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EEEE 2109 Lecture-01

EEE02

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EEEE 2109 Lecture-01

EEE02

Uploaded by

mdrayhan00081
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Recommended Books

Sl. Name of Year of Title of Book Edition Publisher’s ISBN


Author(s) Publication Name
1 Charles K. 2015-2016 Fundamentals 5th McGraw Hill ISBN-13:978-1-
Alexander, of Electric Education 25-909859-8
Matthew N. Circuits (India) ISBN-10:1-25-
O. Sadiku Private 909859-1
Limited
2 Robert L. 2014 Introductory 12th Pearson ISBN:
Boylestad Circuit EducationInc. 9780137146666,
Analysis 978-93-325-
1861-2
Basic Concepts

 Systems of Units
 Charge
 Current and Voltage
 Power and Energy
 Ideal Circuit Elements
System of Units
Systems of Units

English System Metric

MKS CGS

 In 1960, a General Conference adopted a system called International System of


Units (SI).
 In 1965 and 1967, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and
USA standards institute declare SI systems as a standard for all scientific and
engineering literature respectively.
System of Units
The SI Prefixes and Symbols
Matter and Elements
• Matter
 Occupies space and has weight
 The “stuff” that the universe is made of.

• Elements
 All matter is made up of substances called elements.
 which have specific chemical and physical
properties.
 Cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by
chemical reactions.
 Over 100 known elements
The Atom
All matter is composed of atoms; all atoms consist of
electrons, protons, and neutrons except normal hydrogen,
which does not have a neutron.
-Nucleus
• Located at the center of
atom
• Formed with protons and
neutrons
-Protons
• Positively charged particles
-Neutrons
• Uncharged particles
-Electrons
Fig.: The Bohr model of an atom
• Negatively charged particles
Electrons and Shells
Electrons:
• They orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain
distances from the nucleus.
• Electrons near the nucleus have less energy.

Shell:
• Each discrete distance
(orbit) from the nucleus
corresponds to a certain
energy level.
• In an atom, the orbits are
grouped into energy
Fig.: Illustration of the Bohr model levels known as shells.
of the silicon atom.
Valance Electrons
Valence Shell:
• The outer most shell
• The electrons exist here with the highest energy and
are relatively loosely bound to the atom.
• Electrons in this shell are called valence electrons.
• Valance electrons contribute to chemical reactions
and bonding
• Valance electrons can break from its atom with
gaining sufficient energy from external source.
Materials in Electrical Circuits
Conductor:
• Material that easily conducts electrical current.
• It has large number of free electrons.
• such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and
aluminum (Al), has only one valence electron very
loosely bound to the atom.
Material Resistivity, ρ (ohm- Conductivity σ,
m) ( 𝟏 𝟏)

Silver 1.59×10-8 6.29×107


Copper 1.68×10-8 5.95×107
Aluminum 2.65×10-8 3.77×107
Tungsten 5.6×10-8 1.79×107
Iron 9.71×10-8 1.03×107
platinum 10.6×10-8 0.943×107
Atomic Structure of Copper (Cu)
• Copper is most commonly used metal in electrical industry.-Why?
• It has only one electron in the outermost shell.
• 4th shell can have 32 electrons, but only one electrons exist. Therefore,
it unstable and volatile.
• Coulombs law states that the attractive or repulsive
electrostatic force between two point charges is inversely proportional to the
squared distance between them.
• As distance increases, force will decrease, as a result electron in the 4th
shell is loosely bound to the atomic structure.
• So, little external pressure can encourage electron to leave parent atom.
Coulomb’s law:

Where, F is in newtons (N),


k= a constant=9.0×109 N·m2 /C2 , Q1
and Q2 are the charges in Coulombs and
r is the distance between the two
charges in meters.
What is Electric Circuit?
 An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements.
 The circuit is used to transfer energy from one
point to another.

A simple electric circuit Electric circuit of a radio


transmitter
Charge
 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic
particles of which matter consists.
 The symbol of charge is Q or q and units are
coulombs (C).
 Electrons has negative charge and protons has
positive charge.
 1 electron carries -1.602×10-19 C of charge and
proton carries +1.602×10-19 C charge.
 i.e. 1C consist of (1/1.602×10-19)=6.24×1018
electrons.
Charge

 Questions:
 How much charge is represented by 4,600
electrons?
Voltage
Voltage:
• Voltage or potential difference is the energy or external force
that is required to move a unit charge through an element
between two points.
• Measuring unit of voltage is ‘Volts (V)’
• The defining equation is Where, V=volts, W=joules,
Q=coulombs.
Voltage Sign Convention
Voltage:
• When 1 J of work is required to 1 C of charge from A to B,
there is a voltage of 1 volt between A and B.
• Voltage across an element requires both a magnitude and a
polarity.
Voltage

 Questions:
 Find the voltage between two points if 60 J of
energy are required to move a charge of 20 C
between the two points.
 Determine the energy expended moving a charge of
50 mC between two points if the voltage between
the points is 6 V.
Current
• The rate of flow of charge is known as electric current.
• The measure of current is ampere (A).
• An ampere is a rate of flow of one coulomb of charge per second.
• Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q and t
is

Where, i= the current in amperes (A)


q= the charge in coulombs (C)

Motion of negatively charged electrons in a copper wire when placed across


battery terminals with a difference in potential of volts (V).
Current
• The charge transferred between time and is obtained by

• Basically, current is two types:


• A direct current (DC) is a current that remain constant with
time.

DC AC

• An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies


sinusoidally with time.
Current Sign Convention
• Proper definition of current vector requires
• Direction of the arrow (polarity)
• Value (Magnitude)
• The direction of current flow is conventionally taken as the
direction of positive charge movement.
• Based on this convention, a current of 5 A may be represented
positively or negatively as shown in the following figure.
• In other words, a negative current of −5 A flowing in one
direction is the same as a current of +5 A flowing in the opposite
direction.
Current-Problems
 Questions:
 Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 1 s and t =
2 s if the current passing the terminal is i = (3t2 − t) A.
 The current flowing through an element is

Calculate the charge entering the element from t=0 to t =2 s.

• The charge flowing in a wire is plotted in the following figure. Sketch


the corresponding current.
Circuit Elements
• There are two types of electrical circuit elements:
• Active elements: It is capable of generating energy such as
generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.
• Passive elements: Passive element is dissipate energy such as
resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
• Most important active elements are voltage and current sources
• Sources are generally supply the power to circuit connected to them.
• Sources are mainly two types:
• An ideal independent source: it is an active element that
provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit elements.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

V I

Symbols for independent voltage sources: (a-b) used Symbols for independent current sources: (d)
for constant voltage (dc), (c) used for time varying used for constant current (dc), (e) used for time
voltage (ac). varying current (ac).
Circuit Elements
• An ideal dependent (controlled) source: it is an active element in
which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
• There are four possible types of dependent sources
• A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
• A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
• A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
• A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Symbols for: (a) dependent voltage source, (b) dependent current source
Power Supplies
Ampere-Hour Rating
• The ampere-hour (Ah) rating provides an indication of how long a battery of
fixed voltage will be able to supply a particular current.
• A battery with an ampere-hour rating of 100 will theoretically provide a current
of 1 A for 100 hours, 10 A for 10 hours, or 100 A for 1 hour.
• The length of time to supply the current by a battery is given by
•
( )

How long can a 12 V battery provide a current


of 10 A to light the solar cell bulb if the
ampere-hour rating 200AH.
Solution:

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