Important Note:

The Cloud Computing notes are designed to provide brief insights into the topics; for a
more in-depth study, it is recommended to read the official documents on the AWS
website.

Unit – 4

Database Services in Cloud Computing:

1. Need for Cloud Databases:

Scalability: Cloud databases provide the ability to scale horizontally or vertically based on the demand,
ensuring optimal performance.

Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go models in cloud databases reduce the need for substantial upfront
investments in hardware.

Accessibility: Cloud databases enable access to data from anywhere with an internet connection,
promoting collaboration and remote work.

Reliability: Cloud providers offer high levels of reliability through redundant infrastructure and data
backup mechanisms.

Security: Cloud databases often come with advanced security features, encryption, and compliance
certifications.

2. Considerations for Cloud Databases:

Performance: Considerations for database performance in terms of latency, throughput, and response
times are critical.

Data Integrity: Ensuring the consistency and integrity of data in a distributed and scalable environment
is a key consideration.

Compliance: Adherence to regulatory requirements and industry standards is crucial for many
businesses.

Data Migration: Seamless migration of data to and from the cloud database is an important
consideration.

Cost Management: Understanding the pricing models and optimizing costs associated with storage,
transactions, and data transfer is essential
3. Architecture and Common Characteristics:

Multi-Tenancy: Cloud databases often support multiple users or tenants on the same infrastructure,
providing efficient resource utilization.

On-Demand Resources: Resources like storage and computing power are provisioned on-demand,
allowing for flexibility and cost savings.

Automation: Automation features for tasks like backups, scaling, and patching enhance operational
efficiency.

High Availability: Cloud databases are designed for high availability, with redundant components and
failover mechanisms.

Elasticity: The ability to scale resources up or down based on workload fluctuations is a common
characteristic.

4. Data Models:

Relational Database (MySQL): Organizes data into tables with predefined relationships; suitable for
structured data and complex queries.

Key-Value-Based Database (DynamoDB): Stores data as key-value pairs, offering fast and predictable
performance; ideal for simple and fast read/write operations.

In-Memory Database: Stores data in the system's main memory for faster access; suitable for
applications requiring low-latency access to frequently accessed data.

Document-Based Database (MongoDB): Stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents; suitable for semi-
structured or unstructured data and agile development.

Graph-Based Database (Neo4j): Focuses on relationships between data entities, making it efficient for
complex relationship-oriented queries.

Time Series Database: Optimized for handling time-stamped data, common in applications like IoT,
financial trading, and monitoring systems.

Ledger-Based Database: Designed for recording transactions in a secure and tamper-evident manner,
often used in blockchain and financial applications.

Note : Refer and Study – AWS Official Documents for all Data Models.
 Unit – 5

Networking and Security Services in Cloud Computing

I. Networking Services in Cloud Computing:

1. Defining and Provisioning Isolated Networks:

Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): Cloud providers offer VPCs, allowing users to define isolated networks
within the cloud environment.

Subnetting: Breaking down a VPC into smaller subnets for better resource management and security.

Network Address Translation (NAT): Facilitates communication between private instances and the
internet.

2. Gateways in Cloud:

Internet Gateways: Enables communication between instances in VPC and the internet.

Virtual Private Gateway: Connects the VPC to an on-premises network through a VPN or Direct Connect.

3. Private Connectivity in Hybrid Cloud Environments:

Virtual Private Network (VPN): Securely connects on-premises networks to cloud resources.

Direct Connect: Dedicated, high-speed connection between on-premises infrastructure and cloud
resources.

II. Building Cloud Network:

1. Scaling Cloud Network:

Automatic Traffic Distribution:

Load Balancing: Distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers to ensure optimal resource
utilization.

Auto Scaling: Dynamically adjusts the number of compute resources based on traffic patterns.

Direct Traffic Routing for Performance:

Anycast Routing: Directs traffic to the nearest server, reducing latency.

Content Delivery Networks (CDN): Distributes content across a network of servers globally for faster
delivery.
III. Securing Network Traffic:

1. Configuring and Managing Firewall Rules:

Network Access Control Lists (NACLs): Filters traffic at the subnet level, controlling inbound and
outbound traffic.

