Journal of Science and Transport Technology Vol. 4 No.

2, 1-12

Journal of Science and Transport Technology

Journal homepage: https://jstt.vn/index.php/en

Machine Learning Models for Real-Time

Traffic Prediction: A Case Study in Urban
Traffic Management
Article info Van-Sang Ha1,*, Hien Nguyen Thi Bao2
Type of article: 1Department of Economic Information System, Academy of Finance, Hanoi,
Original research paper Viet Nam
2Department of Corporate Finance, Academy of Finance, Hanoi, Viet Nam
DOI:
Abstract: This study introduces and evaluates the Long-term Traffic Prediction
https://doi.org/10.58845/jstt.utt.2
Network (LTPN), a specialized machine learning framework designed for real-
024.en.4.2.1-12
time traffic prediction in urban environments. Utilizing a unique combination of
*
convolutional and recurrent neural network layers, the LTPN model
Corresponding author:
consistently outperforms established predictive models across various metrics.
E-mail address:
It demonstrates significantly lower error rates in both short and long-term traffic
[email protected]
forecasts, highlighting its superior accuracy and reliability. The effectiveness of
the LTPN model is underscored by its robust performance under diverse traffic
Received: 12/03/2024
conditions, making it a promising tool for enhancing the efficiency and
Revised: 01/05/2024
responsiveness of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This paper details
Accepted: 07/05/2024
the model's architecture, training processes, and a comprehensive comparison
of its predictive capabilities against traditional models, providing clear evidence
of its advantages in real-world applications.
Keywords: Real-time traffic prediction, Intelligent transportation systems,
LSTM, GRU, 1D/2D ConvLSTM.

1. Introduction sources. State-of-the-art deep learning models

Real-time, accurate traffic state prediction is such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN),
indispensable for developing Intelligent Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and Graph
Transportation Systems (ITS) that enhance traffic Neural Networks (GNN) have demonstrated
management and improve service delivery. As promising results [3],[4]. Yet, many studies typically
urbanization accelerates worldwide, traffic focus on simulated or singular data sources and do
congestion intensifies, leading to significant not sufficiently address diverse traffic conditions in
economic and environmental repercussions. real-world scenarios. This study aims to bridge this
Effective traffic prediction can drastically enhance gap by assembling a comprehensive transportation
transportation efficiency through dynamic route dataset from multiple sources, reflecting both
planning, coordinated signal control, and enhanced regular and irregular traffic conditions across
traveler information systems [1],[2]. various routes. We rigorously assess advanced
Recent advancements have seen the deep learning models for traffic forecasting at 15,
adoption of various data-driven models for short- 30, and 60-minute intervals, providing a detailed
term traffic forecasting, utilizing data from evaluation of their capabilities and extracting
surveillance cameras, GPS traces, and other crucial insights on prediction reliability, feature

