Welcome to

Trigonometry
 Table of contents

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 05 𝟏𝟏𝟐

System of Measurement of Angles 06 Trigonometric ratios of Multiple Angles 117
Trigonometric Ratios for Acute Angles 16 Sine and Cosine Series with Angles in A.P. 125
Trigonometric Identities 18 Maximum and Minimum Values Of 127
Trigonometric Expressions
Sign of Trigonometric Ratios 24

Session 02 𝟐𝟕
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles 28

Session 03 𝟒𝟔
Graphs of Trigonometric functions 47
Graphical Transformation 62

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles 79

Session 04 𝟖𝟖
Transformation Formulae 90
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles 97
 Session 1
Angle Measurement & Trigonometric
Identities

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 Angle:

It is the amount of rotation of a revolving line with respect to a fixed line.

𝜃
Vertex 𝐴
𝑂 Initial side

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 Sense of an Angle:

𝐵 Vertex Initial Side

𝑂 𝐴
Terminal Side 𝜃−

𝜃 Terminal Side
𝑂 𝐴
Vertex Initial Side 𝐵

Anti-clockwise Clockwise

Positive Angle Negative Angle

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 System of Measurement of Angles:

System of Measurement of Angles

Sexagesimal System
Circular System (Radians)
(Degrees)

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 Sexagesimal System:
1 𝑡ℎ 90𝑜
𝑜
1 right angle = 90 1 =
𝑜 of a right angle
90

1𝑜 = 60′ 1 𝑡ℎ
(60 minutes) 1′ = of 1𝑜 1𝑜
60

1′ = 60′′ 1 𝑡ℎ
1′′ = of 1′
(60 seconds) 60 1′

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 Complementary Angles:
Examples:
Two angles are said to be complementary when their sum
𝜋 15° and 75° 120° and −30°
is equal to a right angle or radians.
2
15° + 75° = 90° 120° + −30° = 90°
Any angle 𝜃 and the angle (90° − 𝜃) are complementary.

Supplementary Angles:

Two angles are said to be supplementary when their sum Examples:

is equal to two right angles or 𝜋 radians. 120° and 60° 210° and −30°
Any angle 𝜃 and the angle (180° − 𝜃) are supplementary.
120° + 60° = 180° 210° + −30° = 180°

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 Circular System:
One radian (1𝑅 or 1𝐶 ) = measure of an angle subtended at the center of a
circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.

𝑟 𝑟

𝑟
1 rad

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 Circular System:

Angle subtended 2𝑐
3𝑐
Arc length 1𝑐
(in radians)
𝑟
1𝑟 𝑐
1

2𝑟 2𝑐

3𝑟 3𝑐

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 Circular System:

𝑙 = 𝜃𝑟

Arc Length 𝑙
𝜃 =
Radius 𝑟

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 Relation between Degrees and Radians:

Arc Length 𝑙
𝜃=
Radius 𝑟

Angle subtended
Arc length
(in radians)

𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑐

𝜋 radians = 180𝑜

180 𝑜 𝜋 𝐶
⇒ 1 radian = ≈ 57𝑜 (OR) 1 degree =
𝜋 180

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 Convert 195° into radians.

Solution:

𝜋 𝑐 = 180°

or, 180° = 𝜋 𝑐

𝜋 𝑐
⇒ 1𝑜 =
180

𝜋 𝑐
⇒ 195° = 195 ×
180

𝑜
13𝜋𝑐
⇒ 195 =
12

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 7𝜋 𝑐
Convert into degrees.
18

Solution:

𝜋 𝑐 = 180°

𝑜
𝑐
180
⇒1 =
𝜋

𝑜
7𝜋𝑐 7𝜋 180
⇒ = ×
18 18 𝜋

7𝜋 𝑐
⇒ = 70°
18

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 Fill in the boxes with degree measure against radian measure or
vice-versa:

Solution:

Radians Degrees 𝜋 𝑐 = 180°

2𝜋 360°

𝜋
45°
4
𝜋
90°
2
3𝜋
135°
4

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 Trigonometric Ratios for Acute Angles:

Opposite 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = =
𝐵 Hypotenuse 𝑟

𝑟 Adjacent 𝑥
𝑦 cos 𝜃 = =
Hypotenuse 𝑟
𝜃
𝐴 Opposite 𝑦
𝑥 𝐶 tan 𝜃 = =
Adjacent 𝑥

1
cosec 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 ≠ 0
sin 𝜃

1
sec 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
cos 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 = , tan 𝜃 ≠ 0
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tan 𝜃
 Trigonometric Ratios for Certain Angles:

Degrees Radians sin cos tan

0 0 0 1 0

𝜋 1 3 1
30∘ 6 2 3
2

𝜋 1 1
45∘ 4 2 2
1

𝜋 3 1
60∘ 3 2
3
2

𝜋 Not
90∘ 1 0
2 Defined
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 Trigonometric Identities:

➢ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 ➢ 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃 ; sin 𝜃 ≠ 0

Alternate forms:
2 2
➢ 1 + tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 ; cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
• cosec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1
Alternate forms:
• sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1 • cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 = 1

1
• sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = 1
• cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 =
cosec 𝜃 − cot 𝜃
1
• sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃

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 Prove that sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = | tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 |

Solution:

sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃 + 1 + cot 2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃

cosec2 𝜃 = 1 + cot 2 𝜃
= tan2 𝜃 + cot 2 𝜃 + 2 tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃
2
2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
= tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃

= | tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 |

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 Prove that sin6 𝜃 + cos6 𝜃 = 1 − 3 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃

Solution:

cos6 𝜃 + sin6 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 3

+ sin2 𝜃 3

= cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 2

+ sin2 𝜃 2
− cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

= cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 2

− 3 cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

= 1 − 3 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃

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 3
If 0° < 𝑥 < 90° and cos 𝑥 = , then the value of
10
log10 sin 𝑥 + log10 cos 𝑥 + log10 tan 𝑥 is:

A 0

B 1

C −1

D 2

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 3
If 0° < 𝑥 < 90° and cos 𝑥 = , then the value of
10
log10 sin 𝑥 + log10 cos 𝑥 + log10 tan 𝑥 is:

Solution:

3
cos 𝑥 = A 0
10

1 1
sin 𝑥 = , tan 𝑥 = B 1
10 3

1 3 1
log10 sin 𝑥 + log10 cos 𝑥 + log10 tan 𝑥 = log10 ⋅ ⋅ C −1
10 10 3

1
= log10
10 D 2

= −1

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 Trigonometric Ratios as Circular Functions:

Any point 𝑃 on the circumference of unit circle will be of the form cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 .

𝑌 Abscissa of point 𝑃 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = = =𝑥
Radius 1
𝑃 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 Ordinate of point 𝑃 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = = =𝑦
Radius 1
1
𝑦
𝜃
𝑋
0 𝑀
𝑥

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 Sign of Trigonometric Ratios:

We know that any point 𝑃 on the circumference of unit 0, 1

circle will be of the form cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 . 𝑃 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃
Sign
Position of 𝑃
Convention
𝜃
cos 𝜃 > 0, −1, 0 𝑂 1, 0
Quadrant 𝐼
sin 𝜃 > 0

cos 𝜃 < 0,
Quadrant 𝐼𝐼 0, −1
sin 𝜃 > 0

cos 𝜃 < 0,
Quadrant 𝐼𝐼𝐼
sin 𝜃 < 0

cos 𝜃 > 0,
Quadrant 𝐼𝑉
sin 𝜃 < 0
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 Sign of Trigonometric Ratios

𝑦 To memorize:
2𝑛𝑑 Quadrant 1 Quadrant
𝑠𝑡
Add Sugar To Coffee
𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0
𝑆 𝐴
sin and cosec All are positive
are positive
𝑥′ 𝑥
0
3𝑟𝑑 Quadrant 4𝑡ℎ Quadrant
𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0
𝑇 𝐶
tan and cot are cos and sec are
positive positive
𝑦′
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 3
If cos 𝜃 = − , where 𝜃 is in second quadrant, then find the other five
5
trigonometric ratios.

Solution:
3 1 5 sin 𝜃 4/5 4
cos 𝜃 = − ⇒ sec 𝜃 = =− tan 𝜃 = = =−
5 cos 𝜃 3 cos 𝜃 −3/5 3

We know, sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 cot 𝜃 =

1
=−
3
tan 𝜃 4

9
⇒ sin2 𝜃 + =1
25

9 16 4
⇒ sin2 𝜃 = 1 − = ⇒ sin 𝜃 = ±
5
25 25

But sin function is positive in second quadrant

4
∴ sin 𝜃 =
5

1 5
cosec 𝜃 = =
sin 𝜃 4
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 Session 2
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Two angles are said to be allied if their sum or difference is either a 0 or a
multiple of 90∘ .

Angles allied to 𝜃 are:

−𝜃 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 ± 𝜃 ⋯
±𝜃 𝜋±𝜃 ±𝜃
2 2

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 𝑌
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Angle = −𝜃 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
1
Here, − sin 𝜃 = −𝑦 Here, cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝜃
𝑦 𝑋
sin −𝜃 = − = − sin 𝜃 𝑥 𝑂 −𝜃
1 cos −𝜃 = = cos 𝜃
1 1
Taking reciprocal both sides, Taking reciprocal both sides,
𝑃′ 𝑥, −𝑦
cosec −𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃 sec −𝜃 = sec 𝜃

sin −𝜃 −sin 𝜃
tan −𝜃 = = = − tan 𝜃
cos −𝜃 cos 𝜃

Taking reciprocal both sides,

1 1
cot −𝜃 = = = − cot 𝜃
=cot −𝜃 𝜃 tan −𝜃
− cot − tan 𝜃

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 𝑌
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Angle = −𝜃 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
1
sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 𝜃
𝑋
cosec −𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃 𝑂 −𝜃

cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 1

sec −𝜃 = sec 𝜃 𝑃′ 𝑥, −𝑦

tan −𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
cot −𝜃 = − cot 𝜃

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 sec −𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − cot(−𝑥) is equal to:

A sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − cot 𝑥

B sec 𝑥 1 + cosec 𝑥

C sec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − 1

D sec 𝑥

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 sec −𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − cot(−𝑥) is equal to:

Solution:
A sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
sec −𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − cot(−𝑥)

= sec 𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − (− cot(𝑥)) B sec 𝑥 1 + cosec 𝑥

= sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥

C sec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − 1

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 + +
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
D sec 𝑥
sin2 𝑥+cos2 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 +
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1
= sec 𝑥 + = sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 (1 + cosec 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝑌
Angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ sin 𝜋 − 𝜃 = + sin 𝜃

