L3.

S Pule ockool

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayashkant Mishra, a student of
class XIl-A has successfully completed the research
on the below mentioned project under the guidance
of Mr. Manas Naik (Subject Teacher ) during the
year 2014-15 in partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by AlISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like
to thank my physics teacher Mr. Manas Naik, whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the
project.
Then Iwould like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various
phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.

Ayashkant Mishra
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4.INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTIONS

11. SOURCES OF ERROR

12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 AIM OF THE PROECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio

of -
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of

a self made transformer.

 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
Atransformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. Atransformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers
are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving
parts.

Atransformer which increases the voltages is called a step

up transformer. Atransformer which decreases the A.C. voltages
is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

high and low current circuits.
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
plp2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and

dd / dt = rate of change of flux in

each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dp/dt (1)

and

Es =-Ns dp/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep = - Ns/Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E- Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, plp2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep =lp Rp
Thus back e.m.f= input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep =Es/E
=output e.m.f/ input e.m.f
= Ns/ Np=K
Where Kis constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

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N, :N 00000
 ASTEP DONII 7RA1STORMER

Es <E soK<1, hence Ns < Np

If

Ip = value of primary current at the same instant

And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep lp
And

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power

Ep lp = Es Is
Or

Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
 ILLUSTRATION

Step Down Transformer

Primary Secandary

1000V 200
2A 10 A

2000 W 2000 W

Iron
core

Electricity Primary Secondary Electricity

in Coil Coilout
(input) (output)
 Es > Eso K> 1, hence Ns > Np As, k> 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &a
step down transformer steps up the current.
 ILLUSTRATION

Step Up Transformer
Primary Secondary

100 V 400
10 A 25A

1000 W 1000 W

Step up
Iron transformer
Core

Electricity Primary Secondary Electricity

in Coil Coil out
(input) (output)
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power.
i.e
n= output power /input power =Es Is /Ep lp
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
n=1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

efficiency I.
losses R,+W
input
Vicos,
R W

V,cos, Vlcoso,
differentiating above equation with respect tol,

R
V,cos, V,i'cos,
n will be maximum at dn 0
di.
Hence efficiency n will be maximum at
R, W

V,cosd, Vi'cos,
1R
Vi 'cos, vËjcos,
electricaleasy.com
 SIERIY, L0SSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD

COPPER WIRE

VOLTMETRE

AMMETRE
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The mutual inductance term in the primary The mutual inductance term in the
circuit represents the load of the secondary. secondary represents the coupling from
It has the negative sign because it helps the the primary and acts as the voltage
source that drives the secondary circuit.
oincteaen din the seronda crut

A,
Ar

Primary Secondary

RON CORE
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on
it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the utput voltage and current through
sland s2.

5. Now connect sland s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner, etc.

2. Astep down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. Astep down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. Astep up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

power supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric bells etc
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com
THE END