MAGNETISM

A PROJECT REPORT IN PHYSICS (042) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE COMPLETION OF

AISSCE 2024-25
BY
Laksh Goindani

AISSCE ROLL No:

Under the supervision

MR. RAKESH GUPTA

EKAYANAA SCHOOL
Opp. Bhandari Farms Kanadia road
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.N TOPICS
O.
1 INTRODUCTION

2 HISTORY
3 BAR MAGNET

4 MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

5 SOLENOID
6 MAGNETIC DIAPOLE
7 THE ELECTROSTATIC ANALOG
8 MAGNETISM AND GAUSS LAW
9 MAGNETISATION AND MAGNETIC INTENSITY
10 MATERIALS
11 CONCLUSION
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mast. Laksh Goindani Roll

No: __________ has successfully completed the

project Work entitled MAGNETISM in the subject

PHYSICS under the guidance of MR. RAKESH GUPTA

for the fulfillment of AISSCE-2025 as prescribed by

CBSE for the year 2024-25.

Date:

(Signature of Internal Examiner) (Signature

of Principal)

(Signature of External Examiner)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to my

__________ teacher __________ who guided me

throughout the project. I am also thankful to our

principal Mr. UK. JHA for his motivation and

encouragement. A special acknowledgement goes

to my classmates who helped me in completing the

project by exchanging interesting ideas and

sharing their experience. I would also thank to my

parents for encouraging during the course of this

project. Finally, I would like to thank CBSE for

giving me this opportunity to undertake this

project.
Name- Laksh Goindani
Roll no
Class- XII A
INTRODUCTION

Magnetism is a fascinating invisible force – it influences the

environment around it. A magnet is a material that can pull
certain types of metal towards itself. Unlike many other
forces, magnetism doesn’t have to touch the objects it
affects. Gravity is also an invisible force that acts at a
distance.

Magnetism arises from the motion of electric charges,

particularly in atoms. At the atomic level, electrons act as tiny
magnetic dipoles due to their spin and orbital motion around
the nucleus. When many such dipoles align in a material, it
can exhibit a net magnetic effect.

Magnetic fields are represented by lines of force that emerge

from the north pole and enter the south pole of a magnet. In
addition to permanent magnets, magnetism is also produced
by electric currents. A moving electric charge generates a
magnetic field, which forms the basis for electromagnetism.
 History
The study of magnetism dates back thousands of years, and its development has had a significant
impact on science and technology. Here's an overview of how magnetism has been understood and
explored through history:

1. Ancient Discoveries (circa 600 BCE)

The first known discovery of magnetism comes from ancient civilizations. The Greeks discovered
naturally occurring magnets, known as lodestones, which are pieces of the mineral magnetite that
are magnetized by the Earth’s magnetic field. These stones were observed to attract small metal
objects, particularly iron.

Thales of Miletus, a Greek philosopher, is often credited with the first recorded study of magnetism
around 600 BCE. He noticed the attraction of lodestones to iron and made the connection between
the properties of these stones and the force they exert.

2. The Renaissance and Early Modern Period (16th–17th centuries)

In the 16th century, William Gilbert, an English physician, made significant contributions to the
understanding of magnetism. He is considered the father of modern magnetism for his work "De
Magnete" (1600), in which he distinguished between magnetism and static electricity and proposed
that the Earth itself behaves like a giant magnet.

Gilbert also identified the magnetic poles and suggested that the Earth's magnetic field was
responsible for compasses pointing north. He introduced the term "electricity" and investigated the
relationship between magnetism and electricity, laying the groundwork for later developments in
electromagnetism.

3. Early Exploration of Electromagnetism (19th Century)

The 19th century was a pivotal time in the history of magnetism due to the groundbreaking work of
several scientists.

Hans Christian Ørsted (1820): A Danish physicist, Ørsted discovered that an electric current
produces a magnetic field. His famous experiment demonstrated that a compass needle could be
deflected by the presence of an electric current, establishing a direct connection between
electricity and magnetism.
André-Marie Ampère (1820s): A French physicist, Ampère developed Ampère's law, which
describes the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields. He also laid the
foundations for the theory of electromagnetism, building on Ørsted’s discoveries.

Michael Faraday (1830s): Faraday made crucial discoveries, including electromagnetic induction,
which is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.
His work led to the development of electric motors and generators. Faraday also discovered that
light is connected to electromagnetic phenomena, contributing to the unification of the theory of
electromagnetism.

James Clerk Maxwell (1860s): Maxwell, a Scottish mathematician and physicist, formulated the set
of equations known as Maxwell’s Equations. These equations describe the behavior of electric and
magnetic fields and their interrelationship, unifying electricity, magnetism, and light into a single
theory of electromagnetism.

4. 20th Century Developments

In the 20th century, the understanding of magnetism continued to evolve with new discoveries in
quantum mechanics and the study of subatomic particles.

Quantum Mechanics and the Electron: The development of quantum theory revealed that
magnetism at the atomic level arises from the spin and motion of electrons. This led to a deeper
understanding of the behavior of magnetic materials and phenomena like ferromagnetism,
paramagnetism, and diamagnetism.

Discovery of the Electron (1897): The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson helped explain why
certain materials were magnetic. The spin and motion of electrons in atoms create tiny magnetic
fields, which can combine to produce macroscopic magnetism in materials.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): In the late 20th century, advancements in magnetism led to
the development of technologies such as MRI, which uses strong magnetic fields to create detailed
images of the inside of the human body.

5. Modern Applications and Technologies

Today, magnetism plays a crucial role in many technologies. Electric motors, transformers, hard
drives, magnetic levitation trains (maglev), and MRI machines are just a few examples of
applications based on magnetic principles. The exploration of spintronics (which uses the spin of
electrons to store and process information) is an exciting frontier that promises to revolutionize
computing.

Magnetism, which began as a natural curiosity, has evolved into a key area of modern physics and
technology, influencing everything from basic electrical engineering to cutting-edge medical
imaging and computing.