ELECTRIC VEHICLES & STORAGE BATTERIES  Includes power electronics and an inverter to control the speed and torque

nics and an inverter to control the speed and torque of the electric motor.

Electric vehicles principle and components- layout of two & 4 wheeler, Motors used in Electric
vehicles –types- overview of construction and working, power transmission & control system in 5. Charging System:
Electric vehicles. Batteries –construction & working principle of Lead acid, nickel based, sodium
based, Lithium & Metal Air batteries. Battery charging types and requirements, battery cooling,  Onboard charger converts AC power from the grid to DC for battery charging.
fire safety measures in EV vehicles  Charging types include Level 1 (household outlets), Level 2 (dedicated charging stations), and
Level 3 (fast DC charging).
Electric vehicles (EVs) operate on the principle of using electric power stored in batteries to drive
an electric motor, which in turn propels the vehicle. Here's an overview of the key components
6. Battery Management System (BMS):
and systems in electric vehicles:
 Monitors and manages individual cells within the battery pack.
Electric Vehicle Components:
 Ensures optimal performance, safety, and longevity of the battery.

1. Power Source: Batteries

7. Cooling System:

 Lead Acid Batteries: Traditional and heavy, used in some older electric vehicles.
 Maintains the optimal temperature of the battery for efficient operation and longevity.
 Nickel-Based Batteries: Includes Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)
 Liquid or air cooling systems are commonly used.
batteries.
 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Most common in modern EVs due to higher energy density. 8. Safety Systems:
 Sodium-Based Batteries: An emerging technology with potential advantages in cost and safety.
 Fire safety measures include flame-retardant materials and thermal management systems.
 Metal-Air Batteries: Offer high energy density but are still in the research and development stage.
 EVs often have safety features such as regenerative braking and anti-lock brakes.
2. Electric Motor:
Electric Vehicle Layout:
 Usually an AC induction motor or a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
Two-Wheeler:
 Converts electrical energy from the batteries into mechanical energy to drive the wheels.

 Compact design with a single electric motor.

3. Power Transmission:
 Batteries integrated into the frame for space efficiency.

 Transmission systems in EVs are simpler compared to internal combustion vehicles.

Four-Wheeler:
 Single-speed transmissions are common, eliminating the need for complex gear systems.

 More complex layout with multiple electric motors (one for each wheel or an integrated system).
4. Control System:
 Batteries typically placed in the vehicle floor for a lower center of gravity.

 Manages power delivery from the battery to the motor.

 Electric Motor Types:

 AC Induction Motor:
 Common in early EVs, simple design, and robust.
 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM):
 Higher efficiency and better performance compared to AC induction motors.

Battery Construction and Working:

 Construction: Batteries consist of cells arranged in modules, and modules are combined to form
a pack.
 Working Principle: Chemical reactions within the cells produce a flow of electrons, generating
electrical energy.

Battery Charging:

 Types: Level 1 (110V household outlet), Level 2 (240V charging station), Level 3 (DC fast
charging).
 Requirements: Charging infrastructure, compatible connectors, and power supply.

Battery Cooling:

 Method: Liquid cooling or air cooling.

 Purpose: Maintains optimal temperature, preventing overheating and extending battery life.

Fire Safety Measures:

 Flame-Retardant Materials: Used in battery packs and other components.

 Thermal Management: Systems to monitor and control temperature.
 Emergency Shutdown: Protocols to cut off power in case of a malfunction.

As technology evolves, newer advancements and battery chemistries may further enhance the
efficiency, range, and safety of electric vehicles.