Welcome to

Relations & Functions I

𝑦 = [𝑥]
 Table of contents

Session 01 03 Session 03 59 Session 07 152

Ordered Pair 04 Greatest Integer Function 60 Graphical Transformation 153
Cartesian product of two sets 05 Fractional Part Function 68
Relation 13 Exponential Function 72
Domain, Co-domain and Range of a relation 18
Inverse of a Relation 22 Session 04 79
Logarithmic Function 80
Function 25
Sign of Logarithm function 87
Logarithm Properties 90
Session 02 28
Vertical Line Test 31
Session 05 105
Image and pre-image 33
Properties of Logarithmic function 108
Domain, Co-domain and range of a function 34
Logarithmic Inequalities 109
Real Function 37
Modulus Function 113
Polynomial Function 39 Modulus Inequalities 119
Identity Function 43
Session 06 129
Constant Function 45
Triangle Inequality 132
Rational Function 47
Domain and Range of a Function 136
Irrational Function 49
Domain of Algebra of Functions 145
Modulus Function 50 Irrational Inequalities 149
Signum Function 53
 Session 1
Domain and range of Relation

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 𝑌
Ordered Pair

If 𝐴 be a set and 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴, then the ordered pair of 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏

elements 𝑎 and 𝑏 in 𝐴 is denoted by (𝑎, 𝑏) ,

where 𝑎 is called the first coordinate and 𝑏 is called 𝑂 𝑎
𝑋
the second coordinate.

Equality of ordered pair

● Ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑏, 𝑎 are different.

● Ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐, 𝑑 are equal iff 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑

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 Cartesian product of two sets

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏 ,
where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is called cartesian product of the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 and is
denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵.

● 𝐴×𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵
Thus, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵 ⇔ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 & 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 A B

Example 1
𝑎
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 2
𝑏
𝐴×𝐵 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 3, 𝑎 , 3, 𝑏 3

𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 3 ⋅ 2 = 6

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 Cartesian product of two sets

● 𝐵×𝐴 = 𝑏, 𝑎 : 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 B A

1
𝐵×𝐴 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑎, 2 , 𝑎, 3 , 𝑏, 1 , 𝑏, 2 , 𝑏, 3 𝑎
2
𝑛 𝐵×𝐴 =2⋅3 =6 𝑏
3

Example
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏
𝐴×𝐵 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 3, 𝑎 , 3, 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴×𝐵 =3⋅2=6
𝐵 × 𝐴 = { 𝑎 , 1 , 𝑎 , 2 , 𝑎 , 3 , 𝑏 , 1 , 𝑏 , 2 , 𝑏 ,3 } ⇒ 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6

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 Cartesian product of two sets

Note
● In general, 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴
● If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝐴
● If 𝐴 = 𝜙 or 𝐵 = 𝜙, then 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝜙 and B × 𝐴 = 𝜙

● If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are three non-empty sets then, 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶

where, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is called an ordered triplet.

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 𝑆= 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴 𝑎 < 𝑏 , where −1,2 and 0,1 are two elements
belonging to 𝑆. If 𝐴 × 𝐴 has 16 elements, then find the set containing the
remaining elements of 𝑆?

Solution:

𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐴 = 16 ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 = 4

∵ −1,2 & 0,1 ∈ S. So , the elements in 𝐴 are −1, 0, 1, 2

So , the elements should be −1, 0, 1, 2

𝐴 × 𝐴 = { −1, −1 , −1,0 , −1,1 , −1,2 , 0, −1 , 0,0 , 0,1 ,
0,2 , 1, −1 , 1,0 , 1,1 , 1,2 , 2, −1 , 2,0 , 2,1 , 2,2 }

The remaining elements of 𝑆 are: { −1, 0 , −1, 1 , 0, 2 , 1, 2 }

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 Property

If 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 are three sets, then

● 𝐴× 𝐵∪𝐶 = 𝐴×𝐵 ∪ 𝐴×𝐶

● 𝐴× 𝐵∩𝐶 = 𝐴×𝐵 ∩ 𝐴×𝐶

● 𝐴× 𝐵−𝐶 = 𝐴×𝐵 − 𝐴×𝐶

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 Hi,

11 H1
Monday

11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD

W
HOME Wednesday

BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 11 BATCH H1 12 E1
Saturday
Tuesday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Friday, Saturday Sunday

Chat

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 Hi,

11 H1
Monday

11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD

W
HOME Wednesday

BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 11 BATCH E2 12 E1
Saturday
Monday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Friday, Sunday Sunday

Chat

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 Hi,

11 H1
Monday

11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD

W
HOME Wednesday

BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 12 BATCH E1 12 E1
Saturday
Monday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Saturday, Sunday Sunday

Chat

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 Key Takeaways

Relation
A B
A relation 𝑅 , from a non – empty set 𝐴 to another
non – empty set 𝐵, is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵 i.e., 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
𝑅= 𝑎, 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎 𝑏
If 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇔ 𝑎𝑅𝑏

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 Let 𝐴 = 1, 3, 4 and 𝐵 = 0, 2, 7 be two sets and 𝑅 is a relation from set 𝐴 to set
𝐵 defined as 𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵} . Then find the relation 𝑅?

Solution:
A B
𝐴 = 1, 3, 4 & 𝐵 = 0, 2, 7
1 0
𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
3 2
𝑅= 1, 2 , 1, 7 , 3, 7 , 4, 7 4 7

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 Note
● If 𝐴, 𝐵 ≠ 𝜙 and 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then total number of relations
from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 2𝑝𝑞 .

Example 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏 𝐵= 1
𝐴×𝐵 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 1

𝑅1 = 𝑎, 1 𝑅2 = 𝑏, 1 𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 1

𝑛 𝐴 =2 𝑛 𝐵 =1

Total number of relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵

= Total number of subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵

= 2𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛 𝐵

= 22 × 1 = 4
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 If a set 𝐴 has ′𝑛′ distinct elements, then number of relations that can
be defined from 𝐴 to itself is

A 𝟐𝒏
𝟐
B 𝒏𝟐

𝒏
C 𝟐𝒏 D 𝟐𝒏

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 If a set 𝐴 has ′𝑛′ distinct elements, then number of relations that can
be defined from 𝐴 to itself is

Solution:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets such that 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑏.