Any trigonometric ratio of angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝜋−𝜃 cos 𝜋 − 𝜃 = − cos 𝜃

(where 𝜃 is acute) is numerically equal to the 𝜃

𝑋 tan 𝜋 − 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
𝑂
same trigonometric ratio of 𝜃, with sign
depending upon the quadrant in which the
𝑌
terminal ray lies.
sin 𝜋 + 𝜃 = −sin 𝜃
𝜋+𝜃
𝑋 cos 𝜋 + 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃
𝑂
tan 𝜋 + 𝜃 = +tan 𝜃

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

𝑌 𝑌
2𝜋 − 𝜃
2𝜋 + 𝜃
𝑋 𝑂 𝑋
𝑂

sin 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = −sin 𝜃 sin 2𝜋 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜃

cos 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = +cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜋 + 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

tan −𝜃
cot 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = −tan 𝜃 tan 2𝜋 + 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
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 Evaluate the following: 𝑖) sin 120° 𝑖𝑖) tan 1035°

Solution:
𝑌
𝑖) sin 120° = sin 180° − 60°
sin −𝜃
cot 𝜋 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
= sin 60°
120°
3
= 𝑋
2 𝑂 45°

𝑖𝑖) tan 1035° = tan 1080° − 45°

tan 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = −tan 𝜃
= tan 3 × 360° − 45°
= − tan 45°
= −1

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 5𝜋 8𝜋 3𝜋
The value of sin + tan + cos is
3 3 2

3 3
A
2

3
B
2

3 3
C −
2

3
D −
2

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 5𝜋 8𝜋 3𝜋
The value of sin + tan + cos is
3 3 2

Solution:
3 3
sin
5𝜋
+ tan
8𝜋
+ cos
3𝜋 A
3 3 2 2

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= sin 2𝜋 − + tan 3𝜋 − + cos B
3
3 3 2
2

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= − sin − tan + cos
3 3 2 3 3
C −
2
3
=− − 3+0
2
3
D −
3 3 2
=−
2

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 Note:

Angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

𝑌
sin 𝜃 = sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin(4𝜋 + 𝜃)

4𝜋 + 𝜃
Note: The values of trigonometric ratios
𝜃 2𝜋 + 𝜃
𝑋 repeat after an interval of 2𝜋.
0

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝜋
Angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
Co-functions of trigonometric ratios:

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃

sec 𝜃 cosec 𝜃

𝜋
Any trigonometric ratio of angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
(where 𝜃 is acute) is numerically equal to the co-function of 𝜃.
Sign depends upon the quadrant in which the terminal ray lies.
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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝜋
Angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
𝑌
𝑌

𝜋 𝜋
−𝜃 +𝜃
2 2

𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑂

𝜋 𝜋
sin − 𝜃 = + cos 𝜃 sin + 𝜃 = + cos 𝜃
2 2

𝜋
cos
𝜋
− 𝜃 = + sin 𝜃 cos + 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
2
2
𝜋
tan
𝜋
− 𝜃 = + cot 𝜃 tan + 𝜃 = − cot 𝜃
2
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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝜋
Angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
𝑌
𝑌 3𝜋
+𝜃
3𝜋 2
−𝜃
2
𝑋
𝑋 𝑂
𝑂

3𝜋 3𝜋
sin − 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃 sin + 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃
2 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
cos − 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 cos + 𝜃 = +sin 𝜃
2 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
tan − 𝜃 = +cot 𝜃 tan + 𝜃 = −cot 𝜃
2 2
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 8𝜋
Evaluate the following : 𝑖) cos − 𝑖𝑖) cot 570°
3

Solution:
8𝜋 8𝜋 𝑖𝑖) cot 570° = cot 720° − 150°
𝑖) cos − = cos
3 3

= −co𝑡 150°
2𝜋
= cos 2𝜋 +
3
= −cot 90° + 60°
2𝜋
= cos
3 = tan 60° = 3
𝜋 𝜋
= cos +
2 3

𝜋 1
= − sin =−
6 2

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 The value of
cos2 5° + cos 2 10° + cos2 15° + ⋯ + cos2 180° is:

A 15

B 16

C 17

D 18
C

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 The value of
cos2 5° + cos 2 10° + cos2 15° + ⋯ + cos2 180° is:

Solution:
cos2 5° + cos 2 10° + ⋯ + cos 2 80° + cos 2 85° + cos2 90° 5° + 175° = 180°
A 15
2 2 2 95° − 5° = 90°
+ cos 95° + ⋯ + cos 175° + cos 180°

= cos 2 5° + cos 2 95° + cos2 10° + cos 2 100° + ⋯ B 16

+ cos 2 85° + cos 2 175° + 1

C 17
° 2 ° 2
cos 90 + 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 cos 90 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜃

= cos 2 5° + sin2 5° + ⋯ + cos2 85° + sin2 85° + 1 D 18

= 1+1 +⋯+1 +1

17 times
= 18
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 Find the value of
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
tan + tan + tan + tan
10 10 10 10

Solution:
We know, tan 𝜋 − 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃

9𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
So, tan = tan 𝜋 − = − tan
10 10 10

Similarly,

7𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
tan = tan 𝜋 − = − tan
10 10 10

𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
∴ tan + tan + tan + tan = tan + tan − tan − tan =0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

