

Global Chemical Industry is a multi-trillion-dollar industry

Why study
industrial Operates at large scale and high production rates
chemistry
Integrates business skills with scientific knowledge

Explores new methods/approaches to do chemistry

business chemistry studies that is Dollars $$$$$$$

 History of Industrial Chemistry

The history of industrial chemistry is linked to building blocks

1850 Plants, animal

1850+ Coal Tar (side product of “coal gasification”)

1920+ Acetylene (from CaC2 , Reppe Chemistry)

1950+ Ethylene (from oil)

1973+ CH4 , CO/H2 (syngas)

 Scope of Industrial Chemistry
❑The exploitation of materials and energy in appropriate scale

❑Vast scope and encompasses a wide range of industries that uses chemical processes
and products e.g. petroleum industry, pharmaceutical, polymer industries.

❑Create new products and formulations

❑Improve in the quality of existing products/processes/quality control.

❑Application of science and technology to enable humanity experience the benefits of

chemistry in areas such as food production, health and hygiene, shelter, protection,
decoration, recreation and entertainment.
 Importance of Industrial Chemistry
❑ Focuses on large-scale production chemical compounds for practical use.
❑ Important role in improving products and processes
❑ Manufacturing of raw materials e.g., polymers, dyes, pigments, coatings, and specialty
chemicals.
❑ Production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for pharmaceuticals.
❑ Important for the development of materials and catalysts for sustainable energy storage
e.g., batteries, fuel cells, solar cells
❑ Production of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and food additives for enhanced crop
productivity and food safety.
❑ Contributes to the economic growth and innovation in achieving sustainability.
❑ The chemical industry exists to increase wealth by value added products

API Medicine
 Industrial Chemistry

Industrial Inorganic Chemistry

Industrial Chemistry
Industrial Organic Chemistry

▪ Industrial organic chemistry focuses on converting raw materials (e.g., oil, natural gas,
coal, biomass) into consumer and industrial products.
▪ Industrial organic chemistry is based mainly on petroleum and natural gas.
 Classification of Industries
Industry is a general term that refers to all economic activities that deal with production of
goods and services

Building and
Manufacturing
construction

Agriculture Trade Tourism

Transport
Energy Finance Education

Transport Communication
Transport
 Chemical Industries

❖Chemical industry is a vast industry that incorporates all different types of product
producing industries whose generation is based on heavy use of chemicals.

❖Industries that are involved with industrial chemical generation are broadly known
as chemical industry.

❖Manufacturing industry can be classified into two major categories heavy and light
industry.

❖Capital-intensive industries are classified as heavy while labor intensive industries

are classified as light industries.

❖Light industries are easier to relocate than heavy industries and require less capital
investment to build.
 Chemical Industry

❑The chemical industry is one of the largest sectors globally driven by the widespread
use of chemicals in everyday products and the vast range of chemical products

❑In manufacturing, materials are transformed into other more valuable materials.

❑Manufacturing industry is a compartment of industry or economy which is concerned

with the production or making of goods out of raw materials by means of a system of
organized labor.

❑Chemical industry is part of manufacturing industry e.g. the food industry relies on
the chemical industry for its packaging materials; modern automobiles depend
heavily on synthetic polymers and plastics, which also play an increasing role in the
building industry.
 Chemical Industries
▪ Classification of Chemical Industry according to the main raw material used or the type of
principal products are made.

Extraction and preparation of

Inorganic Chemistry Industries inorganic chemicals
Chemistry Industries
Petroleum products, polymers,
Organic Chemistry Industries petrochemicals and
synthetic materials

Heavy chemical industries Light chemical industries

produce petroleum fuels, produce specialty chemicals

polymers, petrochemicals e.g., pharmaceuticals, dyes,
and other synthetic pigments and paints, pesticides,
materials, mostly from soaps and detergents,
petroleum. cosmetics.
 Chemical Industries

Consumer products (~ 40,000)

Plastics, fibers, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, paints, adhesives, detergents, solvents etc.

Chemical intermediates (~ 300)

Acetic acid, formaldehyde, urea, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, styrene etc.