Then, number of relations from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is = 2𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛(𝐵)

= 2𝑎𝑏

2
Hence, number of relations from 𝐴 to 𝐴 is = 2𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛(𝐴)
= 2𝑛

A 𝟐𝒏
𝟐
B 𝒏𝟐

𝟐
𝟐 𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝟐𝒏
C D 𝟐

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 Key Takeaways

Domain, Co-domain and Range of a relation A B

𝑎1
Let 𝑅 be a relation defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵. 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Let 𝑅 = 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏3
𝑎3 𝑏3
The set of all the first components of ordered pairs
𝑏4
belonging to 𝑅 is called domain of 𝑅.
i.e., domain ⊆ 𝐴
Domain = {𝑎1 , 𝑎2 }
Set 𝐵 is called the co–domain of 𝑅.
Co-domain= 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4
i.e., Co-domain = 𝐵
Range= 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3
The set of all the second components of ordered pairs
belonging to 𝑅 is called range of 𝑅.
i.e., Range ⊆ 𝐵

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 Let 𝐴 = −1,0,1,2,5 and 𝐵 = 0,1,7,16,25 be two sets and 𝑅 is a relation from
set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 defined as 𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑏 = 𝑎2 & 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵} . Write the relation
𝑅 and hence find its domain & range.

Solution:
A B
𝐴 = −1, 0, 1, 2, 5 & 𝐵 = 0, 1, 7, 16, 25
−1 0
𝑅= −1, 1 , 0, 0 , 1, 1 , 5, 25 0 1

Hence , domain of 𝑅 is −1, 0, 1, 5 1 7

2 16
Range of 𝑅 is 0, 1, 25
5 25

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 Which among the following is false for the relation 𝑅 defined in 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3
by 𝑎𝑅𝑏 if −5 ≤ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ≤ 5 ?

A Co-domain of 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}

B Domain of 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}

C Range of 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}

D 𝑅= 1, 2 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 , 2, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 3 , 3, 2

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 Which among the following is false for the relation 𝑅 defined in 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3
by 𝑎𝑅𝑏 if −5 ≤ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ≤ 5 ?

Solution:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} Co-domain of 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}
A

𝑅= 1,1 , 1, 2 , 2, 2 , 2, 1 , 3,3 , 2, 3 , 3, 2

Co-domain of 𝑅 = {1,2,3} B Domain of 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}

Range of 𝑅 = {1,2,3}

Domain of 𝑅 = {1,2,3} C Range of 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}

1,1 is also an element of 𝑅, hence option D is incorrect.

D 𝑅= 1, 2 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 , 2, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 3 , 3, 2

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 Inverse of a Relation

𝑅
Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two sets and 𝑅 be a relation defined
𝐴
from 𝐴 to 𝐵, then inverse of 𝑅 (denoted by 𝑅 −1 ) is a 𝐵

relation from 𝐵 to 𝐴 and is defined as 𝑎 𝑏

𝑅 −1 = 𝑏, 𝑎 ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅

● Domain of 𝑅 −1 = Range of 𝑅
𝑅−1
● Range of 𝑅 −1 = Domain of 𝑅

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 If sets 𝐴 = 1,2,6,9,10 and 𝐵 = 4,5,11,13,19 and a relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to
𝐵 is defined as 𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵} is defined .
Then find the domain and range of 𝑅 −1 .

Solution: A B

1 4

2 5
11 𝑅= 2 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 9 , 19
6
9 13
𝑅−1 = 5, 2 , 13, 6 , 19, 9
10 19

Domain of 𝑅 −1 : 5 , 13 , 19
Range of 𝑅 −1 : {2 , 6 , 9}

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 Key Takeaways

Function
A function ‘𝑓’ from a non-empty set 𝐴 to a non-empty set 𝐵
represented as 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a ‘ rule ‘ or ‘ correspondence ‘ under which,

● All elements of 𝐴 are associated to elements in 𝐵 A B

𝑎1 𝑏1
● An element in 𝐴 is associated to a unique
𝑎2 𝑏2
element in 𝐵
𝑎3 𝑏3

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 Which among the following relations is a function ?

Solution: 𝑖 A B

𝑓1
𝑎 1 𝑓1 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 7 , 𝑐, 3
𝑏 3 Relation 𝑓1 is a function
𝑐 7

𝑖𝑖
A B
𝑓2
1
𝑓2 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 3 , 𝑐, 3
𝑎
Relation 𝑓2 is a function
𝑏 3

𝑐 4
7

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 Which among the following relations is a function ?

Solution: 𝑖𝑖𝑖 A B
𝑓3
𝑎 1
𝑏 3 𝑓3 = 𝑎, 1 , 𝑏, 5 , 𝑑, 8
𝑐 5 Relation 𝑓3 is not a function
𝑑
7 ∵ 𝑐 doesn’t have any output
8

𝑖𝑣
A B
𝑓4
𝑎 1
𝑏 3 𝑓4 = 𝑎, 3 , 𝑏, 11 , 𝑐, 7 , 𝑐, 1 , 𝑑, 5
𝑐
5 Relation 𝑓4 is not a function
7
𝑑 ∵ 𝑐 has two outputs.
11

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 Session 2
Domain and range of Functions

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 Relation 𝑅 defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵 as 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 1, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ,
Where 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 and 𝐵 = 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
Check whether this relation is a function or not ?

Solution:
𝐴 𝐵
𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 & 𝐵 = 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
1
1
𝑅= 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 1, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 4
2 5
𝑅 = { 2,5 , 3, 7 } 3 7
1,3 ∉ 𝑅 9

So ,relation 𝑅 is not a function

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 Which of the following relations are functions :
𝑖 𝑅1 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0, 1 , 𝑦 ∈ −1, 0, 1, 2, 3
𝑖𝑖 𝑅2 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝕎, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ

Solution: A B
−1
𝑖 𝑅1 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0, 1 , 𝑦 ∈ −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 -1 0
0 1
yes, it is a function
1 2
𝑖𝑖 𝑅2 = 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝕎, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ 3

No , it is not a function , A B
1
since 0 does not have any image 0
1 2

2 3
4

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 Vertical Line Test

If we draw a line parallel to 𝑦 − axis and it intersects the given curve/diagram

at exactly one point, then the given curve/diagram is a function.
Using the vertical line test, we can conclude that whether these
curves represent function or not.

Examples

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋
𝑋 0
0

The vertical line intersects the curve at one point, hence it’s a function.
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 Vertical Line Test

Examples

𝑋
0

The vertical line intersects the curve at two points,

hence it’s not a function.