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 Session 3
Visualizing Trigonometric Functions
Graphically

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 0
𝑌 6 4 3 2
1 1 3
sin 𝑥 0 1
1 2 2 2

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
6 4 3
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 𝜋
𝑌 2 3 4 6
3 1 1
sin 𝑥 1 0
1 2 2 2

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
3
𝜋 2𝜋
2 3 4 6 2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions
If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 , then 𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ [𝜋, 2𝜋]
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
& sin 𝜋 + 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
𝑌

𝑋
𝜋
0 3
𝜋 3𝜋
2𝜋
2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions
If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋 , then −𝜃 ∈ [−2𝜋, 0]
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
& sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
𝑌

𝑋
−2𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 2 2

−1
We observe that the values of Sine
function repeat after an interval of 2𝜋.
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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝑌

1 𝑦=1

𝑋
0
−4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

𝑦 = −1 −1

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 Periodic Functions

➢ A function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be periodic function if ∃ a positive real

number 𝑇, such that

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ domain of 𝑓; 𝑇 > 0

➢ Here, 𝑇 is called period of function 𝑓 and the smallest value of 𝑇 is

called fundamental period.

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 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ

➢ Range = −1, 1

➢ −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1

Min Value Max Value

➢ sin 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

1 𝑦=1

𝑋
−4𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
−2𝜋 4𝜋
−1
𝑦 = −1

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 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ

➢ Range = −1, 1

➢ −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1

Min Value Max Value

➢ cos 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
➢ cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

sin 𝑥
We know, tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

⇒ tan 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if cos 𝑥 ≠ 0

𝜋
⇒ tan 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −𝜋 − 0 𝜋
2 2 2 2

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 Observations

𝜋
➢ Domain = ℝ − 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ℤ
2

➢ Range = ℝ

➢ tan 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ tan −𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
cos 𝑥
We know, cot 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

⇒ cot 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if sin 𝑥 ≠ 0
⇒ cot 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
𝑌

𝑋
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 −
𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− 2 2 2
2

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 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ − 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ Range = ℝ

➢ cot 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
➢ cot −𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Graphical Transformation

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to left side by 𝑘 units (Horizontal shift)

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 < 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to right side by |𝑘| units (Horizontal shift)

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along along 𝑦-axis up by 𝑘 units (Vertical shift)

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 < 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along along 𝑦-axis down by |𝑘| units (Vertical shift)

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 Graphical Transformation

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 :
In the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , divide every point on 𝑥-axis by 𝑘

(Horizontal Shrink or stretch)

Case 1: 𝑘 > 1
If 𝑘 > 1, then graph is horizontal shrink.

Case 2: 0 < 𝑘 < 1

If 𝑘 < 1, then graph is horizontal stretch.

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 Graphical Transformation

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 :
in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , multiply 𝑦-axis by 𝑘 (Vertical Shrink or stretch)

Case 1: 𝑘 > 1
If 𝑘 > 1, then graph is vertical stretch.
Case 2: 0 < 𝑘 < 1

If 𝑘 < 1, then graph is vertical shrink.

➢ If graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is given then for 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , part of

graph below 𝑥-axis is reflected about 𝑥-axis.

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 Vertical Shift
The graph of cos 𝑥 shifts vertically
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2 downward along the 𝑦 −axis by 2 units.

1 cos 𝑥

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1

−2

−3

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 Vertical Shift
The graph of cos 𝑥 shifts vertically
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2 downward along the 𝑦 −axis by 2 units.

1 cos 𝑥

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1 cos 𝑥 − 2

−2

−3

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 Horizontal Shift
The graph of sin 𝑥 shifts horizontally
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 +
4 to the left along the 𝑥 −axis by units.
4

sin 𝑥
1

𝑋
−2𝜋
3𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2

−1

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 Horizontal Shift
The graph of sin 𝑥 shifts horizontally
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 +
4 to the left along the 𝑥 −axis by units.
4

𝜋
1 sin 𝑥 +
4

𝑋
−2𝜋
3𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 4 2 2

−1

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 Horizontal Shift
The graph of sin 𝑥 shifts horizontally
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 +
4 to the left along the 𝑥 −axis by units.
4

𝜋
1 sin 𝑥 +
4

𝑋
−2𝜋
3𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 4 2 2

−1

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 1
Plot the following graphs: 𝑖 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 𝑥
2

Solution: Vertically stretches the graph of 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑘 times along the 𝑦 − axis
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥

𝑌 2 sin 𝑥
2

sin 𝑥
1

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1

−2

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 1
Plot the following graphs: 𝑖 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 𝑥
2

Solution:
1
𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2

𝑌 sin 𝑥
1
1
sin 𝑥
2
1
2

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
1
−
2

−1

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 1
Plot the following graphs: 𝑖 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 𝑥
2

Solution: cot 𝑥 ; cot 𝑥 > 0

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = ቊ
− cot 𝑥 ; cot 𝑥 < 0

𝑌
cot 𝑥

𝑋
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 −
𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− 2 2 2
2

cot 𝑥

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥

We know,

⇒ cosec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if sin 𝑥 ≠ 0

⇒ cosec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥
𝑌 cosec 𝑥

𝑋
−2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
− 2
2

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 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ − 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ Range = −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

➢ cosec −𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

1
We know, sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

⇒ sec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if cos 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝜋
⇒ sec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ℤ
2

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions: 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

1 𝑦=1
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
𝑋
0 𝜋
−𝜋
𝑦 = −1
−1

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 Observations

𝜋
➢ Domain = ℝ − 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ℤ
2

➢ Range = −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

➢ sec −𝑥 = sec 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

Compound angle: An angle made up of the algebraic sum or

difference of two or more angles is called a compound angle.