Security Groups: Acts as a virtual firewall for instances, controlling inbound and outbound traffic at the
instance level.

2. Access Permissions:

Identity and Access Management (IAM): Manages access to cloud resources by defining roles, policies,
and permissions.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Assigns permissions based on roles within the organization.

3. Encryption:

SSL/TLS Encryption: Secures data in transit by encrypting communication between clients and servers.

VPN Encryption: Ensures secure communication over VPN connections.

4. Monitoring and Logging:

CloudWatch: Monitors resources and applications, providing insights into network performance.

Logging Services: Collects and analyzes logs for security incidents and compliance.

5. Intrusion Detection and Prevention:

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Monitors and analyzes network traffic for signs of malicious activity.

Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS): Takes action to block or prevent detected threats.

IV. Best Practices:

Regularly audit and update security policies.

Implement multi-factor authentication for enhanced access control.

Conduct penetration testing to identify and address vulnerabilities.

Keep software and firmware up-to-date to patch security vulnerabilities.

Regularly backup data to mitigate the impact of potential security incidents.

 Unit – 6

High Availability and Scalability Services in Cloud Computing

High Availability (HA) in Cloud Computing:

High Availability (HA) refers to the ability of a system or service to remain operational and accessible for
a high percentage of time. In the context of cloud computing, HA is crucial for ensuring continuous
availability of applications and services, minimizing downtime, and enhancing reliability.

Elements of High Availability:

1. Redundancy:

 Utilizing redundant components or systems to ensure that if one fails, another takes
over seamlessly.

2. Fault Tolerance:

 The system's ability to continue functioning in the presence of hardware or software

faults.

3. Load Balancing:

 Distributing network or application traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single

server is overwhelmed, optimizing resource utilization.

4. Automatic Failover:

 The ability to switch to a backup or redundant system automatically in the event of a

failure.

High Availability for Compute Resources:

 Virtual Machine (VM) Availability:

 Employing multiple instances of virtual machines across different physical servers.

 Load balancing to distribute incoming traffic among multiple VMs.

High Availability for Databases:

 Database Replication:

 Creating and maintaining identical copies of databases on separate servers.

 Automatic failover mechanisms for database servers.

High Availability for Storage Services:

 Redundant Storage Systems:

 Duplication of data across multiple storage systems.

 Automated data recovery processes.

Regions and Availability Zones:

 Regions:

 Geographical locations containing multiple Availability Zones.

 Examples: US East, Europe West.

 Availability Zones:

 Isolated locations within a region with independent power, cooling, and networking.

 Provides fault tolerance.

Auto Scaling:

 Dynamic Resource Allocation:

 Automatically adjusting the number of compute resources based on demand.

 Ensures optimal performance and cost efficiency.

Elastic Load Balancing:

 Evenly Distributing Traffic:

 Distributes incoming application or network traffic across multiple targets.

 Enhances fault tolerance and availability.

Reserved Instances:

 Cost Optimization:

 Users commit to a one or three-year term for a significant discount.

 Ensures availability while reducing costs.

Elastic Block Store (EBS) and EBS Snapshots:

 EBS:
  Persistent block-level storage for EC2 instances.

 Supports high-availability architectures.

 EBS Snapshots:

 Point-in-time copies of EBS volumes.

 Used for backup, recovery, and migration.

Scalability in Cloud Computing:

Vertical Scaling vs. Horizontal Scaling vs. Diagonal Scaling:

 Vertical Scaling:

 Increasing the capacity of a single server (e.g., adding more CPU, RAM).

 Limited by the capacity of a single server.

 Horizontal Scaling:

 Adding more servers to a network to distribute the load.

 Enhances overall system performance.

 Diagonal Scaling:

 Combining both vertical and horizontal scaling strategies.

 Achieving scalability by expanding individual servers and adding more servers.

Scalability vs. Elasticity:

 Scalability:

 The ability to handle growing amounts of work by adding resources.

 Can be both vertical and horizontal.

 Elasticity:

 The ability to automatically adapt to changing workloads.

 Involves dynamic allocation and deallocation of resources.