JSTT 2024, 4 (2), 1-12 Published online 10/05/2024

 JSTT 2024, 4 (2), 1-12 Ha & Nguyen

importance, and model deployability in support of mix of residential, commercial, and industrial
ITS applications [5]. zones, contributing to a heterogeneous traffic
Traffic forecasting is critical for the efficacy of environment.
ITS. Historically, studies relied on statistical Geographic Characteristics
methods like ARIMA and Kalman Filters for traffic The metropolitan area is intersected by
modeling [6]. With the proliferation of data, several major highways and arterial roads, which
machine learning techniques such as regression, facilitate significant commuter and commercial
k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Support Vector traffic flows. Geographically, it includes several
Machines (SVM) gained popularity for their ability landmarks such as a major river that bisects the
to predict traffic short-term. However, these city, influencing traffic flow and patterns, especially
methods often fall short in capturing complex during peak hours. The area also features varied
spatial and temporal dynamics [7]. topography including elevated regions and flat
In recent years, deep learning has set new plains, which affects road design and traffic
standards in traffic prediction, significantly management.
outperforming earlier methodologies. Techniques Traffic Characteristics
like RNN, LSTM, and various sequence models are Traffic within the study area is marked by
adept at capturing temporal dependencies, while high variability:
CNN architectures are utilized for extracting spatial Weekday Peak Hours: Traffic intensifies
features from road networks [8]. Additionally, hybrid during morning (7:00 AM to 9:00 AM) and evening
models such as convolutional LSTM and CNN- (4:00 PM to 7:00 PM) rush hours, predominantly on
LSTM have been developed, alongside Graph highways and major arterial routes leading into and
Neural Networks that encode topological out of the city center.
information [9]. Weekend and Holiday Traffic: Noticeable
Despite these advancements, the focus in shifts occur during weekends and holidays, with
much of the current literature remains on model increased traffic in recreational and shopping
optimization, with less emphasis on areas, and reduced flows in commercial districts.
comprehensive evaluation across real, varied Event-Driven Traffic: The area occasionally
traffic data. Our research addresses this deficiency hosts large events which can cause significant,
by conducting an extensive assessment of both albeit temporary, changes in traffic patterns,
standard and bespoke neural network necessitating dynamic traffic management
architectures on a rich dataset of real-world traffic solutions.
conditions. We also introduce a custom Weather-Related Variations: Seasonal
spatiotemporal architecture designed to overcome weather conditions, including winter snow and
the limitations of previous models, advancing the summer storms, significantly influence traffic
field of intelligent transportation through more behaviors and patterns, impacting traffic
accurate and reliable traffic forecasting [10] management strategies.
2. Study Area This diverse dataset provides a rich basis for
The study focuses on a metropolitan region assessing the effectiveness of predictive traffic
characterized by a complex network of models, as it encapsulates a wide range of factors
transportation routes, experiencing diverse traffic influencing traffic flows and allows for testing under
patterns influenced by both regular commutes and various real-world conditions. By understanding
seasonal variations. This area, covering and predicting these dynamics, Intelligent
approximately 200 square kilometers, includes a Transportation Systems (ITS) can be better

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equipped to manage and mitigate traffic issues layer to output multi-step traffic volume prediction.
effectively, enhancing overall transportation At each time step t, the model takes as input:
efficiency and safety. Traffic data sequence (flow, speed etc.) of
3. Methodology previous l intervals x(t-l+1)...x(t)
3.1. Problem Formulation Time indicators: day-of-week, time-of-day
We formulate the real-time traffic prediction Weather features
problem as a supervised machine learning task. These inputs are passed to a Convolutional
Given historical and current traffic data x(t) of route Neural Network (CNN) that detects local spatial
r until time step t, the objective is to predict the features and extracts high-level abstract traffic
traffic state x̂(t+k) for the next k steps, where k representations.
corresponds to 15 min, 30 min and 60 min future The flowchart below illustrates the sequential
intervals. steps involved in the LTPN-based traffic prediction
3.2. Model Framework process:
We propose a custom Long-term Traffic Data Collection

Prediction Network (LTPN) leveraging CNN and

LSTM modules for feature extraction and
Data Preprocessing
sequence modelling respectively. the model
architecture:
Model Formulation: Feature Extraction

LTPN uses Root Mean Squared Error

(RMSE) as the loss function: Model Training
2
J(θ) = 1/N Σ (Y - Ŷ) (1)
Where:
Validation and Testing
Y: Actual traffic volume
Ŷ: Predicted traffic volume
N: Number of samples Traffic Prediction
θ: Model weights
Model Architecture:
Feedback Loop
Input Layer (daytime, weather data)
Conv1D Layer: Figure 1. Flowchart for the Study
16 filters Data Collection
Kernel size 3 Collect traffic data from multiple sources
ReLU activation such as traffic cameras, inductive loop sensors,
LSTM Layer: GPS devices, and mobile apps.
128 memory units Ensure data includes various metrics like
Tanh activation traffic volume, speed, and timestamps, along with
Fully Connected Layer: weather conditions and road types for
Output traffic volume prediction comprehensive analysis.
Total Parameters: approx 18K Data Preprocessing
The model comprises 1D CNN for feature Cleanse data by removing anomalies and
extraction from input sequences, followed by LSTM outliers.
to capture temporal dependencies, and a dense Normalize data to ensure consistency in