Example

If angles 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 are compound angles formed by 𝐴 and 𝐵.

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

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 3 5
If sin 𝛼 = and cos 𝛽 = , then find sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 .
5 13

Solution:
3 4
sin 𝛼 = ⇒ cos 𝛼 = ± 1 − sin2 𝛼 = ±
5 5

5 12
cos 𝛽 = ⇒ sin 𝛽 = ± 1 − cos 2 𝛽 = ±
13 13

sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

3 5 4 12
= ⋅ + ± ⋅ ±
5 13 5 13

15 48 63 15 48 33
⇒ sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = + = sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − =−
65 65 65 65 65 65

63 33
∴ sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = or −
65 65
 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

Replace 𝐵 by −𝐵

sin 𝐴 + −𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos −𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin −𝐵

⇒ sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

Replace 𝐵 by −𝐵

cos(𝐴 + −𝐵 ) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos −𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin −𝐵

⇒ cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

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 sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° sin 66°
The value of is
sin 21° cos 39° − cos 51° sin 69°

A −1

B 1

C 2

D 0

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 sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° sin 66°
The value of is
sin 21° cos 39° − cos 51° sin 69°

Solution:
Applying the formula,
A −1
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° sin 66° = sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° cos 24°
B 1
= sin 18°
Similarly,
C 2
sin 21° cos 39° − cos 51° sin 69° = sin 21° cos 39° − sin 39° cos 21°

= − sin 18°
D 0
sin 24° cos 6°− sin 6° sin 66°
∴ = −1
sin 21° cos 39°− cos 51° sin 69°

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 are not

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝜋
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 equal to odd multiple of
2

tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵 where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 are not

tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝜋
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 equal to odd multiple of
2

cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1
cot 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐴

cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 + 1
cot 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
cot 𝐵 − cot 𝐴

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 3 5 𝜋
If cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 = , sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = and 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < ,
5 13 4
then tan 2𝛼 is equal to :
JEE Main July 2021
21
A 16

63
B 16

63
C 52

33
D
52

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 3 5 𝜋
If cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 = , sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = and 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < ,
5 13 4
then tan 2𝛼 is equal to :
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
𝜋
0<𝛼+𝛽 < ⇒ 𝛼 + 𝛽 is in 1st quadrant
2
21
𝛼 − 𝛽 is also in 1st quadrant A 16

3 4
cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
5 3 63
B 16
5 5
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
13 12
63
C
Now, tan 2𝛼 = tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛼 − 𝛽 52

tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 + tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 33
= D
1 − tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 ⋅ tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 52

4 5
+
= 3 12 = 63
4 5 16
1− ×
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 Session 4
Transformation formulas and
multiple angles

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 Find the value of
𝑖 sin 15° 𝑖𝑖 tan 15° 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 15°

Solution:
𝑖 sin 15° 𝑖𝑖 tan 15°
Applying the formula, Applying the formula,
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 tan 𝛼−tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
1+ tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
We take 𝛼 = 45° , 𝛽 = 30°
We take 𝛼 = 60° , 𝛽 = 45°
sin 45° − 30° = sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30°
tan 60° −tan 45°
1 3 1 1 tan 60° − 45° =
1+ tan 60° tan 45°
= . − .
2 2 2 2
2
3−1 3−1
3−1 = =
= 1+ 3 2
2 2

=2− 3
𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 15°
1 1
cot 15° = = =2+ 3
tan 15° 2− 3

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 Transformation Formulae

Product Sum
𝐼. 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Proof sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵

⇒ 2 sin 𝐴 cos B = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵

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 Transformation Formulae

Product Sum
𝐼𝐼. 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Product Sum
𝐼𝐼𝐼. 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵

Product Sum
𝐼𝑉. 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

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 The value of sin 70° × sin 50° − cos 85° × cos 65° is

3+1
A
4

3−1
B 4

− 3+1
C
4

3+1
D −
4

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 The value of sin 70° × sin 50° − cos 85° × cos 65° is

Solution:
𝟐 cos 𝑨 cos 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 + 𝑩 + cos 𝑨 − 𝑩
3+1
° ° °
sin 70 × sin 50 − cos 85 × cos 65 ° A
4

1 𝟐 sin 𝐴 sin 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 − cos 𝑨 + 𝑩

= 2 sin 70° sin 50° − 2 cos 85° cos 65° 3−1
2 B 4
1
= cos 70° − 50° − cos 70° + 50° − cos 85° + 65° + cos 85° − 65°
2
− 3+1
1 C
4
= cos 20° − cos 120° − cos 150° − cos 20°
2
1 3+1
= − cos(180° −60° ) − cos(180° −30° ) D −
2 4

1 1 1 3 3+1
= cos 60° + cos 30° = + = cos 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽 = − cos 𝜽
2 2 2 2 4

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 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2

Proof
We have,

𝟐 sin 𝐴 cos 𝑩 = sin 𝐴 + 𝑩 + sin 𝐴 − 𝑩

Let 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Then 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
2 sin cos = sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷
2 2
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 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼. sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼𝐼. cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝑉. cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2

