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applied science

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hgharshit234
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Applied Science Lab

(BSL109)

Experiment -01

Submitted To: Submitted By


Dr. Vidhu S. Tiwari Harshit Kumar gupta
Roll No. 1241104 1
Branch: CSE-Gr. I/II
Semester: I
Session: 2024-28
EXPERIMENT-1

Aim:
(a) To calibrate an electromagnet.
(b) To study the dependence of Hall voltage on
magnetic field and current through the sample.

THEORY :

If a current carrying conductor placed in a perpendicular


magnetic field, a potential difference will generate in the
conductor which is perpendicular to both magnetic field and
current.
This phenomenon is call Hall Effect. In solid state physics,
Hall effect is an important tool to characterize the materials
especially semiconductors. It directly determines both the
sign and density of charge carriers in a given sample s in a
given sample
Procedure for Hall Effect Experiment:
1. Set Up Apparatus:
o Place the germanium sample between the electromagnet poles.
o Connect the Hall probe to the current source, voltmeter, and
electromagnet as shown in the setup.
2. Adjust Current:
o Set a constant current through the sample (e.g., 3 mA) using the
power supply.
o Use the ammeter to monitor the current.
3.Activate Magnetic Field
o Gradually increase the current in the electromagnet to apply a
magnetic field
o Use a gaussmeter or known calibration to measure magnetic
field strength
4.Measure Hall Voltage:
o Record the Hall voltage across the sample for each applied
magnetic field strength using the voltmeter
5. Vary Sample Current:
o Change the current through the sample, keeping the magnetic
field constant
o Note the corresponding Hall voltage for each current.
6. Calculate Results:
o Determine carrier concentration using n=1/RH*e
o Use the formula RH = (VH * t) / (I * B) to calculate Hall
Coefficient.
7. Determine Charge Carriers:
o Observe the polarity of the Hall voltage to determine if the charge
carriers are electrons (negative) or holes (positive)

Observation Table(a):
CALIBRATION OF ELECTROMAGNET
MAGNETIC FIELD V/S ELECTROMAGNETIC CURRENT
MAGNETIC FIELD
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
MAGNETIC FIELD
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ELECTROMAGNETIC C MAGNETIC FIELD


1 0.1482
1.5 0.2223
2 0.2964
2.5 0.3706
3 0.4447
3.5 0.5188
4 0.5929
4.5 0.6671
5 0.7411
OBSERVATION TABLE (b)
VH=RH*IH*H

VH = Hall Voltage

RH= Hall Coefficient

IH = Hall current

H = Applied Magnetic Field in Electromagnet

t = Sample Thickness

(CASE-1) Applied Magnetic field, H is constant but Hall current (IH )


is varying

Sample: Germanium

t = 0.0003 m, H = 0.5929 Gauss (Corresponding to coil current of 4A)

Hall Current(mA) Hall Voltage(mV)


1 38.341
1.5 57.511
2 76.682
2.5 95.852
3 115.023
3.5 134.193
4 153.363
5 191.704
Hall voltage
250

200

150

Hall voltage
100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Slope, m = 38.34
m = RH * H/t
or RH = mt / H =38.34* 0.0003 / 0.5929 = 0.019399~ 0.0194 m^3/C
(experimental value)
H = 0.5929
Given value (as calculated by simulator) = 0.02 m^3/C
Carrier Concentration, n = 1 / (RH * e) = 3.2159457704 x 10^20 m^-3
Given value (as calculated by simulator) = 3.22165 x 10^20 m^-3

(Case-2) Applied Magnetic field, H is varying but Hall Current (IH ) is


constant
Sample: Germanium
t = 0.0001 m, Hall current IH = 3 mA

Electromagnetic c Magnetic Field(H) Hall Voltage(VH)


1 0.1482 86.268
1.5 0.2223 129.4
2 0.2964 172.534
2.5 0.3706 215.667
3 0.4447 258.801
3.5 0.5188 301.934
4 0.5929 345.068
4.5 0.667 388.201
5 0.7411 431.335

Hall voltage
500
450
400
350
300
250
Hall voltage
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Calculation:
Slope= 581.802
m = RH *IH/t or
Hall Coefficient, RH = m*t/IH = 581.802* 0.0001/3 = 0.01939 m3 /C
H=0.4447 (experimental value)
Given Value (as calculated by simulator) = 0.02 m3 /C
Carrier Concentration, H=1/(RH *e) = 3.23310 x 1020 m-3
Given Value (as calculated by simulator) = 3.22165 x 1020 m

RESULTS & DISCUSSION--


1. The Hall coefficient of Germanium is 0.02 m / C, which is equal to
the standard value (I got an error of 0.0006 as I have taken a more
precise value of the applied magnetic field).
2. The carrier concentration is approximately equal to 3.22165 * 10²⁰
m⁻³.
3. To determine the values of the Hall coefficient and carrier
concentration, we considered two scenarios: in the first, the Hall
current was held constant, while in the second, the applied magnetic
field in the electromagnet remained constant.
4. In this experiment, we explored the Hall effect and identified
whether the material was a semiconductor or insulator. We also
assessed the nature of the charge carriers and performed calibration
of the electromagnet.
Precautions:
Calibrate instruments before use
 Avoid overheating the sample by limiting current .
 Ensure steady magnetic field during measurements.
 Handle the germanium sample carefully.

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