DNA FINGERPRINTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS

A PROJECT REPORT IN BIOLOGY (044) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE COMPLETION OF

AISSCE 2024-25
BY
Laksh Goindani
AISSCE ROLL No:

Under the supervision of

Miss. Arvinda Laxmi
PGT Biology

Ekayanaa School
Opp. Bhandari Farms Kanadia road
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.no. TOPICS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 PRINCIPLES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

3 POLYMORPHISM

4 TECHNIQUES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

5 PROCESS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

6 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

7 APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

9 ECONOMIC VALUE

10 FAMOUS CASES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

11 CONCLUSION

12 BILBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mast. Laksh Goindani Roll No: 12A07

has successfully completed the project Work entitled DNA

fingerprinting and its applications in the subject Biology under the

guidance of Miss Arvinda Laxmi for the fulfillment of AISSCE -

2024 as prescribed by CBSE for the year 2024-25.

Date:

(Signature of Internal Examiner) (Signature of Principal)

(Signature of External Examiner)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher Arvinda Laxmi

who guided me throughout the project. I am also thankful to our

principal Mr. UK. Jha for his motivation and encouragement. A

special acknowledgement goes to my classmates who helped

me in completing the project by exchanging interesting ideas and

sharing their experience. I would also thank to my parents for

encouraging during the course of this project. Finally, I would like

to thank CBSE for giving me this opportunity to undertake this

project.

Name – Laksh Goindani

Roll no-
Class- XII A
 INTRODUCTION
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that shows the genetic makeup of
living things. It is a method of finding the difference between the
satellite DNA regions in the genome.
The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Sir Alec Jeffrey at
the University of Leicester in 1985.a laboratory technique used to
determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide
sequences of certain regions

are unique
 Principles of DNA fingerprinting
1. DNA Extraction:

The first step in DNA fingerprinting is to extract DNA from a sample, which could be obtained from sources
such as blood, saliva, hair, or even skin cells. The DNA must be isolated from the cells to be used in further
analysis.

2. Use of Variable DNA Regions:

DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that the majority of an individual's DNA is similar to that of others,
but there are certain regions in the DNA that are highly variable. These regions, known as Short Tandem
Repeats (STRs) or Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs), have repeating sequences that vary in
length from person to person. These repeating sequences are what make the DNA fingerprint unique for
each individual.

3. Amplification of Specific DNA Regions (PCR):

The next step involves amplifying these variable regions using a technique called Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR). PCR makes many copies of specific DNA regions, allowing for the analysis of these regions
even if the DNA sample is small or degraded.

4. Gel Electrophoresis:

After amplification, the DNA samples are subjected to gel electrophoresis, a process that separates DNA
fragments based on their size. The fragments are loaded into a gel, and an electric current is applied. Since
DNA is negatively charged, the fragments move toward the positive electrode. Smaller fragments move
faster through the gel than larger ones. This creates a pattern of bands that represent different fragment
sizes.

5. DNA Probing (Hybridization):

In some methods of DNA fingerprinting, a labeled DNA probe is used to detect specific sequences of
interest within the amplified DNA. The probe binds to complementary DNA sequences, and this can help
identify the presence of certain alleles or sequences of interest.

6. Creation of a DNA Profile:

The pattern of bands (or profile) obtained from gel electrophoresis is compared between different
samples. Each individual will have a unique banding pattern due to differences in the lengths of their STRs
or VNTRs. These unique patterns form the basis of the DNA fingerprint.

7. Comparison and Identification:

The DNA profiles obtained from different samples can then be compared. If two samples (such as those
from a crime scene and a suspect) have identical DNA profiles, it is highly likely that they are from the same
individual. In cases like paternity testing, a match can show biological relationships between individuals.
 Polymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the presence of genetic variations in the DNA

sequence among individuals in a population. These variations are essential for
distinguishing one individual's DNA from another's. Polymorphisms are the
foundation of DNA fingerprinting, as they create the unique patterns of DNA
sequences that can be analyzed and compared.
It can be a single base or thousand bases.
It may or may not have phenotypic effects.
 Techniques of DNA fingerprinting

• Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)

