Basketball

 ARYAN DHARIWAL
 ARYAN GOLECHA,
 ASHUTOSH GAUTAM,
 AVIKA PANCHOLI,
 AYUSHI GUPTA,
 DARRSH SARASWAT
 DEV GUPTA
 DIYA GUPTA
 DRASHTI FAUZDAR
 FALGUNI CHOUDHARY

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 Invention of The Game

The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December
1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. Naismith
was a physical education instructor at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield,
Massachusetts. Upon the request of his boss, Naismith was tasked to create an indoor sports
game to help athletes keep in shape in cold weather. It consisted of peach baskets and a
soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of eighteen into
two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game. The
objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower
railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor
could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets
were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on
March 11, 1892.

Dr. James Naismith

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 Original Rules

There were only thirteen rules of "basketball":

1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, the player must throw it from the spot on which he
catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good
speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands, the arms or body must not be used for
holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an
opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count
as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was
evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute.
6. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as described in
rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the basket and
stays there. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the basket it shall count
as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the
person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the
field. The "thrower-in" is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer it shall go to the
opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
10.The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee
when three consecutive fouls have been made.
11.The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in-
bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a
goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually
performed by a referee.
12.The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the case of a
draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is
made.

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 Some Important Basketball Terms

A
Airball: A shot at the basket that misses everything and doesn't touch the rim, backboard or
net.

Alley-Oop: When one player jumps and catches a pass from another player and
simultaneously dunks the ball or shoots it in before landing.

And One: When a player gets fouled while shooting and the ball goes in. The player then
gets one free throw.

Assist: A statistic that occurs when a player passes the ball to someone who scores after
receiving the pass. The passing player earns an assist in the stat sheet.

B
Backboard: The rectangular piece of wood or fiberglass the rim is attached to.

Backdoor: An offensive action in which a player without the ball cuts behind a defender and
toward the basket.

Bank Shot: When a player shoots the ball and it bounces off the backboard and into the hoop.

Block (action): A statistic that occurs when a defensive player stops an offensive player from
making a shot by blocking the ball with his or her hand(s).

Block (area of court): The area just outside of the key in which the rectangular blocks are
painted. Also referred to as the post.

Box Out: When a shot goes up, players use this technique, which involves widening their
stance and arms and using their body as a barrier to get in better rebounding position.

C
Carry: This penalty, which results in a turnover, occurs when a player holds the ball
excessively at the apex while dribbling.

Charge: This penalty, which results in a turnover, occurs when an offensive player with the
ball runs into a stationary defensive player and knocks him or her over.

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Double Dribble: This penalty, which results in a turnover, occurs when a player dribbles the
ball with both hands. It also occurs when a player dribbles, stops dribbling, and then begins
to dribble again.

E
Elbow: The area of the court where the free throw line meets the side of the key or paint.

F
Fast Break: An offensive action where a team attempts to advance the ball and score as
quickly as possible after a steal, blocked shot or rebound.

Flop: When a player attempts to draw a foul on an opposing player by acting, fabricating or
over-exaggerating the extent of contact.

Free Throw: A free shot given to a player after a foul or a technical foul. The player shoots
from the 15-foot free throw line while the rest of the players line up along the outside of the
key.

K
Key: The painted area that makes up the free throw lane. Also referred to as the paint.

L
Lay-Up: A shot taken close to the hoop, usually when a player is moving toward the basket.

M
Man-to-Man: A defensive strategy in which each player on the defensive team guards one
person on the opposing team.
O
One and One: When a team has reached the initial foul limit, or the bonus, the next player to
get fouled will receive one free throw. If the player makes the free throw, he or she shoots an
additional free throw. This occurs in youth, high school and college basketball only.

Outlet: An offensive strategy in which a player who gathers a defensive rebound pass to a
teammate in an attempt to quickly begin the next possession.

P
Paint: The painted area that makes up the free throw lane. Also referred to as the key.

Post: The area just outside of the key in which the rectangular blocks are painted.

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Press: A defensive strategy where the defenders guard the opposing team the full length of
the court instead of waiting on the opposite side for the offense to come across.

Post Up: An offensive strategy in which a player gets the ball in the post area with his or her
back to the basket.

R
Rebound: When a player from either team retrieves the ball and gains possession after a
missed shot.

S
Screen: An offensive strategy in which a player without the ball stands in the way of a
defensive player. The offensive player must remain stationary during the process, or a
moving screen will be called, and the result will be an offensive foul and a turnover.

Swish: A made basket where the ball avoids the rim and touches nothing but the net, creating
a "swish" sound.

T
Three in the Key: A penalty, which results in a turnover, where an offensive player stands
inside the key or the paint area for three seconds.

Travel: A penalty, which results in a turnover, where an offensive player moves his or her
pivot foot illegally or takes three steps without dribbling the ball.

Turnover: When the offensive team loses possession of the ball by way of an offensive foul,
steal or out-of-bounds violation.

Z
Zone Defense: A defensive strategy in which players guard a specific zone or area of the
court instead of a specific player on the opposing team.

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 How to Play?

The ball is tossed in the air to start the game. One of the players deflects it to a teammate. It is
dribbled and passed among the teammates to protect the ball and to make a goal. The basket or
the hoop is placed horizontally at the height of 10 feet on a back board. Each team tries to
protect the goal on their side while trying to make a goal on the opponent’s side of the court.
The opposite team tries to get the ball, take control of it while bouncing and tries to grab it
while it is passed among the team mates to prevent a goal. When a player commits a foul, the
other team gets a chance of free throw or to inbound the ball. Each goal carries two points and
each free throw one point. The team with higher score wins the game. Players may be
substituted when a substitute asks for it.
The game starts when the referee throws a jump ball. In the international sport, each game is
divided into four 10-minute periods. However, if there’s a tie between the teams they play for
an extra period of 5 minutes.
After the first period and after the third period, the players take a 2-minute break. After the
second period the players take a 15-minute break and exchange baskets. After a break, the last
player holding the ball throws the ball in and starts the next period.
The play time may also be increased if a foul is committed just before the time ticks off. In such
cases a free throw is granted despite the time lapse.
If a player throws the ball before the time lapses, but the ball flies down the basket after the
timer ticks off, the goal is still considered.