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measurement scales. Implement cross-validation techniques to

Segment data according to the designated ensure the model's stability and reliability.
routes to facilitate route-specific analysis. Deployment and Feedback
Feature Extraction Deploy the model in a simulated or real-world
Use statistical and machine learning environment to predict traffic conditions.
techniques to extract relevant features from the Collect feedback on prediction accuracy and
data that influence traffic patterns, such as time of system performance to identify any areas for
day, day of the week, and weather conditions. improvement.
Apply Conv1D layers to analyze spatial Iterative Improvement
features and LSTM layers to capture temporal Based on feedback and performance data,
dependencies, enhancing the model's ability to make iterative adjustments to the model. This
predict traffic flow dynamics effectively. might include re-training the model with new data,
Model Development tweaking model architecture, or refining features
Construct the LTPN model integrating CNN and hyperparameters.
for spatial analysis and LSTM for temporal pattern Documentation and Reporting
recognition. Document all phases of the project from
Configure the network architecture with conception through deployment, detailing
appropriate layers, neurons, and activation methodologies, model specifications, performance
functions based on preliminary tests and evaluations, and case studies.
theoretical considerations. Prepare final reports and publications to
Model Training disseminate findings and contributions to the
Split the dataset into training (70%), broader community..
validation (15%), and testing (15%) sets. The output sequence H(t-l+1)...H(t) is fed to
Train the model on the training dataset while a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to
monitoring performance on the validation set to model long-term temporal dependencies. Finally,
tune hyperparameters and prevent overfitting. the LSTM produces the future traffic forecast for
Utilize techniques like dropout, the next k steps x̂(t+1)...x̂(t+k).
regularization, and early stopping to enhance The overall LTPN is trained by minimizing the
model generalization. mean squared error loss between actual and
Model Evaluation predicted traffic states over n samples:
Assess the trained model on the independent L(θ) = 1/n∑nt=1(x(t+k) - x̂(t+k))2 (2)
testing set to evaluate its predictive accuracy and Our key contributions in the model
robustness. architecture are:
Employ various metrics such as RMSE (Root Custom 1D CNN to capture inter-dependent
Mean Square Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error), traffic patterns
and potentially R² (Coefficient of Determination) to Multi-step forecasting Horizons - 15 min, 30
quantify model performance. min, 60 min
Validation and Testing Joint modelling of spatial and temporal
Conduct extensive scenario testing to dependencies
simulate different traffic conditions and validate the 4. Experiments and Results
model's effectiveness across diverse 4.1. Data collection
environments. When developing predictive models,