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 Key Takeaways

Image and pre-image

If a function 𝑓 defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 in which an element 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
is associated with an element 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, then
𝑏 is called 𝑓-image of 𝑎 or image of 𝑎 under 𝑓
or value of function 𝑓 at 𝑎 written as 𝑏 = 𝑓 𝑎 .
𝑎 is pre-image of 𝑏 under the function 𝑓.

A B 𝑓-image of 𝑎
pre – image of 𝑏 or
image of 𝑎 under 𝑓
𝑎 𝑏 or
𝑓 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Domain, Co-domain and range of a function

In a function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵, A B

Set 𝐴 is called domain of 𝑓 , represented as 𝐷(𝑓) 𝑏1

𝑎1
Set 𝐵 is called co-domain of 𝑓,
𝑏2
represented as 𝐶(𝑓) 𝑎2
Set of all 𝑓 −images of elements 𝐴 is called range of 𝑏3

𝑓 or image set of 𝐴 under 𝑓, represented as 𝑅(𝑓)

Domain: 𝐷 𝑓 = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2
Co-domain: 𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3
Range: 𝑅 𝑓 = 𝑏1 , 𝑏2

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 Key Takeaways

Domain, Co-domain and range of a function

In a function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵, A B

Set 𝐴 is called domain of 𝑓 , represented as 𝐷(𝑓) 𝑏1

𝑎1
Set 𝐵 is called co-domain of 𝑓,
𝑏2
represented as 𝐶(𝑓) 𝑎2
Set of all 𝑓 −images of elements 𝐴 is called range of 𝑏3

𝑓 or image set of 𝐴 under 𝑓, represented as 𝑅(𝑓)

Note
Range ⊆ co-domain
In a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 given by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 is known as independent variable & 𝑦 is dependent variable.
If co-domain is not given, it is taken as ℝ.
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 A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴. Set 𝐴 = 1, 4, 16 and
set 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . Find the domain, co-domain and range of the function.
Solution:

Domain : 1, 4, 16 𝐴 𝐵

Co-domain : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1
1
2
Range : 1, 2, 4
4 3
16 4
5

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 Real Function

Functions having domain and co-domain both as subsets of ℝ are called

real functions.

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 Some standard real functions

Function

Algebraic Function Non-Algebraic Function

Polynomial
Function Logarithmic
Function

Rational Trigonometric
Function Modulus Function
Function
Irrational Exponential
Function Signum Function
Function
Piecewise
Function Greatest Integer
Function

Fractional
Part Function
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 Polynomial Function

If a function is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
such that 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ , 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
𝑓 is called a polynomial function of degree 𝑛.
Example 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 7 𝑥 2 + 5 → Polynomial function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 → Not a Polynomial function

Note

● Monomial function: functions which contain only one term

e.g., 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
● Binomial function: functions which contain two term
e.g., 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 7, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 1

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
Polynomial Function
2

Linear Function:
1 𝑦 =𝑥−2
A polynomial function with degree 1 which
is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0 & 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ. 𝑋
−1 0 1 2
−2
Example 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−2
−1

𝑥 0 1 2 −2

𝑓 𝑥 −2 −1 0

Observation

𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ
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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial Function 𝑌

(−2,4) 4 (2,4)
Quadratic Function:
A polynomial function with degree 2 which is 3 𝑦 = 𝑥2

of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ.
2

Example 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
(−1,1) 1 (1,1)
𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2
𝑋
𝑂 1
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 4 1 4 −2 −1 2

Observation

𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ
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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial Function 𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑥3
2
Cubic Function:
A polynomial function with degree 3 which is of the 1 (1,1)

form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, 𝑎 ≠ 0 & 𝑎, 𝑏, c, d ∈ ℝ
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1
Example 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 3 2
(−1, −1) −1
𝑥 0 1 −1
−2
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 −1

Observation
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ
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 Identity Function

The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, is called the

IDENTITY FUNCTION.

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 Identity Function

𝑌 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
Identity Function:
2
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2 1

−2 −1 45°
𝑓 𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2
𝑋
𝑂 1 2

Observation −1

𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ −2

𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ

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 Constant Function

The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐶 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,

Where 𝐶 is a real constant is called a CONSTANT FUNCTION.

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 Constant Function

Constant Function: 𝑌
5
𝑓 𝑥 =5
1
𝑥 0 1 2 − − 3
2

𝑓 𝑥 5 5 5 5 5
1 𝑋
− 3 −2 𝑂 1 2
Observation

The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 is a straight line

parallel to 𝑋 − axis passing through 0, 5 .
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 5 ⊆ℝ

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 Rational Function

𝑔 𝑥
Function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = , Where 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are polynomial functions
ℎ 𝑥

and ℎ 𝑥 ≠ 0 is known as rational function.

Examples
3+𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
7−𝑥

𝑥 2 +2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

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 Rational Function

𝑌
Rational Function:
1 2 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 0.5 1 2 −0.5 −1 −2 1

𝑓 𝑥 2 1 0.5 −2 −1 −0.5 −2 −1
𝑋
𝑂 1 2

Observation −1

𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ− 0 −2

𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ− 0 ⊆ℝ

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 Irrational Function

An irrational function is a function in which the independent variable

appear under the radical sign or in a power with a fractional number for
its exponent.

For Example

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
1
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 3

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Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Modulus Function

The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is modulus function

𝑥; 𝑥≥0
where 𝑥 = ቊ
−𝑥 ; 𝑥 < 0

Example

−2 = − −2 = 2

0 =0

𝜋 =𝜋

− 3 = 3

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus Function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥
0 1 2 −1 −2 2
𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 0 1 2 1 2 1

𝑋
Observation −2 −1 𝑂 1 2

𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ

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 Signum Function

The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 is called Signum function

𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
where sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥
0, 𝑥 = 0

1, 𝑥 > 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑥 < 0

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 Signum Function

Graph: 𝑌
𝑦=1 Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
0, 1
Range: 𝑦 ∈ −1, 0, 1

0 𝑋

0, −1
𝑦 = −1

Note
1, 𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑦 = sgn 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑓 𝑥 < 0

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 Draw graph: 𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3

Solution : 𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3 Note

1, 𝑓 𝑥 > 0
1, 2𝑥 + 3 > 0
𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3 = ቐ 0, (2𝑥 + 3) = 0 𝑦 = sgn 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−1, 2𝑥 + 3 < 0 −1, 𝑓 𝑥 < 0

