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FREED
Motor Speech Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment, Fourth Edition offers a detailed yet streamlined
introduction to motor speech disorders for graduate speech-language pathology students and beginning
clinicians. The text begins with a brief historical overview of motor speech disorders, providing useful context
for understanding the technology and methodology used by today’s speech-language pathologists for FOURTH EDITION
assessment and treatment. The book also provides a practical introduction to the human motor system with
45 full-color anatomical illustrations enabling readers to more easily understand the challenging material.
The majority of the text is focused on the six pure dysarthrias, mixed dysarthria, and apraxia of speech.
Throughout these chapters, a consistent organization is maintained to facilitate the reader’s understanding
of the disorders. Each chapter begins with the neurological basis of the condition, then covers the causes of
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FOURTH EDITION
email: [email protected]
website: https://www.pluralpublishing.com
All rights, including that of translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording,
taping, web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems without the
prior written consent of the publisher.
Every attempt has been made to contact the copyright holders for material originally
printed in another source. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher
will gladly make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Preface ix
About the Author xiii
v
vi MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
References 335
Glossary 353
Index 365
Preface
ix
x MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Organization
The overall organization of the book is the same as the prior edi-
tion. Chapter 1 is a historical introduction to the study of motor
speech disorders. It examines ancient case reports that might
involve dysarthria or apraxia of speech. Chapter 2 is an introduc-
tion to the motor system, one of the most remarkable parts of the
human body. Clinicians must have at least a basic understanding
of the motor system if they are to accurately diagnose and treat
motor speech disorders. Chapter 3 discusses the assessment of
these disorders. It includes a detailed explanation of the complete
motor speech examination that is at the end of the chapter (Appen-
dix 3–1). Chapters 4 through 11 examine the six pure dysarthrias,
mixed dysarthria, and apraxia of speech. Throughout these chap-
ters, a consistent organization is maintained to facilitate the reader’s
understanding of the disorders. Each chapter begins with the neu-
rologic basis of the condition, then continues with the etiologies
and causes of the disorder, an examination of the relevant speech
characteristics, and key evaluation tasks specific to the disorder;
and concludes with treatment procedures.
xiii
In memory of Clyde E. Freed (1927–2019).
Chapter 1
1
2 MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
A woman, who lodged on the Quay, being three months gone with
child, was seized with fever, and immediately began to have pains
in the loins. On the third day, pain of the head and neck, extending
to the clavicle, and right hand; she immediately lost the power of
speech; was paralyzed in the right hand, with spasms, after the man-
ner of paraplegia; was quite incoherent; passed an uncomfortable
night. (“Of the Epidemics,” ca. 400 bc/1995)
The pretty virgin daughter of Nerius was twenty years old. She was
struck on the bregma (front of the head) by the flat of the hand of
a young woman friend in play. At the time she became blind and
breathless, and when she went home fever seized her immediately,
her head ached, and there was redness about her face. On the
seventh day foul-smelling pus came out around the right ear, red-
dish, more than a cyathus [one-fifth of a cup]. She seemed better,
and was relieved. Again she was prostrated by the fever; she was
depressed, speechless; the right side of her face was drawn up;
she had difficulty breathing; there was a spasmodic trembling. Her
tongue was paralyzed, her eye stricken. On the ninth day she died.
(Smith, 1994, p. 191)
6 MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
was made that the fragments might have damaged the underlying
brain tissue. The meningeal theory was accepted widely for many
centuries. Some physicians were still ascribing to it as late as the
16th century (O’Neill, 1980).
FIGURE 1–3. The title page from James Parkinson’s (1825–1824) 1817
essay on the disease that now bears his name. Source: Image obtained from
the History of Medicine database of The National Library of Medicine.
As the debility increases and the influence of the will over the mus-
cles fades away, the tremulous agitation becomes more vehement.
It now seldom leaves him for a moment; but even when exhausted
nature seizes a small portion of sleep, the motion becomes so violent
as not only to shake the bed-hangings, but even the floor and sashes
of the room. The chin is now almost immoveably bent down upon
the sternum. The slops with which he is attempted to be fed, with
1. A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS 11
the saliva, are continually trickling from the mouth. The power of
articulation is lost. (Parkinson, 1817, p. 9)
Hän hymyili.
— Kuitenkin, oma Helléni, minä vanhennun enkä tule
saavuttamaan ikää, jonka eli Kentauri, Akhilleuksen kasvattaja, joka
minun pitäisi ottaa suojeluspyhimyksekseni. Minä vapisen
ajatellessani, että sinä jäisit tänne yksin. Tämän seudun ihmiset ovat
raakalaisia. He eivät ymmärrä mitään järjestyksestä eivätkä
kauneudesta, mutta heissä on karkeaa sievistelemisen halua, joka
olisi sinulle yhtä epämiellyttävää kuin heidän hellyytensä. Täytyy
lähteä pois, rakas tyttöseni. Sinun täytyy oppia tuntemaan elämää ja
ihmisiä voidaksesi valita itsellesi toverin. Tiedän, pienokaiseni, ettet
tahdo myötäjäisilläsi kartuttaa jonkun kaupustelijan korkoja. On
luultavaa, että menet naimisiin köyhän miehen kanssa. Sitäpaitsi on
hänen oltava sinun arvoisesi.
Minä vastasin:
Babette nousi:
Heidän takaansa ilmestyi nuori mies. Hän oli kuin puusta veistetty
ja tuntui liikkuvan itsetoimivien vietereiden avulla. Hänen parraton,
tiukkaviivainen päänsä ei ilmaissut mitään määrättyä ikää. Hänen
tukkansa oli pitkä, ylöspäin kammattu ja paljasti erinomaisen kauniin
otsan. Koko hänen olemuksensa oli minusta eriskummallinen:
kultasankaiset silmälasit, silkoisen sileä nuttu, kulmikkaat ja
viivoitellun määräperäiset eleet. Setäni ilo oli vilpitön:
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