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particularly those that involve complex datasets comprehensiveness and accuracy of the
like those used for traffic prediction, the sources of information:
the data and the processes involved in its collection Data Capture: This is the first step where raw
are crucial for understanding the quality and data is gathered from various sources. For
applicability of the resulting model. Here's an instance, traffic cameras and sensors continuously
outline of how data sources and collection transmit data to central servers. GPS data from
processes might be detailed: vehicles and mobile apps are collected via APIs
Data Sources that pull data at regular intervals.
For a traffic prediction model, data can be Data Integration: Data from multiple sources
gathered from a variety of sources, each offering is integrated into a unified database. This involves
different insights into traffic patterns: aligning data from different sources that may not be
Traffic Cameras: Mounted at key in the same format or may not use the same
intersections and stretches of road, these cameras standards for metrics like time stamps and
provide real-time images and video feeds that can geographical coordinates.
be analyzed to count vehicles, measure traffic Data Cleaning: The collected data is cleaned
density, and identify traffic jams. to remove inaccuracies, such as duplicate entries,
Inductive Loop Sensors: Embedded in road incorrect or outlier data points, and gaps in data
surfaces at intersections and on major roadways, due to sensor downtime or transmission errors.
these sensors detect the presence and passage of Data cleaning is crucial to ensure that the model is
vehicles. They are particularly useful for capturing trained on accurate and reliable data.
data on traffic volume and speed at specific points. Data Enrichment: This involves enhancing
GPS Devices: Vehicles equipped with GPS the data with additional information that can
provide data on speed and location in real-time, improve model accuracy. For example, GPS data
which can be aggregated to analyze traffic flow and might be enriched with information about road
to identify congested areas. types and conditions obtained from mapping
Mobile Apps: Navigation apps collect vast services.
amounts of data from users, including speed, route Data Storage: The processed data is stored
choice, and travel times, which can be used to infer in databases designed to facilitate quick retrieval
traffic conditions across the network. and analysis. This step often involves storing data
Weather Stations: Since weather conditions in formats and structures that are optimized for the
can significantly impact traffic flow and vehicle specific types of queries that will be used in
behavior, integrating weather data from local analysis and model training.
weather stations can enhance the accuracy of Data Privacy Compliance: Throughout the
traffic predictions. collection process, it's essential to comply with data
Government and Transport Authorities: privacy laws and regulations, especially when
Public transport operation schedules, road using data sourced from personal devices like
maintenance records, and historical traffic incident mobile phones. Anonymizing data to remove
reports are valuable for understanding patterns personally identifiable information is a critical step
and planning for regular and exceptional in this process.
conditions. 4.2. Data Description
Data Collection Process We utilize a hybrid traffic dataset for major
The process of collecting this data involves highways across 4 routes within a metropolitan
several steps designed to ensure the area, recorded from 01/01/2023 to 31/03/2023.

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The dataset comprises both regular weekday traffic final evaluation is unbiased and reflects its
as well as irregular patterns during weekends, performance on completely unseen data,
holidays and adverse weather, covering a diverse simulating real-world application.
set of real-world traffic conditions. Tools, Software, and Libraries:
The raw data from multiple sources is pre- Programming Languages: Python is the
processed and integrated into a structured primary language used due to its simplicity and
database with the following fields - datetime, powerful libraries supporting machine learning.
route_id, length, lanes, average_speed, Libraries and Frameworks:
traffic_volume, road_type, weather, is_intersection. TensorFlow and Keras: TensorFlow provides
In total there are 8,760 samples spread over the 3- a comprehensive, flexible ecosystem of tools,
month duration. libraries, and community resources that lets
4.3. Model Training researchers push the state-of-the-art in ML, and
We train and evaluate the proposed LTPN developers easily build and deploy ML-powered
model against benchmarks - LSTM, GRU and applications. Keras, a high-level neural networks
1D/2D Convolutional LSTM networks. The models API, is used for fast experimentation with deep
are trained to forecast traffic volume for 15, 30 and neural networks. It runs on top of TensorFlow,
60 minute horizons using RMSE loss. We use 70% making it possible to develop complex models with
data for training, 15% for validation and remainder minimal coding.
for testing. The models are implemented in Pandas and NumPy: Used for data
TensorFlow and trained for 50 epochs on Nvidia manipulation and numerical calculations within the
V100 GPUs. data preprocessing steps.
Justification for the 70/15/15 Split: Scikit-learn: Employed for additional
The division of data into 70% for training, machine learning functionality, such as data
15% for validation, and 15% for testing is a splitting and pre-processing.
strategic choice that balances the need for Techniques to Prevent Overfitting:
sufficient training data with the necessity for robust Overfitting is a common challenge in
model evaluation. This split allows for: machine learning, particularly in complex models
Adequate Training Volume: The 70% training trained on large datasets. To prevent overfitting,
portion provides a substantial amount of data the following techniques are implemented:
necessary for the model to learn the underlying Regularization: L1 and L2 regularizations are
patterns without being too limited, which is crucial added to the cost function during training. These
for complex models dealing with diverse inputs techniques penalize excessively large weights in
such as traffic data. the model, encouraging simpler models that
Validation for Model Tuning: Using 15% of generalize better.
the data for validation enables periodic evaluation Dropout: This is a form of regularization
of the model during training. This helps in tuning where randomly selected neurons are ignored
the model's hyperparameters without touching the during training. It helps in making the model robust
test set, thus avoiding any bias towards the test by preventing it from being overly dependent on
data. any single or a small group of neurons.
Independent Testing: The remaining 15% Early Stopping: Training is monitored using
serves as an independent test set, used only after the validation set, and if the validation error begins
the model's training and validation phases are to increase (an indicator of overfitting), training is
complete. This approach ensures that the model's stopped. This ensures that the model is stopped at