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 sin 𝐴+sin 3𝐴+sin 5𝐴+sin 7𝐴
Prove that = tan 4𝐴
cos 𝐴+cos 3𝐴+cos 5𝐴+cos 7𝐴

Solution:
sin 𝐴 + sin 3𝐴 + sin 5𝐴 + sin 7𝐴
cos 𝐴 + cos 3𝐴 + cos 5𝐴 + cos 7𝐴

(sin 𝐴 + sin 7𝐴) + (sin 3𝐴 + sin 5𝐴)

=
(cos 𝐴 + cos 7𝐴) + (cos 3𝐴 + cos 5𝐴)

2 sin 4𝐴 cos 3𝐴 + 2 sin 4𝐴 cos 𝐴

=
2 cos 4𝐴 cos 3𝐴 + 2 cos 4𝐴 cos 𝐴

= tan 4𝐴

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

If 𝜃 is an angle

𝜃
2𝜃
2

𝜃
3𝜃
Multiple Angles 3 Submultiple
of 𝜃 4𝜃
𝜃 Angles of 𝜃
4

⋮ ⋮

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:
2 tan 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃
Proof

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Putting 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝜃,
sin 𝜃 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

⇒ sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

sin 𝜃
⇒ sin 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃
cos 𝜃

2 tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃
⇒ sin 2𝜃 = ⇒ sin 2𝜃 =
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sec 2 𝜃 1 + tan2 𝜃
 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
The value of 2 sin sin sin sin sin sin is:
8 8 8 8 8 8

JEE Main Feb 2021

1
A 8 2

1
B 4 2

1
C 8

1
D 4

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 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
The value of 2 sin sin sin sin sin sin is:
8 8 8 8 8 8

JEE Main Feb 2021

Solution:
𝜋 7𝜋 2𝜋 6𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 sin 𝜋 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
+ = 𝜋, + = 𝜋, + =𝜋
8 8 8 8 8 8
5𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
sin = sin 𝜋 − = sin ⋯ 𝑖
8 8 8

7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin = sin 𝜋 − = sin ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
8 8 8

2𝜋 𝜋 1
sin = sin = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖
8 4 2

6𝜋 3𝜋 1
sin = sin = ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
8 4 2

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
2 sin sin sin sin sin sin
8 8 8 8 8 8

𝜋 3𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
= 2 sin2 × sin2 × × = 2 sin2 × cos 2 × ×
8 8 2 2 8 8 2 2
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 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
The value of 2 sin sin sin sin sin sin is:
8 8 8 8 8 8

JEE Main Feb 2021

Solution:
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
2 sin sin sin sin sin sin
8 8 8 8 8 8
1
A 8 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
= 2 sin2 × cos 2 × ×
8 8 2 2

2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = sin 2𝐴 1

B 4 2

1 𝜋 1
= × sin2 2 × ×
2 8 2 1
C 8
1 𝜋
= × sin2
4 4
1
D
1 1 2 4
= ×
4 2

1
=
8

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

2 2 2 2
1 − tan2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃

Important Deductions

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐵 − cos 2 𝐴

cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐵 − sin2 𝐴

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 𝜋 𝜋 1° 1°
Evaluate: 𝑖 cos2 +𝑥 − sin2 −𝑥 𝑖𝑖 cos 2
7 − cos 2
37
4 4 2 2

Solution:

𝜋
𝑖 cos ⋅ cos 2𝑥 = 0
2

1
𝑖𝑖 sin 45° ⋅ sin 30° =
2 2

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:
2 tan 𝜃
tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃

Proof
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Putting 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝜃,

tan 2𝜃 = tan 𝜃 + 𝜃

tan 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃

⇒ tan 2𝜃 = ⇒ tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan 𝜃 × tan 𝜃 1 − tan2 𝜃
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 2 sin 𝛼 1 1−cos 2𝛽 1 𝜋
If = and = , 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 0, , then tan 𝛼 + 2𝛽
1+cos 2𝛼 7 2 10 2

is equal to ______.
JEE Main Mar 2021
Solution:
2
2 sin 𝛼 1 2 sin 𝛼 1 1 2 tan 𝛽
= ⇒ = ⇒ tan 𝛼 = tan 2𝛽 = = 3 =3
1 + cos 2𝛼 7 2 cos 𝛼 7 7 1 − tan2 𝛽 1 − 1 4
9
tan 𝛼 + tan 2𝛽
1 − cos 2𝛽 1 tan 𝛼 + 2𝛽 =
= 1 − tan 𝛼 tan 2𝛽
2 10

2 sin 𝛽 1 1 3
+
⇒ = = 7 4
2 10 1 3
1− ×
7 4
1
⇒ sin 𝛽 =
10 =1

1
⇒ tan 𝛽 =
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 tan 155° − tan 115°
If tan 25° = 𝑥, then is equal to:
1 + tan 155° tan 115°

1−𝑥 2
A 2𝑥

1+𝑥 2
B
2𝑥

1+𝑥 2
C
1−𝑥 2

1−𝑥 2
D
1+𝑥 2

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 tan 155° − tan 115°
If tan 25° = 𝑥, then is equal to:
1 + tan 155° tan 115°