𝑌
3
1, 𝑥 > −
2 𝑦=1
3
⇒ 𝑦 = sgn 2𝑥 + 3 = 0, 𝑥=
2
3 3
−1, 𝑥< −2,0
2
𝑋
0

𝑦 = −1

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 Number of solutions of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 sgn 𝑥 2 − 4 + 6 = 0 is

A 1

B 0

C 2

D 3

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 Number of solutions of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 sgn 𝑥 2 − 4 + 6 = 0 is

Solution :
Case I: 𝑥 2 − 4 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 < 0

⇒ −2 < 𝑥 < 2

Then: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 −1 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −2, −3 ⇒ No solution

Case II: 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2, −2

Then: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 0 + 6 = 0

⇒ 𝑥2 + 6 = 0

⇒ No solution
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 Number of solutions of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 sgn 𝑥 2 − 4 + 6 = 0 is

Solution :
A 1
Case III: 𝑥 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 > 0
2

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞

B 0
Then: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 1 + 6 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
C 2
⇒ 𝑥 = 2, 3

⇒ 𝑥 = 3 is only solution.
D 3

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 Session 3
More on types of Functions

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 Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function
The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = [𝑥] is called Greatest Integer function (G.I.F)
Where [𝑥] is the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥.

Examples −3.6 1.2

𝑋
1.2 = 1 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2

0 =0

−3.6 = −4

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 Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function 𝑌
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0, 0≤𝑥<1
= 1, 1≤𝑥<2 2

= 2, 2≤𝑥<3
1
= −1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
= −2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1 𝑋
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
So on ⋯ ⋯
−1
Observation
−2
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
−3
𝑅 𝑓 =ℤ

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 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 2

Solution:
𝑥 ≥2 𝑌
4
𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 3
3
𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 3, 4 and so on…
2
∴ 𝑥 ≥ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, ∞
1

𝑋
0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function
Properties:
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥−1
𝑥−1< 𝑥 ≤𝑥 𝑌

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

−1

−2

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 Key Takeaways
Greatest Integer Function
Properties:
𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑚, 𝑚 ∈ ℤ

0 𝑥∈ℤ
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቊ
−1 𝑥 ∉ℤ

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 Number of solution(s) of the equation 𝑥 + −𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 is
( where [. ] denotes G.I.F )

Solution :
A 2
𝑥 + −𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1
0 𝑥∈ℤ
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቊ
Case 1: 𝑥 ∈ ℤ −1 𝑥 ∉ℤ
B 4
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 C 0
3 ± 13 𝑥=
⇒𝑥= (not possible) 2𝑎
2
D 3
Case 2: 𝑥 ∉ ℤ

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = −1

⇒𝑥 𝑥−3 =0

⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 3 (not possible)

Return To Top ∴ No solution

 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 𝑥−2 <5 𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 6

Solution :
𝑌
𝑖 𝑥−2 <5
7
𝑥 < 7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6, 5, 4, ⋯
6
𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 7)
5

1
𝑋
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 𝑥−2 <5 𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 6

𝑌
Solution :
3 𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 6

2 −6 < 2𝑥 ≤ 3

2𝑥 = −5 , −4 , −3, ⋯ , 2, 3
1
−5 ≤ 2𝑥 < 4
𝑋
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 5
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ − ,2
2
−1

−2
−3

−4
−5
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 Key Takeaways

Fractional Part Function

The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = {𝑥} is called fractional part function

where 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 , [. ] denotes G.I.F

Example

2.45 = 2.45 − 2.45 = 0.45

−4 = −4 − −4 = 0

−5.23 = −5.23 − −5.23 = 0.77

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 Key Takeaways
Fractional Part Function
𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥 𝑌
= 𝑥 − 0; 0≤𝑥<1
= 𝑥 − 1; 1≤𝑥<2 1
= 𝑥 − 2; 2≤𝑥<3
𝑋
= 𝑥 + 1; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 −2 −1 0 1 2

= 𝑥 + 2; −2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1

Observation

Domain: ℝ

Range: 0, 1

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 Key Takeaways
Fractional Part Function

Properties

𝑥 =0⇔𝑥∈ℤ

0, 𝑥∈ℤ
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቐ
1, 𝑥∉ℤ

𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 ,𝑚 ∈ ℤ

𝑚𝑥 ≠ 𝑚 𝑥 , 𝑚 ∈ ℤ

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 Solve for 𝑥:
2𝑥 2
− 5 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ( Where . denotes fractional part function )

Solution:
2
𝑌
2𝑥 −5 𝑥 +2=0

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡
1 1 0, 1
{𝑥} =
2
⇒ 2𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 2 = 0
𝑋
1 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
⇒ 𝑡 = ,2
2

1
⇒ 𝑥 = ∵ 𝑥 ∈ [0,1)
2

1 1 3 5
⇒𝑥=𝐼+ ⇒ 𝑥 = ± ,± ,± ⋯
2 2 2 2
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 Exponential Function

A function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

is called Exponential function.

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 Exponential Function
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8

8 3, 8 Domain: ℝ

6
Range: 0, ∞

4 2, 4

2 1, 2

−1, 0.5 0, 1
−2,0.25
𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

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 Exponential Function
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.5𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25

𝑌
Domain: ℝ
8
−3, 8
Range: 0, ∞
6

−2, 4 4

−1, 2 2

0,1 1, 0. 5
2, 0. 25
𝑋
3 −2 −1 0 1 2

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 Exponential Function

𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑎 > 1 𝑎𝑥 ; 0 < 𝑎 < 1

𝑌 𝑌

0, 1 0, 1

𝑋 𝑋
0 0

Domain: ℝ
Range: 0, ∞
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 Key Takeaways

Exponential Function

𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑎 > 1 𝑌 𝑎𝑥 ; 0 < 𝑎 < 1 𝑌

𝑎 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑥2

𝑎 𝑥1 𝑎 𝑥1

0, 1 0, 1
𝑋 𝑋
0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥1 0

If 𝑎 𝑥1 < 𝑎 𝑥2 , 𝑎 > 1 If 𝑎 𝑥1 < 𝑎 𝑥2 , 0 < 𝑎 < 1

⇒ 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥1 > 𝑥2
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 2
1 𝑥 −2𝑥 1
The set of all solutions of the inequality < contains the set:
2 8