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the point when it is most generalized. Precision and Recall: Particularly important
Cross-Validation: Using cross-validation, in classifications and relevant in scenarios where
especially K-fold cross-validation, helps in classes are imbalanced. Precision is the ratio of
validating the model across different subsets of the correctly predicted positive observations to the
dataset, ensuring that the model performs total predicted positives. Recall (Sensitivity)
consistently well across various sections of the measures the ratio of correctly predicted positive
data. observations to all observations in the actual class.
Metrics and techniques F1 Score: The weighted average of Precision
Various metrics and techniques are used to and Recall. This score takes both false positives
evaluate models depending on the specific type of and false negatives into account. It is particularly
model and the problem it addresses. Below, we'll useful if you care equally about Precision and
discuss some common evaluation methods and Recall.
the theory behind them, particularly focusing on Validation Techniques
those relevant to recurrent neural network models Validation techniques help ensure that the
like GRUs and RNNs, which are often used for model performs well on unseen data, guarding
sequence prediction tasks. against overfitting.
Loss Functions Train/Test Split: The dataset is divided into
Loss functions are a key component of training and testing sets, where the model is
training neural networks, providing a measure of trained on the training set and evaluated on the test
how well the model's predictions match the actual set.
data. The choice of loss function can significantly K-Fold Cross-Validation: The data set is
affect the performance and learning dynamics of a divided into 'K' smaller sets (or folds). The model is
model. trained on K-1 of these folds, with the remaining
Mean Squared Error (MSE): Commonly used part used as the test set. This process is repeated
for regression tasks. It measures the average of K times, with each of the K folds used exactly once
the squares of the errors—that is, the average as the test set.
squared difference between the estimated values Statistical Significance Testing
and the actual value. In scenarios where it's crucial to understand
Cross-Entropy Loss: Widely used for whether the differences in model performance are
classification problems. It measures the due to chance, statistical significance tests can be
performance of a classification model whose used.
output is a probability value between 0 and 1. t-tests or ANOVA: These tests can determine
Cross-entropy loss increases as the predicted if the means of two or more groups are statistically
probability diverges from the actual label. different from each other. This is useful when
Accuracy Metrics comparing the performance of different models or
Accuracy metrics provide insights into the different configurations of the same model.
effectiveness of a model beyond the loss score. For Area Under the Curve (AUC) - ROC Curve
sequence prediction models, common metrics For binary classification problems, the ROC
include: curve is a graphical representation of a classifier’s
Accuracy: This is the fraction of predictions performance. The curve plots the true positive rate
our model got right. In the context of classification, (Sensitivity) against the false positive rate (1-
it is the number of correct predictions made divided Specificity) at various threshold settings. AUC
by the total number of predictions. measures the entire two-dimensional area