This technique is considered more accurate than PCR, but it's
more expensive and time-consuming.
• PCR-based analysis
In this technique, small DNA fragments called primers bind to
complementary DNA sequences, marking the starting point for
copying the DNA.
• Short tandem repeat (STR) typing
This technique analyzes DNA fragments for the number of
repetitions at 13 specific DNA sites.
• Southern blotting
In this technique, a solution flows through a gel and onto a
nitrocellulose membrane, carrying DNA with it. The membrane is
then immersed in a liquid that contains a radioactive DNA or
RNA probe.
• Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
This technique analyzes the number of blocks of short sequence
repeats in a given locus.
Process of DNA fingerprinting
 Schematic representations of DNA fingerprinting
A schematic representation of DNA fingerprinting may include:
1.Representative chromosomes: Showing different copy numbers of
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR)
2.A sample taken from a crime scene: Represented as C
3.Samples from two suspected individuals: Represented as A and B
4. A color scheme: Used to trace the origin of each band in the gel.
 Applications of DNA fingerprinting
1. Forensic Science:
Crime Scene Investigation: DNA fingerprinting is used to identify suspects or victims in
criminal investigations. By analyzing DNA samples found at a crime scene (e.g., blood, hair,
saliva), forensic scientists can match the DNA to that of potential suspects, providing strong
evidence for prosecution or defense.
Paternity Testing: DNA fingerprinting can be used to establish biological relationships, most
commonly for paternity testing. By comparing the DNA of a child with that of the mother
and alleged father, the biological father can be conclusively identified.

Identification of Human Remains: In cases of disasters, war, or other situations where

bodies are unrecognizable, DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify individuals based on
their DNA. This has been crucial in mass disaster identification efforts (e.g., airplane
crashes, tsunamis.

2. Medical Applications:
Genetic Disease Diagnosis: DNA fingerprinting can be used to diagnose certain genetic
disorders by identifying specific mutations in an individual’s genome. This is particularly
helpful in diagnosing inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or
Huntington's disease.

Personalized Medicine: Understanding an individual’s unique genetic makeup allows

doctors to tailor treatments to that person’s genetic profile, enhancing the effectiveness of
medications and reducing side effects.

Organ Transplantation: DNA fingerprinting can help identify compatible organ donors by
comparing the tissue types and genetic markers between donor and recipient to reduce the
chances of organ rejection.

3. Paternity and Family Relationship Testing:

Paternity Testing: This is one of the most common uses of DNA fingerprinting. By
comparing the DNA of a child and an alleged father, the biological relationship between
them can be confirmed with high accuracy.
Family Ancestry and Genealogy: DNA fingerprinting can be used for tracing genealogical
ancestry, as it can reveal familial connections over generations. This is especially useful in
tracking family lineage, identifying biological relatives, or connecting with distant ancestors.
4. Wildlife and Conservation Biology:
Poaching and Conservation Efforts: DNA fingerprinting is used to track wildlife and combat
poaching. For example, it can help identify the specific animal from which a particular piece
of ivory, fur, or other animal products originates, aiding in the enforcement of conservation
laws.
Population Monitoring: Genetic profiling is useful in monitoring endangered species by
tracking genetic diversity and helping manage breeding programs to preserve biodiversity.
Tracking Animal Migration: DNA analysis can also be used to study animal migration
patterns by comparing genetic samples taken from different locations over time.

5. Agricultural Applications:
Crop Improvement: DNA fingerprinting is used in agriculture to identify genetic traits in
plants, such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, or high yield. This helps in the
development of better crop varieties through selective breeding.

Livestock Breeding: In animal husbandry, DNA fingerprinting is used to track desirable traits
in livestock, such as disease resistance or high milk production. It also helps identify and
prevent inbreeding by comparing genetic profiles.

6. Legal Applications:
Immigration and Citizenship Verification: DNA testing is used in legal cases to confirm
familial relationships (such as confirming parent-child relationships) in immigration and
citizenship matters.

Inheritance and Estate Disputes: In some cases, DNA fingerprinting may be used to resolve
inheritance disputes by confirming or disproving familial relationships between the
deceased and the claimed heirs.

7. Human Evolution and Anthropology:

Study of Human Evolution: DNA fingerprinting has provided valuable insights into human
evolution and migration patterns. By comparing the genetic makeup of modern humans
with ancient DNA samples (e.g., from fossils), scientists can trace human ancestry and
understand how populations have evolved over time.
Anthropological Studies: It is also used to study human populations and their migrations.
Genetic variations in different populations can give insights into historical human
movements, cultural exchanges, and evolution.
8. Food and Beverage Industry:
Food Authenticity Testing: DNA fingerprinting is used to confirm the authenticity of food
products, such as ensuring that meat products match the species labeled on the packaging
(e.g., distinguishing between beef and horsemeat).
Detection of Food Fraud: It helps detect food fraud, such as labeling misrepresentation or
contamination of food products with unauthorized substances or species.
Genetic Modification Detection: In the case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs),
DNA fingerprinting is used to detect genetically modified crops and ensure compliance with
regulations.