Solution:

tan 155° − tan 115°

1 + tan 155° tan 115° 1−𝑥 2
A 2𝑥
= tan 40°
= cot 50°
1+𝑥 2
B
2𝑥
1
=
tan 50°
1+𝑥 2
C
1 − tan2 25∘ 1−𝑥 2
=
2 tan 25°
1−𝑥 2
1 − 𝑥2 D
1+𝑥 2
=
2𝑥

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

sin 3𝜃 = 3sin 𝜃 − 4sin3 𝜃

cos 3𝜃 = 4cos3 𝜃 − 3cos 𝜃

3 tan 𝜃 − tan3 𝜃
tan 3𝜃 =
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃

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 Evaluate: 8 cos3 20° − 6 cos 20°

A 1

B −1

C − 3

D 3

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 Evaluate: 8 cos3 20° − 6 cos 20°

Solution:
A 1
𝐴 = 8 cos3 20° − 6 cos 20° = 2 4 cos3 20° − 3 cos 20°
Using the formula 4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 = cos 3𝜃 , we get
𝐴 = 2 cos 60° = 1 B −1

C − 3

D 3

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 1
If sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = , then 16 sin 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 + sin 6𝜃 is equal to:
2

JEE Main Feb 2021

Solution:
1
Given: sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 16 sin 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 + sin 6𝜃 A 23
2

Squaring on both sides, 3 1 9

= 16 − − −
4 8 16 B −23
1
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 =
4
= −23
1 1 3 C 27
⇒ 1 + sin 2𝜃 = ⇒ sin 2𝜃 = − 1 = −
4 4 4

9 1
cos 4𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin 2𝜃 2 ⇒ cos 4𝜃 = 1 − ⇒ cos 4𝜃 = − D −27
8 8

and sin 6𝜃 = 3 sin 2𝜃 − 4 sin3 2𝜃

9 27
⇒ sin 6𝜃 = − +
4 16

9
⇒ sin 6𝜃 = −
16
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 Session 5
Important deductions and Range of
Trigonometric expression

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 Multiple Angles Sub-multiple Angles
𝜃 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝜃
2 tan 𝜃 2 tan
2
= =
1 + tan2 𝜃 1 + tan2
𝜃
2
𝜃 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = cos 2 − sin2
2 2

𝜃
2
1 − tan 𝜃 1 − tan2
2
= =
1 + tan2 𝜃 2𝜃
1 + tan
2

𝜃
2 tan
2 tan 𝜃 2
tan 2𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃 𝜃
1 − tan2
2

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 7 𝜃 𝜋
If sin 𝜃 = , then the value of sin , where 𝜃 ∈ 0, is
4 2 2

1
A 5

1
B 3

4
C 7

1
D 2 2

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 7 𝜃 𝜋
If sin 𝜃 = , then the value of sin , where 𝜃 ∈ 0, is
4 2 2

Solution:

7 1
sin 𝜃 = A 5
4

3 𝜃 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = = 1 − 2 sin2 B
4 2 3

𝜃 1
⇒ 2 sin2 = 4
2 4 C 7

𝜃 1
⇒ sin2 =
2 8 1
D 2 2
𝜃 1
⇒ sin = ±
2 2 2

𝜃 𝜋 𝜃 1
Since ∈ 0, , ∴ sin =
2 4 2 2 2
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 𝐴 sin 𝐴 1
Prove that tan = and hence, find tan 22 °.
2 1+cos 𝐴 2

Solution:
𝐴
𝐴 sin 2
tan =
2 cos 𝐴
2

𝐴 𝐴
2 sin cos
= 2 2
𝐴
2 cos2
2

sin 𝐴
=
1 + cos 𝐴

1 sin 45° 1
tan 22 ° = = = 2−1
2 1 + cos 45° 2+1

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 Trigonometric ratios of Multiple Angles
1
Important deduction: sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin(60° + 𝜃) = 4 sin 3𝜃

Proof

Consider,

sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵

= sin 𝜃 sin2 60𝑜 − sin2 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃

3
= sin 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
4

3 sin 𝜃−4 sin3 𝜃 1

= = sin 3𝜃
4 4
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 Trigonometric ratios of Multiple Angles

Important deduction:

1
sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃
4

1
cos 𝜃 cos 60° − 𝜃 cos 60° + 𝜃 = cos 3𝜃
4

tan 𝜃 tan 60° − 𝜃 tan 60° + 𝜃 = tan 3𝜃

cot 𝜃 cot 60° − 𝜃 cot 60° + 𝜃 = cot 3𝜃

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 The value of sin 10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70° is
JEE Main 2019
Solution:
1 1
° ° ° ° 1
sin 10 sin 30 sin 50 sin 70 = sin 10° × × sin 60° − 10° × sin 60° + 10° A 18
B 32
2

1
sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃
4 1 1
1 1
C 16
D 36
⇒ sin 10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70° = × × sin 3 × 10°
2 4
1
= × sin 30°
8

1 1
= ×
8 2

1
=
16

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 Extended Compound angles

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 − tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵−tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶−tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

Note:
Conditional Identities
In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶,
➢ tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
➢ tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
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 If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are 𝑛 angles, then

𝑆1 −𝑆3 +𝑆5 −𝑆7 +⋯

tan 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 =
1−𝑆2 +𝑆4 −𝑆6 +𝑆8 −⋯

Where 𝑆1 = sum of tan of angles taken one at a time

𝑆2 = sum of product of tan of angles taken two at a time

𝑆3 = sum of product of tan of angles taken three at a time

⋮

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 Some more deductions
sin 2𝑛 𝐴
cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴 =
2𝑛 sin 𝐴