A −∞, 0

B −∞, −1

C 3, ∞

D (1, ∞)

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 2
1 𝑥 −2𝑥 1
The set of all solutions of the inequality < contains the set:
2 8

Solution:
If 𝑎 𝑥1 < 𝑎 𝑥2 , 0 < 𝑎 < 1 A −∞, 0
1 𝑥 2 −2𝑥 1
< ⇒ 𝑥1 > 𝑥2
2 8
2
⇒
1 𝑥 −2𝑥
<
1 3 B −∞, −1
2 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 > 3
C 3, ∞
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 > 0 + − +

−1 3 D (1, ∞)
⇒ 𝑥−3 𝑥+1 >0

∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −1 ∪ 3, ∞

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 Session 4
Logarithmic functions & its
properties

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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Function

𝑎𝑦 = 𝑥 ⟺ log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

Exponent form logarithm form
Logarithm of a number (𝑥) to some base (𝑎) is the exponent (𝑦) by which the
base must be raised in order to get that number.

Example
log 2 4 = 𝑥
⇒ 4 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
log10 1000 = 3
1
log 3 3 = 2
log 1 2 = −1
2
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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Function

A function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 is called logarithmic function.

Where 𝑎 is the base of the logarithm, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

and 𝑥 is the argument of the logarithm, 𝑥 > 0

Logarithm of zero does not exist.

Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in system of real

numbers.

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 Evaluate the following :
𝑖 log 4 8 𝑖𝑖 log 0.01 0.00001 𝑖𝑖𝑖 log 2+ 32 − 3

Solution:
𝑖𝑖𝑖 log 2+ 32− 3=𝑥
𝑖 log 4 8 = 𝑥 𝑥
2− 3= 2+ 3
8 = 4𝑥 𝑥
1
= 2+ 3
23 = 22𝑥 2+ 3

3 𝑥 = −1
𝑥=
2

𝑖𝑖 log0.01 0.00001 = 𝑥
−5 −2 𝑥
10 = 10
5
=𝑥
2

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 Types of Logarithm

Common logarithm:
Logarithm to the base 10 is called the common logarithm
Example
𝑦 = log10 𝑥
Natural Logarithm:
Logarithm to the base 𝑒 is called Napier or Natural logarithm
( Where, 𝑒 is Napierian constant an irrational quantity lying between 2.7 to 2.8.)
Example
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Note
log 𝑒 𝑥 is also represented as ln 𝑥
Value of log10 𝑥 and log 𝑒 𝑥 are different as their bases are different.
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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 𝑥 1 2 3 4 8 16

𝑓 𝑥 0 1 >1.5 2 3 4

𝑌 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 Domain: 0, ∞
16, 4
4 Range: ℝ
8, 3
3
4, 2
2
2, 1
1
𝑋
0 1,0 2 4 8 10 12 16

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = log 0.5 𝑥 𝑥 1 2 4 8 16

𝑓 𝑥 0 −1 −2 −3 −4

𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = log 0.5 𝑥 Domain: 0, ∞
Range: ℝ
1, 0
𝑋
0 2 4 8 10 12 16
−1 2, −1
4, −2
−2
−3
8, −3
−4
16, −4

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 𝑌 𝑌

0 1 𝑋 0 1 𝑋

log 𝑎 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1 log 𝑎 𝑥 : 0 < 𝑎 < 1

Domain: 0, ∞
Range: ℝ
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 Sign of Logarithm function

𝑌 𝑌

+ +

0 1 𝑋 0 1 𝑋
− −

log 𝑎 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1 log 𝑎 𝑥 : 0 < 𝑎 < 1

Note
Value of log 𝑎 𝑥 is positive when number 𝑥 and base 𝑎
are on same side of unity, otherwise it is negative.
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 Sign of Logarithm function

𝑌
Example
4, log 2 4
● log 2 4 = 2 > 0
+
● log 2 1 = −2 < 0
4
0 ¼ 1 4 𝑋
−

1 1
, log 2
4 4

log 2 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1

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 Sign of Logarithm function

𝑌
Example

● log 1 4 = −2 < 0
2

+ ● log 1 1 = 2 > 0
4
2
0 1 𝑋
−

log 𝑎 𝑥 : 0 < 𝑎 < 1

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 Logarithm Properties
Note
● log 𝑎 1 = 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 (from the graph of log a 𝑥)

● log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 ∵ 𝑎1 = 1

𝑌 𝑌

0 1 𝑋 0 1 𝑋

log 𝑎 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1 log 𝑎 𝑥 : 0 < 𝑎 < 1

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function

● log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

Proof: Let log 𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑥 ; log 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑦

𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
⇒ log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 (∵ 𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑁 ⇒ log 𝑏 𝑁 = 𝑧 )
= log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛

Example
𝜋
● If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2 , then log tan 𝜃 + log cot 𝜃 = log 1 = 0

● log 𝑎 𝑚1 + log 𝑎 𝑚2 + ⋯ + log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑚𝑛

Where 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
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 1 1 1 1
Evaluate: log 1 1 − + log 1 1 − + log 1 1 − + ⋯ + log 1 1 −
𝑛 2 𝑛 3 𝑛 4 𝑛 𝑛

Solution:
1 1 1 1
log 1 1 − + log 1 1 − + log 1 1 − + ⋯ + log 1 1 −
𝑛 2 𝑛 3 𝑛 4 𝑛 𝑛

1 2 3 𝑛−1 log 𝑎 𝑚1 + log 𝑎 𝑚2 + ⋯ + log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 ;

= log 1 + log 1 + log 1 + ⋯ + log 1
𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
1 2 3 𝑛−1
= log 1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋯
𝑛 2 3 4 𝑛

1
= log 1 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑛 𝑛

=1

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 Which of the following is equal to 1 + log 4 3

A log12 3

B log 3 12

C log 4 12

D log 5 15

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 Which of the following is equal to 1 + log 4 3 ?