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 Fouls

Personal Fouls

Among all the types of basketball fouls, personal foul is the most common type. It relates to the
physical contacts, the illegal ones that are not acceptable in the game of basketball. It can be
divided into two more categories, defensive fouls and offensive fouls.

Defensive Fouls

Illegal physical contacts which are made by defensive players are known as defensive fouls.
These contacts are primarily aimed to impede the progress of offensive player. Some of the
typical defensive fouls are blocking, reaching in, holding, tripping and pushing.

Offensive Fouls

Offensive players also commit personal fouls, mainly charging and illegal screen. Charging is
called when offensive player moves into a defensive player, pretending as he is fouled by the
defender and illegal screen when player setting the screen constantly moves and blocks the way
of the defender.

Flagrant Foul

When an illegal physical contact gets more violent, obvious, unnecessary and excessive, then it
is called a flagrant foul. It’s intended to harm a player and results in more harsher penalties than

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personal fouls. Hitting, punching, shoving etc. in such manner that could injure a player or
actually ends up hurting him can lead to fines and ejection from the game. There are two types of
flagrant fouls: flagrant foul 1 and flagrant foul 2. Upon measuring the severity of contact, referee
decides whether to call it type 1 or type 2. He can reclassify his decision after reviewing it.

Technical Fouls

Technical foul includes those acts or behaviors that are against the sportsmanship or spirit of the
game. It’s an unsportsmanlike conduct from an on-court player, bench player, coach or entire
team against a player, coach, referee or spectator. For example, releasing anger or frustration in
reckless manner like throwing chair or any object, spitting, punting a ball, using improper
language or trash talking. Team fighting or fight with crowd, pretending to be fouled

Violations

In basketball, a common violation is the most minor class of illegal action. Most violations are
committed by the team with possession of the ball, when a player mishandles the ball or makes
an illegal move. The typical penalty for a violation is loss of the ball to the other team. This is
one type of turnover.

 Ball-handling violations:
o Backcourt violation (Over and back)
o Carrying or palming
o Double dribble
o Traveling
 Excessive time taken:
o Defensive three-second violation (Illegal defense) (penalized as a technical foul)
o Five-second rule
o Shot clock violation
o Timeline violation, exceeding the time limit to reach the frontcourt (8- or 10-second
violation)
o Three seconds rule (Lane violation)
 Other violations:
o Basket interference
o Goaltending

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Clothing And Equipment in Basketball

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 National Basketball Association

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a

men's professional basketball league in North
America, composed of 30 teams (29 in the United
States and 1 in Canada). It is one of the four
major professional sports leagues in the United
States and Canada, and is widely considered to
be the premier men's professional basketball
league in the world.
The league was founded in New York City on
June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of
America (BAA). It changed its name to the
National Basketball Association on August 3,
1949, after merging with the competing National
Basketball League (NBL). The NBA's regular
season runs from October to April, with each
team playing 82 games. Its playoffs extend into
June. NBA players are the world's best paid
athletes by average annual salary per player

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 FIBA

The International Basketball is an association of

national organizations which governs the sport of
basketball worldwide. Originally known as the
Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur (hence
FIBA), in 1989 it dropped the word amateur from its
name but retained the acronym; the "BA" now represents
the first two letters of basketball.
FIBA defines the rules of basketball, specifies the
equipment and facilities required, organizes international
competitions, regulates the transfer of athletes across
countries, and controls the appointment of international
referees. A total of 213 national federations are now
members, organized since 1989 into five zones: Africa,
Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.
The FIBA Basketball World Cup is a world tournament
for men's national teams held every four years. Teams
compete for the Naismith Trophy, named in honor of
basketball's American-Canadian creator James Naismith.
The tournament structure is similar but not identical to
that of the FIFA World Cup in football; these
tournaments occurred in the same year from 1970
through 2014, but starting in 2019, the Basketball World
Cup will move to the year following the FIFA World
Cup. A parallel event for women's teams, the FIBA
Women's Basketball World Cup, is also held
quadrennially; from 1986 through 2014, it was held in
the same year as the men's event but in a different
country. The women's tournament will continue to be
held in the same year as the FIFA World Cup.

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The newest global FIBA tournaments for national teams are in the three-player half-court
variation, 3x3. The FIBA 3x3 U-18 World Championships were inaugurated in 2011, and the
FIBA 3x3 World Championships for senior teams followed a year later. All events initially
included separate tournaments for men's, women's, and mixed teams, but mixed championships
are no longer contested. The U-18 championships, held annually, feature 32 teams in each
individual tournament. The senior championships have 24 teams in each individual tournament
and are held in even-numbered years.

Greatest Basketball Players of All Time

 Michael Jordan
 Charles Barkley
 Shaq
 Wardell Curry
 Lebron James
 Kobe Bryant
 Steve Nash
 Tim Duncan
 Derrick Rose
 Wilt Chamberlin
 Kareem Abdul Jabbar
 John Stockston
 Allen Iverson
 Chris Paul
 Dwayne Wade
 Carmelo Anthony
 Patrick Ewing
 Tony Parker
 Luka Doncic
 Manu Ginobli
 Kawhi Leonard
 Kevin Durant
 James Harden
Michael Jordan

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THANK YOUO

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