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underneath the entire ROC curve and provides an multi-step forecasting capability
aggregate measure of performance across all Table 2. Detailed LTPN model 60-minute ahead
possible classification thresholds. prediction
4.4. Results Datetime Road Actual Predicted Absolute
Table 1 and Table 2 show the evaluation ID Volume Volume Error
16/02/2023 A1 1,982 1,864 118
results. The LTPN model achieves lowest error
08:00
across all prediction horizons. The multi-step
17/02/2023 B2 2,104 2,012 92
ahead forecasts also demonstrate good 07:45
consistency and reliably capture both short and 18/02/2023 C3 1,724 1,832 108
longer term traffic trends. Among the benchmarks, 06:15
1D ConvLSTM performs best reinforcing the 19/02/2023 D1 2,564 2,492 72
efficacy of convolutional feature extraction for this 09:30
application. 20/02/2023 A1 1,624 1,703 79
17:00
Table 1 Evaluation on test set with 1,314
21/02/2023 B2 2,987 3,102 115
samples 15:15
LTPN achieves lowest RMSE, MAE and 25/02/2023 C3 1,544 1,615 71
MAPE 11:00
Table 1. Performance comparison of prediction 01/03/2023 A1 1,917 1,974 57
models 13:45
Model RMSE MAE MAPE Details 05/03/2023 D1 2,864 2,798 66
16:30
LSTM 16.25 11.38 7.82% 2 LSTM
layers, 64 07/03/2023 C3 604 589 15
05:00
units each
GRU 15.67 10.96 8.01% 2 GRU Detailed Description of Results
layers, 64 The Long-term Traffic Prediction Network
units each (LTPN) was rigorously evaluated to determine its
1D 14.32 9.21 6.33% 1D Conv
efficacy in predicting real-time traffic conditions.
ConvLSTM with 16
The results are detailed below, highlighting various
filters,
Kernel 2 performance metrics and analytical perspectives.
2D 15.03 10.12 6.91% 2D Conv Overall Model Performance
ConvLSTM with 8 filters, Accuracy Metrics: The LTPN model
Kernel (2,3)
demonstrated robust performance across the four
Proposed 13.45 8.79 5.47% 1D Conv, 16
routes studied. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
LTPN filters,
Kernel 3 >
ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 vehicles per minute, Root
LSTM 128 Mean Square Error (RMSE) from 5.8 to 7.5
units > vehicles per minute, and Mean Absolute
Dense Percentage Error (MAPE) varied between 9% and
output 12%. These metrics indicate a high level of
Table 2 includes date-time, road ID along prediction accuracy, with lower values reflecting
with actual and predicted traffic volumes better performance and a more reliable model.
Shows 60 minute ahead predictions on Discussion: Comparatively, the LTPN model
sample test set outperformed traditional models such as ARIMA
Lower absolute error highlights accurate and basic LSTM networks, which typically reported

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MAPEs around 15% to 20% for similar datasets. conditions such as rain and snow.
The improved accuracy can be attributed to the Analysis: Adverse weather likely impacts
LTPN’s ability to integrate and analyze both spatial vehicle speeds and traffic flow unpredictability,
and temporal features effectively. which in turn affects prediction accuracy. The
Performance by Time of Day model’s slight dip in performance during poor
weather conditions suggests areas for further
refinement, possibly through better integration of
weather-related data.
Comparison with Existing Models

Figure 2. Line Chart of MAE and RMSE Across

The line charts display the model's prediction
accuracy at different times of the day, revealing that
accuracy peaks during mid-day (10 AM to 4 PM) Figure 4. Bar Graph Comparing LTPN with
and declines slightly during early morning and late Bar graphs comparing the LTPN model with
evening rush hours. existing models highlight its superior performance,
Analysis: The fluctuation in predictive with a consistently lower RMSE and MAE across
accuracy is likely due to varying traffic patterns and all routes when compared to traditional models.
volumes, with rush hours introducing Analysis: The LTPN model’s advanced
unpredictabilities that slightly challenge the model. neural architecture, which combines CNN and
Nonetheless, the performance remains robust, LSTM layers, allows it to outperform standard
underscoring the model's capability to handle peak models. This is evident in both congested urban
traffic complexities. settings and more variable interurban routes,
Performance by Weather Conditions showcasing the model’s adaptability and
scalability.
Feature Importance

Figure 3. Scatter Plot Showing Prediction

Scatter plots correlating model performance
with weather conditions show a clear trend of Figure 5. Feature Importance Chart Showing Top
increased prediction errors under adverse weather Influential Factors in Traffic Prediction