Basic chemicals (~ 20)

H2 , CO, CO2 , NH3 , CH3OH, H2SO4 , H3PO4 , HNO3 ,Cl2 , NaOH, ethylene, propylene,
butylene, benzene, liquid fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene)

Chemicals from a few widely available and inexpensive naturally-occurring materials(~ 10)
Air, water, petroleum, natural gas, coal, a few simple minerals (salt, limestone, sulfur…)
 Commodity, Fine, and Specialty Chemicals
❖ The chemicals industry is segmented into three major categories: commodity
chemicals, fine chemicals, and specialty chemicals.
❖ Commodity chemicals are used to produce fine chemicals. Fine chemicals are blended
to make specialty chemicals with end-use specific properties
❖ The commodity chemicals category can vary among industries.
❖ Petroleum and other energy/fuel chemicals are often considered to be organic
commodity chemicals.

Commodity Specialty
Fine chemicals
chemicals chemicals
(2%)
(80%) (18%)
 Commodity Chemicals
➢ Commodity chemicals are the starting materials for the chemicals industry.
➢ Organic commodity chemicals to be those that are mass-produced from petroleum
➢ Organic commodity chemicals are petroleum-based (petrochemicals) e.g. Benzene
derivatives, ethylbenzene, xylene, cumene, aniline, chlorobenzene and phenols.
➢ They are mass produced in continuous-process chemical plants to meet global
demand.
➢ Low quality products manufactured in large quantity (80% of GCI)
➢ Basic inorganic chemicals (BIC); sulfuric acid, N2, O2, NH3, CaCO3, NaOH, H3PO4, Cl2
➢ Basic Organic chemicals: Petroleum fractions i.e., ethylene, propylene etc.
➢ The global chemical industry is based on basic inorganic chemicals (BIC) and basic
organic chemicals (BOC) and their intermediates.
➢ BOC are produced directly from natural resources or immediate derivatives of natural
resources in large quantities.
➢ Ethylene and propylene are usually among the top ten BOC due to its use in the
production of many organic chemicals including polymers.
Laboratory Scale: Less than a few kilograms per year.
Specialty Scale: Up to 1000 tones per year.
Commodity Scale: Over 1000 tones per year.
Examples: Ethylene (150 million tones/year), gasoline (1200 million tones/year), steel (1700 million tones/year)
 Commodity Chemicals
▪ In the top ten BIC, almost all the time, sulfuric acid, nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, lime,
sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid and chlorine dominate.
▪ Inorganic commodity chemicals are based on metals and other minerals
▪ These elements are used to produce acids, bases, oxides, salts, and other inorganic
chemicals.
▪ Examples of inorganic commodity chemicals are caustic soda and potash, hydrochloric
acid, sulfuric acid, iron chloride, and copper oxide.
▪ Examples of inorganic commodity chemicals are caustic soda and potash, hydrochloric
acid, sulfuric acid, iron chloride, and copper oxide.
▪ The reason sulfuric acid is always number one is because it is used in the manufacture of
fertilizers, polymers, drugs, paints, detergents and paper.
▪ It is also used in petroleum refining, metallurgy and in many other processes.
▪ The top ranking of oxygen is due to its use in the steel industry.
 Specialty Chemicals
❑ Specialty chemicals (18% of GCI)

❑ Specialty chemicals are blends of two or more fine chemicals that produce a mixture
with a specific function.

❑ Sometimes referred to as performance chemicals or effect chemicals because the focus

is on their action in the end-user’s application.

❑ A wide variety of products and processes rely on specialty chemicals such as catalysts,
corrosion inhibitors, livestock feed additives, photography, paints, inks, coatings, water
and waste treatment chemicals etc.

❑ Higher values products with special use and sold on the basis of a specific function

❑ Produced in small quantity e.g., Personal care products, medicines, flavoring agents,
colors etc.
 Fine Chemicals
▪ Fine chemicals are pure, single chemicals produced in customized batches (2% GCI).

▪ The production of fine chemicals is a complex, multistep process that must meet
rigorous specifications and produce batches with ultrahigh purity levels.

▪ Examples of fine chemicals include active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), peptides and
proteins, steroids, alkaloids, and biocides.

▪ Fine chemicals are used to produce specialty chemicals that have specific characteristics
needed for their target end use.