Solution:
Given: A log12 3

1 + log4 3 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

B log 3 12
= log4 4 + log 4 3 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log𝑎 𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

= log4 12 C
C log 4 12

D log 5 15

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function

𝑚
● log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑛

Proof: Let log 𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑥 ;

log 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑦
𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑚
= ⇒ = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦
𝑛 𝑎𝑦 𝑛
𝑚
⇒ log 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 (∵ 𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑁 ⇒ log 𝑏 𝑁 = 𝑧 )
𝑛

𝑚
∴ log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function

● log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥
Proof:
log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑚1 + log 𝑎 𝑚2 + ⋯ + log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 ;
𝑚 times 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
= log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑥 + ⋯ log 𝑎 𝑥

= 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥

Example

● log 2 𝑥 3 = 3 log 2 𝑥

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 75 5 32
Evaluate: log 2 − 2 log 2 + log 2
16 9 243

Solution:
75 5 32 ● log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥
log 2 − 2 log 2 + log 2
16 9 243
● log 𝑎 𝑚1 + log 𝑎 𝑚2 + ⋯ + log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 ;
75 81 32
= log 2 + log 2 + log 2 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
16 25 243
● log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
75 81 32
= log 2 ⋅ ⋅
16 25 243

= log 2 2

=1

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 Properties of logarithmic function
1
● log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑚

Proof:
Let log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑘

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑘

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑘𝑚

⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑚 (∵ 𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑁 ⇒ log 𝑏 𝑁 = 𝑧 )

1
⇒𝑘= . log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑚
1
∴ log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑚

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 Properties of logarithmic function

● log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

1
● log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

𝑚
● log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑛 ≠ 0

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic function

● log𝑎 𝑚
= log 𝑛 𝑚 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛, 𝑎 ≠ 1 (Base changing property)
log𝑎 𝑛

Proof: Let log 𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑥 ;

log 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑦 Note
1
𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑏 ; 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 1
log 𝑛 𝑚 = log 𝑎𝑦 𝑎 log𝑏 𝑎

𝑥
=
𝑦

log𝑎 𝑚
=
log𝑎 𝑛

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 Evaluate: log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8

Solution:
log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 log𝑎 𝑚
= log𝑛 𝑚
log𝑎 𝑛
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
log 2 log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7

log 8
=
log 2

= log2 8

=3

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 Properties of Logarithmic function

● 𝑎log𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑁; 𝑁, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
Proof:
Let log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥
⇒ 𝑁 = 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎log𝑎 𝑁

● 𝑎log𝑏 𝑁 = 𝑁 log𝑏 𝑎 ; 𝑁, 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1

Proof:
log𝑎 𝑁
log𝑏 𝑁
𝑎 = 𝑎 log𝑎 𝑏
1
= 𝑎log𝑎 𝑁 log𝑎 𝑏
1
=𝑁 log𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑁 log𝑏 𝑎

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 Evaluate: 3log7 2 − 11log5 9 − 2log7 3 + 9log5 11

Solution:

3log7 2 − 11log5 9 − 2log7 3 + 9log5 11

𝑎log𝑏 𝑁 = 𝑁 log𝑏 𝑎
= 3log7 2 − 2log7 3 + 9log5 11 − 11log5 9

= 3log7 2 − 3log7 2 + 9log5 11 − 9log5 11

=0

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 1 1 1
Evaluate: + + where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0, 𝑎𝑏, 𝑐 ≠ 1
1+log𝑎 𝑏+log𝑎 𝑐 log𝑏 𝑎+1+log𝑏 𝑐 log𝑐 𝑎+log𝑐 𝑏+1

Solution:

1 1 1
+ +
1 + log 𝑎 𝑏 + log 𝑎 𝑐 log 𝑏 𝑎 + 1 + log 𝑏 𝑐 log 𝑐 𝑎 + log 𝑐 𝑏 + 1

1 1 1
= + +
log𝑎 𝑎 + log 𝑎 𝑏 + log 𝑎 𝑐 log 𝑏 𝑎 + log 𝑏 𝑏 + log 𝑏 𝑐 log 𝑐 𝑎 + log 𝑐 𝑏 + log 𝑐 𝑐

1 1 1
= + +
log𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log 𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

= log𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + log𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐

= log𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

=1

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 Session 5
Logarithmic Inequalities and
Modulus Inequalities

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 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 log 3 (𝑥 + 1) + log 3 (𝑥 + 3) = 1 𝑖𝑖 log 𝜋 log 3 log 2 𝑥 = 0

Solution:
𝑖 log 3 (𝑥 + 1) + log3 (𝑥 + 3) = 1

For log to be defined, 𝑥 + 1 > 0 & 𝑥 + 3 > 0

∴ 𝑥 ∈ −1, ∞ ⋯ 𝑖
log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
⇒ log 3 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 1

⇒ 𝑥+1 𝑥+3 =3

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 3

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = −4, 0
By 𝑖 , 𝑥 = 0
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 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑖 log 3 (𝑥 + 1) + log 3 (𝑥 + 3) = 1 𝑖𝑖 log 𝜋 log 3 log 2 𝑥 = 0

Solution:
𝑖𝑖 log𝜋 log3 log 2 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑎 1 = 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
⇒ log 3 log 2 𝑥 = 1

⇒ log 2 𝑥 = 3

⇒𝑥=8

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 Properties of Logarithmic function

Note

• 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1)
log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 (𝑎 >

But, 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇏ log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦 (Since 𝑥, 𝑦 can be negative)

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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Inequalities

𝑌 log 𝑎 𝑥 : 𝑎 > 1

log 𝑎 𝑦
If 𝑎 > 1,

log 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 < log 𝑎 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 < 𝑦

𝑋
0 1 𝑥 𝑦

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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Inequalities

𝑌 log 𝑎 𝑥 : 0 < 𝑎 < 1

log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑥 If 0 < 𝑎 < 1,

0 𝑦 1 𝑋 log 𝑎 𝑥 < log 𝑎 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 > 𝑦

log 𝑎 𝑥

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 The range of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality log 3 (𝑥 − 1) > log 3 (2 − 𝑥)

Solution:
log 3(𝑥 − 1) > log 3 (2 − 𝑥)

𝑥−1>0⇒𝑥 >1

2−𝑥 >0⇒𝑥 <2

If 𝑎 > 1,
∴ 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ⋯ 𝑖
log 𝑎 𝑥 > log 𝑎 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑥 > 𝑦

𝑥−1>2−𝑥

3
⇒ 𝑥 > ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
2
3
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥 ∈ ,2
2
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 2
The solution set of the inequality log 1 2 − 𝑥 > log 1 is:
4 4 𝑥+1

Solution:
2
log 1 2 − 𝑥 > log 1
4 4 𝑥+1

⇒2−𝑥 >0⇒𝑥 <2

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 2 ⋯ 𝑖
If 0 < 𝑎 < 1,
2
> 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, ∞ log 𝑎 𝑥 < log 𝑎 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑥 > 𝑦
𝑥+1