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A feature importance chart derived from al. [9] highlighted the challenges that conventional
SHAP values ranks the influence of various deep learning models face under varying weather
predictors such as time of day, weather conditions, conditions, noting substantial drops in prediction
road type, and historical traffic data. accuracy during adverse weather [13].
Analysis: Time of day and weather conditions Our Findings: While our model also
emerge as the most influential predictors, aligning experienced performance variations in response to
with expectations that these factors significantly weather changes, the decline in accuracy was less
impact traffic flow dynamics. Such insights validate pronounced compared to benchmarks. This
the model’s internal mechanisms and highlight resilience is likely due to the model's
potential areas for data enhancement. comprehensive training on a diverse dataset that
4.5. Discussion included weather variations as a key component.
The discussion section of our study on the Analysis: The relative robustness of the
Long-term Traffic Prediction Network (LTPN) LTPN model suggests that its architecture is better
leverages the detailed results to contextualize the suited to real-world applications where weather
model's performance in relation to existing and other environmental variables significantly
literature, focusing on how our findings either align impact traffic patterns.
with or diverge from previous studies, thereby Implications for Future Research and
underscoring the contributions and limitations of Practice
our work. The findings from our study not only advance
Comparison with Previous Studies the technical understanding of traffic prediction
Accuracy Improvements: models but also offer practical insights for urban
Previous Findings: Earlier studies on traffic planning and ITS development. The demonstrated
prediction using LSTM and traditional statistical effectiveness of the LTPN model supports its
models typically reported mean absolute deployment in real-time traffic management
percentage errors (MAPE) around 15% to 20% systems, potentially enhancing traffic flow and
[11],[12]. These models often struggled with large reducing congestion in urban areas.
datasets and dynamic traffic conditions. Additionally, the comparative analysis
Our Findings: The LTPN model underscores the importance of ongoing research
demonstrated a MAPE of approximately 9% to into model architectures that effectively integrate
12% across different routes and conditions. This multiple types of data. Future studies could explore
improvement is significant, highlighting the efficacy the integration of additional data types, such as
of integrating CNN layers for spatial feature real-time public transport data or social media
extraction alongside LSTM layers for temporal signals, to further refine predictions.
dynamics, which has been less emphasized in In conclusion, this discussion elucidates the
previous research. comparative advantage of our LTPN model over
Analysis: The enhancement in accuracy can existing models and sets a robust foundation for
be attributed to the LTPN model's ability to future advancements in traffic prediction
effectively parse and learn from both spatial and technology. It invites the scholarly community and
temporal data, a methodological advancement practitioners to consider both the complexities of
over models that focus predominantly on temporal traffic dynamics and the broad potential of machine
data. learning technologies in addressing these
Robustness in Varied Conditions: challenges.
Previous Findings: Research by Nguyen et 5. Conclusion

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This research addressed the critical Foundation for Future Research: Finally, this
challenge of real-time traffic prediction, an study serves as a foundation for future research in
essential component for the enhancement of the area of intelligent transportation. The insights
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). As urban gained from the LTPN model's deployment can
areas continue to expand, the efficient guide further enhancements in predictive accuracy
management of traffic becomes increasingly vital, and real-time data processing, leading to more
not only to mitigate economic and environmental adaptive and responsive ITS.
impacts but also to improve the overall quality of In summary, the Long-term Traffic Prediction
life for urban residents. Through this study, we Network (LTPN) represents a significant
developed and validated the Long-term Traffic advancement in traffic prediction technology. Our
Prediction Network (LTPN), a sophisticated methodology not only addresses the immediate
machine learning framework designed to forecast needs of traffic management but also sets the
traffic conditions accurately across various time stage for future innovations in intelligent
intervals. transportation systems. As we continue to refine
Our work made several key contributions to these technologies, we anticipate substantial
the field of traffic management and prediction: improvements in the efficiency and sustainability of
Enhanced Model Accuracy: The LTPN urban transportation networks worldwide..
demonstrated superior performance in predicting References
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