Proof

cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴

1
= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 × ⋯ × cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴
2 sin 𝐴

1
= 2 sin 2𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴
22 sin 𝐴

1
= 2 sin 4𝐴 cos 4𝐴 cos 23 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴
23 sin 𝐴
sin 2𝑛 𝐴
Continuing like this, we finally get 2𝑛 sin 𝐴
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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The value of cos ⋅ cos ⋯ cos 10 ⋅ sin is
22 23 2 210
JEE Main July 2021

Solution:
1 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A 1024
B 2
𝐴 = cos ⋅ cos ⋯ cos ⋅ sin
22 23 210 210

1 1
Put
𝜋
=𝑥⇒𝜋=2 𝑥 10 C 512
D 256
210

⇒ 𝐴 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ cos 28 𝑥 sin 𝑥

sin 2𝑛 𝜃
We know, = cos 𝜃 ⋅ cos 2𝜃 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝜃
2𝑛 sin 𝜃

Here, 𝑛 − 1 = 8 ⇒ 𝑛 = 9

sin 29 𝑥
⇒𝐴= ⋅ sin 𝑥
29 sin 𝑥

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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The value of cos ⋅ cos ⋯ cos 10 ⋅ sin is
22 23 2 210
JEE Main July 2021

Solution:
1 1
A 1024
B 2
sin 29 𝑥
⇒𝐴= ⋅ sin 𝑥
29 sin 𝑥

1 1
𝜋 C 512
D
sin 29 10 256
2
⇒𝐴=
29

𝜋
sin
2
⇒𝐴=
29

1
⇒𝐴=
512

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 Sine and Cosine Series with Angles in A.P.
𝑛𝐷
sin 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
2
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 + sin 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 = sin
𝐷 2
sin
2

𝑛𝐷
sin
2 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 + 𝐷 + cos 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + cos 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 = cos
𝐷 2
sin
2

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 𝑛−1
𝑘𝜋
Evaluate ෍ cos2
𝑛
𝑘=1

Solution:
𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑘𝜋 1 2𝑘𝜋 1 2𝑘𝜋
෍ cos2 = ෍ 1 + cos = ෍ 1 + ෍ cos
𝑛 2 𝑛 2 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

1 2𝜋 4𝜋 2 𝑛−1 𝜋
= 𝑛 − 1 + cos 0 + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos −1
2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

2𝜋
1 sin 𝜋 0+ 𝑛−1
= 𝑛−1 + 𝑛 −1
2 𝜋 cos 2
sin
𝑛

1
= 𝑛−1 +0−1
2

𝑛
= −1
2

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 Maximum and Minimum Values Of Trigonometric Expressions
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Proof
𝐴
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Dividing and multiplying with 𝑎2 + 𝑏2, we get 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝛼
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin 𝑥 × cos 𝛼 + cos 𝑥 × sin 𝛼 𝐶 𝑎 𝐵

= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 × sin 𝑥 + 𝛼

Since sin 𝑦 ∈ −1, 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 + 𝛼 ≤ 1

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 Maximum and Minimum Values Of Trigonometric Expressions
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Proof
𝐴
⇒ −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 + 𝛼 ≤ 1
Multiplying the inequality throughout by 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , we get 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
− 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝛼 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝛼
𝐶 𝑎 𝐵

Minimum value Maximum value

of 𝑓 𝑥 of 𝑓 𝑥

Thus, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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 The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ is equal to:

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2 A [−10, 10] B [−12, 12]

We know that 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

C [−8, 12] D [2, 10]
∴ − 62 + 82 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 ≤ 62 + 82

⇒ −10 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 ≤ 10

⇒ −10 + 2 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 10 + 2

⇒ −8 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 12

Hence, range of 𝑓(𝑥) is [−8, 12]

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 𝜋
The maximum value of 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 − for any real
6
value of 𝜃 is:
JEE Main July 2021

79
A 2

B 19

C 31

D 34

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 𝜋
The maximum value of 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 − for any real
6
value of 𝜃 is:
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
𝜋
Let 𝜇 = 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 −
6 79
A 2
𝜋 𝜋
= 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 ⋅ cos − 5 cos 𝜃 ⋅ sin
6 6

1
= cos 𝜃 +
5 3
sin 𝜃 B 19
2 2

We know that 𝑎 sin 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

C 31
2
1 2 5 3
∴ max 𝜇 = +
2 2
D 34
1 75
= + = 19
4 4

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 The maximum value of the expression
1
is:
sin2 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 5 cos 2 𝜃
IIT-JEE 2010
Solution:
Let 𝐸 = sin2 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 5cos 2 𝜃

1−cos 2𝜃 3 5 1+cos 2𝜃
= + sin 2𝜃 +
2 2 2

3 4 cos 2𝜃
= sin 2𝜃 + +3
2 2

3 sin 2𝜃+4 cos 2𝜃+6 − 32 + 42 ≤ 3 sin 2𝜃 + 4 cos 2𝜃 ≤ 32 + 42

=
2

− 32 +4 2 +6 3 sin 2𝜃+4 cos 2𝜃+6 32 +42 +6

≤ ≤
2 2 2

6−5 6+5
Range of 𝐸 = , , i.e.
1 11
,
2 2 2 2

1
So, the maximum value of is 2
𝐸
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