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zia ullah assignment ec

assignment

Uploaded by

ziau726918
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT LAB

ASSIGNMENT # 1

 Oscilloscope :-
An oscilloscope is an electrical instrument that is
used to display ghraphically the variation of voltage
of one or more than one signals with time. It is used
to visualize electric signals visually. It shows the
variation with time in a xy-plane. The x-axis
represents time and y-axis represent voltage.
The diagram of ossciloscope is shown in Fig.1
Function of Oscilloscope:
In figure 1; the main function is External Trigger which enable us to use a specific parts of
the signals.
Similarly, Horizontal Switch is used to display and control the horizontal waves.
Vertical Switch is used to display and control the vertical wave line.
Fig.1
 DC Power Supply:-
 A DC power supply is an electronic device which
converts Alternating Current into Direct Current. It
can also be used in reverse way.
 This Direct Current is then used to provide a stable
and constant voltage to the required electronic
device. There are many electrical devices which do
not require AC Current so they are given DC Current
through power supply so that the device do not get
harmed.
The diagram of DC power supply is shown in Fig.2
Fig.2
Function of DC Power Supply:
From figure 2 the main function is Battery Power device which is a primary source for
batteries, providing energies for devices like, smartphones etc.
USES:
Many portable devices are relying on this device due
to its stability and ease of use.

 Function Generator :-
A function generator is an electronic device which is used to generate different
kinds of waves of different waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. It commonly
generates different kinds of waves such as sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and
sawtooth wave.

 It’s use is very vast like it is used in testing of amplifiers and to observe
electric signals at different points in a circuit.

The diagrm of function generator is shown in Fig.3 Fig.3

 Voltmeter :-
A Voltmeter is a type of electrical instrument which is
used to measure electric voltage between two points in an
electric circuit. It is connected in parallel with the circuit and it
usually has high resistance so that it does not affect the flow of
current in the circuit. Nowadays we also use Digital Multimeter
as Voltmeter to find voltage.
The diagram of voltmeter is shown in fig.4. It is always
connected

Parallel. We cannot connect it in series. Fig.4

 Ammeter
An ammeter is used to measure electric current flowing in the circuit.
The unit of electric current is Ampere (A). It is connected in series with circuit. It
usually has low resistance so it does not cause significant voltage drop in the
circuit whose current is being measured. Nowadays, we also use Digital
Multimeter as ammeter to measure electric current in the circuit.
The diagram of ammeter is shown in Fig.5.

 Measurement of Current: Ammeter measures current in amperes (A), of electric charge.


Fig.5

 Display: Ammeters can be either analogue (with a needle and scale) or digital (with a numeric
display).

 Range Selection: Many ammeters have settings to measure different ranges of current (e.g.,
milliamperes, amperes)

 Ohmmeter: - An ohmmeter is an electrical measuring


device that is used to measure electrical resistance in a circuit. The
unit of resistance is ohms (Ω). Nowadays, we can use Digital
Multimeter as ohmmeter. In order to measure electrical
resistance, the ohmmeter applies current in circuit and measures voltage flowing in the
circuit, then it calculates resistance using formula :

V=IR
The diagram of ohm meter is shown in fig.6

 Measurement of Resistance: The primary function of an ohmmeter is to measure how


much a material opposes the flow of electric current, expressed in ohms (Ω).
 Display: Ohmmeters typically feature a digital or analogue display to show resistance
readings.
 Zero Adjustment: Some models include a zero-adjustment feature to calibrate the meter
before measuring very low resistances.
Fig.6

 Digital Multimeter :-
A Digital Multimeter is a digital
electronic equipment which offers different uses
of several electrical instruments like Voltmeter,
Ammeter and Ohmmeter etc. in one device.It is
also known as Volt-Ohm meter.
 Display: DMMs use a digital screen to show
readings, which can be easier to read than analogue
meters.

 Measurement Functions: They can measure


various electrical parameters, including:

 Voltage (AC and DC): Determines the electrical potential difference.

 Current (AC and DC): Measures the flow of electric charge. Fig.7
 Resistance: Measures how much a component resists the flow of electricity.

The diagram of digital multi-meter is shown in fig.7.

 Breadboard:-
A Breadboard is a construction base unit used to build different kinds of electronic
circuits. There are no permanent connection so it can be reused. It consists of perforated
blocks of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphorous bronze or nickel silver alloy clips in
perforations. These blocks are typically 0.1 inches apart from each other.

The diagram of bread board is shown in Fig.8 .


1 Structure
1. Grid Layout: The breadboard consists of a grid of holes that are typically organized in rows
and columns.
2. Power Rails: There are often long horizontal rows along the top and bottom, known as
power rails, which are used to distribute power (positive and ground) across the board.
3. Terminal Strips: The central area of the breadboard contains terminal strips where
components are inserted. These are typically divided into two sections, with each column of
holes electrically connected.
2 Limitations
 Limited Capacity: Breadboards have a limited number of connections, which can be a
constraint for more complex circuits.
 Less Durable: Connections may be less reliable than soldered connections, especially for
long-term use.

Fig.8

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