2
2−𝑥 <
𝑥+1

2
⇒ 2−𝑥 − <0
𝑥+1

−𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1
⇒ <0 ⇒ 𝑥+1
>0
𝑥+1

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 ∪ 1, ∞ ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 ∪ 1, 2
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 Modulus Function

𝑥; 𝑥≥0
The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is modulus function where 𝑥 = ቊ
−𝑥 ; 𝑥 < 0

𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥
2

𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2

Observation
𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ

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 Properties of Modulus

𝑥 ≥0∀𝑥 ∈ℝ

𝑥 =0⟺𝑥=0

𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑎 > 0

𝑥2 = 𝑥

𝑥 = −𝑥

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
= ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦 𝑦

2 2
𝑥 = −𝑥 = 𝑥2

𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑦; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
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 Solving Modulus Equation

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = ±𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 =0

⇒𝑓 𝑥 =0

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 < 0

⇒ no solution

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 Solve the following equations :
(𝑖) 𝑥 − 3 = 4 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 + 3 − 5 = 6
Solution:
𝑖 𝑥−3 =4 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = ±𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = ±4

⇒ 𝑥 = 7, −1

𝑖𝑖 𝑥+3 −5 =6

⇒ 𝑥 + 3 = 11 (OR) 𝑥 + 3 = −1 (not possible)

⇒ 𝑥 + 3 = ±11

∴ 𝑥 = 8, −14

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 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
Solve: 2 =− 2
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12

Solution:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
Given: 2 =− 2
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + − + − +

i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 1 2 3 4

⇒𝑓 𝑥 ≤0

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
⇒ 2 ≤0
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12

𝑥−1 𝑥−2
⇒
𝑥−3 𝑥−4
≤0 ∴ Solution set 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ∪ 3, 4

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 Solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1

Solution:

𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑦; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = ± 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1

𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 OR 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = − 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1

1 = −1 ( not possible ) 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 0,1

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus Inequalities
● 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0

On squaring,

𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑎2

∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞ 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥 ≥𝑎

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞

𝑦=𝑎

𝑋
−𝑎 𝑂 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus Inequalities
● 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
On squaring,

𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ≤ 0

∴ 𝑥 ∈ −𝑎, 𝑎
𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥 ≤𝑎

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −𝑎, 𝑎

𝑦=𝑎

𝑋
−𝑎 𝑂 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus Inequalities

● 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 OR 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎

● 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0

⇒ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎

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 Solve the Inequality 𝑥 − 3 > 5

Solution:

𝑥−3 >5
𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 > 5 OR 𝑥 − 3 < −5
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎 OR 𝑓 𝑥 < −𝑎
⇒ 𝑥 > 8 OR 𝑥 < −2

∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 8, ∞

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 Solve the following inequations
2
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4 𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4
⇒ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
⇒ −4 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 + 2 ≤ 4

⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2

⇒ −6 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥−1 ≤2

⇒𝑥 ∈ℝ ⇒ −2 ≤ 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2

⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

∴ 𝑥 ∈ −1,3

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 Solve the following inequations
2
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4 𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
Solution:
2 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎 or 𝑓 𝑥 < −𝑎
Method 1:
2 2
⇒ < −1 OR >1
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
2 4 6
2 2
⇒ + 1 < 0 OR −1>0
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑥−2 6−𝑥
⇒ < 0 OR >0
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑥−6
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 4 OR < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 4 OR 𝑥 ∈ 4, 6
𝑥−4

∴ 𝑥 ∈ 2,4 ∪ 4,6
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 Solve the following inequations
2
𝑖 𝑥−1 +2 ≤4 𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
Solution:

2 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑖𝑖 >1
𝑥−4
𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎
Method 2:

2
> 1, 𝑥 ≠ 4
𝑥−4
+ − +
⇒ 𝑥−4 <2
2 6
⇒ −2 < 𝑥 − 4 < 2

⇒2<𝑥<6

∴ 𝑥 ∈ 2, 6 − 4

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 Set of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality 𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3 is:

A −∞, 1 ∪ 3, ∞

5
B 1,
3

3
C 2
,2

D ℝ

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 Set of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality 𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3 is:

Solution:
𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3

Method 1:

On Squaring,

2 2
𝑥−2 > 2𝑥 − 3

2 2
⇒ 𝑥−2 − 2𝑥 − 3 >0

⇒ −𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 − 5 > 0

⇒ 𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 5 < 0 5
1
3

5
∴ 𝑥 ∈ 1,
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3
 Set of value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the inequality 𝑥 − 2 > 2𝑥 − 3 is:

Solution:
2𝑥 − 3 + − +
Method 2: 1 > ,𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥−2
1 2 A −∞, 1 ∪ 3, ∞
2𝑥 − 3
−1 < <1
𝑥−2
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3 5
−1 < 𝑥−2
<1 B 1,
3
𝑥−2
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
⇒ +1>0 + − + ⇒ −1<0
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
3𝑥 − 5
5
2 D ℝ
3
⇒ >0 𝑥−1
𝑥−2 ⇒ <0
𝑥−2
5
∴ 𝑥 > 2 OR 𝑥 < ⋯ (𝑖)
3 ∴ 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) D ℝ

5
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥 ∈ 1,
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3
 Session 6
Domain and Range of functions

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 Solve: 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7

Solution:

We have, 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑏
− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ; 𝑥 < −
𝑎
3 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = ൞ 𝑏
2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ; 𝑥 ≥ −
2
2𝑥 − 3 = ቐ 3
𝑎
− 2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 <
2

3
Case I: If 𝑥 < 2 𝐼 3 𝐼𝐼
2
∴ 𝑖 becomes:

− 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7
𝐼 3 𝐼𝐼
− 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7 2

⇒ −2𝑥 + 3 = −𝑥 + 7

⇒ 𝑥 = −4
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 Solve: 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7

Solution:
3
2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 ≥
We have, 2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7 ⋯ 𝑖 2𝑥 − 3 = ቐ 2
3
3
− 2𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑥 <
2
Case II: If 𝑥 ≥ 2

∴ 𝑖 becomes:

2𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 + 7
⇒ 3𝑥 = 10 3
𝐼 𝐼𝐼
10 2
⇒𝑥=
3

Final Solution set = Case I ∪ Case II.