9. Personal Identification and Biometric Security:

Biometric Identification: DNA fingerprinting can be used as a form of personal
identification, similar to fingerprinting or facial recognition. It is sometimes used in high-
security situations for individual verification.
Databases: National or international DNA databases (such as CODIS in the U.S.) store DNA
profiles from criminals, missing persons, and unidentified remains. These databases are
invaluable for criminal investigations and identifying unknown victims.

10. Veterinary Applications:

Pet Identification: DNA fingerprinting is sometimes used to identify lost or stolen pets by
tagging their DNA profile in a database, much like microchipping.

Breed Identification: It is used to identify and trace the genetic lineage of various dog
breeds or other animals for pedigree purposes.
 Advantages of DNA fingerprinting

1.High accuracy and precision for identification.

2.Works with small or degraded samples, useful in forensics.

3.Crucial for paternity and family relationship testing.

4.Used extensively in criminal investigations and justice applications.

5.Helps in genealogy and ancestry research.

6.Non-invasive and easy-to-collect DNA samples.

7.Widely applicable in conservation, agriculture, and medical diagnosis.

 Disadvantages of DNA fingerprinting

1.Costly and may not be affordable for everyone.

2.Raises ethical and privacy concerns related to genetic information.

3.Sample degradation or contamination may lead to unreliable results.

4.False positives and false negatives can occur in rare cases.

5.Requires specialized equipment and skilled technicians.

6.Not suitable for all cases (e.g., when biological samples are
unavailable).

7.Complex interpretation of results can lead to errors.

8.Potential for misuse in legal and forensic contexts.

 Economic value

DNA fingerprinting has significant economic value in various sectors

due to its diverse applications in law enforcement, healthcare,
agriculture, biotechnology, and more. The technique helps improve
efficiency, reduce costs, and generate revenue by providing solutions
to complex problems.
 Famous cases of DNA fingerprinting

1. Colin Pitchfork (UK, 1986): First conviction based on DNA

evidence in the UK.

2. O.J. Simpson (USA, 1994-1995): Highly publicized case with

contested DNA evidence.

3. Gary Ridgway – Green River Killer (USA, 2001): Convicted based

on DNA linking him to numerous murders.

4. Birmingham Six (UK, 1987): Wrongful convictions overturned

using DNA fingerprinting.

5. Innocence Project (USA, 1990s-present): Exoneration of over 370

wrongfully convicted individuals using DNA evidence.

6. Twin Sisters (USA, 1991): Case illustrating the use of DNA in

paternity testing.

7. Cleveland Torso Murderer (USA, 1930s, solved 2010): Solving a

cold case decade later through DNA.

8. Mahatma Gandhi Assassination (India, 1948): Historic case solved

with DNA analysis.

These cases highlight the transformative power of DNA fingerprinting

in solving crimes, exonerating the innocent, and providing justice in
various legal and familial contexts.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized the fields of forensic
science, medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, among others. Through its
ability to uniquely identify individuals based on their genetic makeup, DNA
fingerprinting has become an indispensable tool in criminal investigations,
allowing for the resolution of complex cases, exoneration of the innocent, and
the identification of perpetrators with unprecedented accuracy. Moreover, its
application in medical diagnostics, paternity testing, and genealogical studies
has led to a better understanding of genetic inheritance and human health.

Beyond its uses in law enforcement, DNA fingerprinting has significant

implications in agriculture and biotechnology, helping improve crop and
livestock breeding, ensuring food authenticity, and aiding in environmental
conservation efforts. The technology has paved the way for personalized
medicine, enabling treatments tailored to individual genetic profiles, thus
improving healthcare outcomes and reducing costs in the long run.

However, despite its numerous advantages, DNA fingerprinting is not without

limitations, including ethical concerns, privacy issues, and the potential for
misuse. These challenges underscore the importance of responsible use and
proper regulation to ensure that its applications benefit society while
safeguarding individual rights.

In essence, DNA fingerprinting is a powerful tool with vast applications that

have not only advanced scientific research but have also brought about tangible
societal benefits. As technology continues to evolve, the future of DNA
fingerprinting promises even greater possibilities, further solidifying its role in
modern science and society.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Text Book for BIOLOGY – NCERT
Research Paper – Alec Jeffrey
DNA Fingerprinting: State of the Science
WEBSITES
www.google.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://chatgpt.com/share/