▪ A few examples of industries that rely upon fine chemicals include pharmaceuticals
research chemicals (n-hexane, DMSO), agrochemicals, electronics, automotive,
cosmetics, and construction.
▪ chemical substances produced in relatively low volumes and sold on the basis of exact
specifications of purity rather than functional characteristics
 Commodity, Fine, and Specialty Chemicals
Commodity Chemicals Specialty Chemicals Fine Chemicals
Single basic chemicals Mixtures of fine chemicals Single complex chemicals of
ultrahigh purity
High volume production Low Quantities and costs based Low volume production
cost on end-use industry
Mass produced in Blended in customized Produced in customized
continuous-process plants, batches batches
using standardized
reactions, to meet global
demand
Use is based on their Use is based on specific Use is based on specific
versatility as raw materials functionality molecular characteristics
 Raw Material for Chemical Industry

❖ All chemicals are derived from raw materials available in nature.

❖ Natural environment is the source of raw materials.
❖ The price of chemicals depends on the availability of raw materials.
❖ Major chemical industries have developed technologies to use raw materials
❖ The natural environment is the source of raw materials for the chemical industry.
 Raw Material from Atmosphere
❖ The atmosphere is the field above ground level.
❖ Atmosphere is a useful sources for six industrial gases i.e., N2, O2, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe
❖ These are separated from liquid air by fractional distillation.
❖ The mass of the earth’s atmosphere is approximately 5 x 1015 tons
❖ The supply of gases from atmosphere is virtually unlimited.
❖ N2 is the most abundant gas found in the atmosphere.
 Raw Material from Hydrosphere

❖ Sea water is also a useful source of raw materials.

❖ Several substances such as NaCl, Mg, bromine and sodium hydrochloride are
obtained from sea water.
❖ Ocean water (1.5 x 1021 liters) contains about 3.5 percent by mass dissolved
material.
❖ Seawater is a good source of sodium chloride, magnesium and bromine.
❖ NaCl is obtained by evaporating sea water
❖ Electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCl also produces three useful products i.e.,
Hydrogen, chlorine and sodium
 Raw Material from Lithosphere
❖ The vast majority of elements are obtained from the earth’s crust in the form of
mineral ores, carbon and hydrocarbons.
❖ Coal, natural gas and crude petroleum also used as energy sources
❖ Converted to thousands of useful chemicals.
❖ Lithosphere provide minerals.
❖ These are natural compounds formed through geological processes.
❖ These minerals provide gold, silver, copper, Aluminum and iron, valuable gemstones
diamonds etc.
❖ These are used in the manufacture of automobiles, airplanes, computers chips,
mobiles, etc.
❖ Coal, natural gas, crude petroleum are also obtained from lithosphere.
 Raw Material from Biosphere
❖ Vegetation and animals produce raw materials for agro-based industries e.g., Oils, fats,
waxes, resins, sugar, natural fibers and leather are examples of thousands of natural
products.

Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

Oxygen, nitrogen Water, NaCl, NaBr, Silica (SiO2), Coal (C)
and noble gases NaI, MgCl2 etc. Limestone (CaCO3), Petroleum,
NaCl, KCl, Na2CO3, Natural gas (CH4),
Na2SO4, Metal Ores Biomass, Sulfur,
Phosphate rock
(Ca5(PO4)3F, MgCl2
 Global Importance of Chemical Industries
Total revenue of the chemical industry worldwide from 2005 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Global importance: money speaks Industrial chemical production is valued at about 6 trillion dollars per year and is
growing steadily. Canada 60 billion $USD USA 890 billion South America 310 billion Western Europe 1,140 billion
Russia/Eastern Europe 170 billion Africa/Middle East 190 billion Asia/Pacific 2,950 billion Global Total 5,710 billion $USD
 Global Importance of Chemical Industries
Sales value of chemicals worldwide in 2022, by segment (in billion euros)
 Global Industry Trends

Value of global chemical exports in 2022, by region (in billion U.S. dollars)
 World`s Leading Chemical Companies
BASF (German company) is the world's leading chemical company
2023 ranking of the global leading chemical companies based on revenue (in billion U.S.
dollars)
 BASF
➢ Chemicals and Raw Materials
➢ Founded in 1865
➢ Headquarters in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
➢ Employees 111,991
In 2024
Revenue $72.1B
Assets $88.3B
Profits $33.6M

Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory)

Global Top 30 Chemical Companies in 2022