10
= −4 ∪
3
10
= −4,
3
10
Solution set = −4,
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 Key Takeaways

Triangle Inequality
𝑏
𝑎 − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎−𝑏
𝑏
Equality occurs Equality occurs
when 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 when 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0 𝑎
𝑎
e.g. 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −2 e.g. 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −7
𝑂
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 𝑎−𝑏

Note
Solving 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 is equivalent to solving 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0
Solving 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 is equivalent to solving 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0

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 The solution set of the modulus equation
2𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 − 8 is:
Solution:

2𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 − 8

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

Given: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏

we know, 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏

Equality occurs when 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0

+ − +
⇒ 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 5 ≤ 0 3
−5 2
3
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −5,
2

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 Solution set of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 1 ,
contains which of the following sets completely ?

A −1, 4

B −2, ∞

C 3, 7

D 1, ∞

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 Solution set of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 1 ,
contains which of the following sets completely ?

Solution:

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 A −1, 4

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 when 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 B −2, ∞

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0

⇒ 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0 C 3, 7

1
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ − ,∞
2
D 1, ∞

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 Domain and Range of a Function

Domain of a function 𝑓 𝑥 is set of values of 𝑥 for which the function 𝑓 𝑥 is defined.

Range of a function 𝑓 𝑥 is set of values of f(𝑥) in the domain of function

Technique to find domain for some of the basic functions is mentioned below

Basic Type What to do ?

1
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ≠0

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0
1
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 >0

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 1 1
Find the domain of: 𝑖 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥−1 𝑥
(Where [𝑥] represents greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥)
Solution:

1 1
𝑖 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥−1 [𝑥]

2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 𝑥−1>0 𝑥 ≠0

⇒ 𝑥 2−𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒𝑥>1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0, 1

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 1, ∞

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 Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5

Solution:

𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

Defined for all real 𝑥

Since 𝑥 ∈ ℝ ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

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 Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5

Solution:
𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4 Basic Type: 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥2 − 4 ≥ 0 What to do: 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑥−2 𝑥+2 ≥0
+ − +
∴ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞ −2 2

For range,

𝑥 2 ∈ 4, ∞

𝑥 2 − 4 ∈ 0, ∞ 𝑥 2 − 4 ∈ 0, ∞ So, 𝑦 ∈ 0, ∞

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 Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5

Solution:
2𝑥+1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5

2𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑦=
3𝑥−5
5
Domain: 3𝑥 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ −
3
Linear
Range of function of the form
Linear
Step 1: Express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦
2𝑥+1
𝑦=
3𝑥−5

⇒ 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑥(3𝑦 − 2) = 5𝑦 + 1
5𝑦+1
⇒𝑥=
3𝑦−2
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 Find domain and range of the following functions:
2𝑥+1
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−5

Solution:
Linear Step 1: Express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦
Range of function of the form
Linear 5𝑦+1
𝑥=
3𝑦−2
Step 2: For 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 , Find domain of the function 𝑔 𝑦 .

5𝑦+1
𝑔 𝑦 =
3𝑦−2

2
Domain: 𝑦 ≠
3

Step 3: Domain of the function 𝑔 𝑦 is equal to Range of function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

2
∴ Range: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ −
3

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 The domain and range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln |𝑥| respectively are:

A ℝ, ℝ+

B ℝ − 0 ,ℝ

C ℝ+ , ℝ+ ∪ {0}

D ℝ − 0 , 0, ∞

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 The domain and range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln |𝑥| respectively are:

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln |𝑥| = 𝑥 A ℝ, ℝ+

𝑓 𝑥 is defined: 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0

B ℝ − 0 ,ℝ
Range :

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+
C ℝ+ , ℝ+ ∪ {0}

D ℝ − 0 , 0, ∞

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 Find the domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 − 3

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 − 3

for 𝑓 𝑥 to be defined : 𝑥 2 − 3 > 0

+ − +

⇒ 𝑥− 3 𝑥+ 3 >0 − 3 3

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, − 3 ∪ 3, ∞

Range : 𝑥 2 − 3 ∈ 0, ∞

ln 𝑥 2 − 3 ∈ −∞, ∞

∴𝑓 𝑥 ∈ℝ

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 Key Takeaways

Domain of Algebra of Functions

Note
If functions 𝑓1 𝑥 & 𝑓2 𝑥 have domain 𝐷1 & 𝐷2 respectively,
then the functions of the form
𝑖 𝑓1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥

𝑖𝑖 𝑓1 𝑥 . 𝑓2 𝑥 will have domain as 𝐷1 ∩ 𝐷2 ’

𝑓1 𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓2 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓2 𝑥

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 1
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝑥 + 2 is:
log10 1 − 𝑥

Solution:
A −2, 0 ∪ 0, 1
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝑥+2 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
log10 1 − 𝑥
𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1
1 B −2, 1
𝑓1 𝑥 = = log 1−𝑥 10
log10 1 − 𝑥

Domain 𝐷1 : 1 − 𝑥 > 0, 1 − 𝑥 ≠ 1 C −2, 0 ∪ 0, 1

𝐷1 : 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 1 − 0
D −2, 1
𝑓2 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2

Domain 𝐷2 : 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0

𝐷2 : 𝑥 ∈ −2, ∞

Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∈ −2, 0 ∪ 0, 1
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 1
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = + log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is:
3− 𝑥
(Where [. ] denotes G.I.F)

A −1, 0 ∪ (1, 3] ∪ 4, ∞

B −∞ , ∞

C −1, 0 ∪ 1, 3 ∪ 4, ∞

D −1, 0 ∪ 1, ∞

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 1
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = + log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is:
3− 𝑥
(Where [. ] denotes G.I.F)
Solution:
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 A −1, 0 ∪ (1, 3] ∪ 4, ∞
3− 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
1
𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1
3− 𝑥
B −∞ , ∞
Domain 𝐷1 ∶ 3 − 𝑥 ≠ 0, , 𝑥 ≠ 3

𝐷1 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 3, 4 + − + −

𝑓2 𝑥 = log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −1 0 1 C −1, 0 ∪ 1, 3 ∪ 4, ∞

Domain 𝐷2 ∶ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 > 0

𝐷2 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ −1,0 ∪ 1, ∞ D −1, 0 ∪ 1, ∞
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∈ −1, 0 ∪ 1, 3 ∪ 4, ∞
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 Key Takeaways

Irrational Inequalities

● The inequation 𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑔 𝑥 , is equivalent to the following system

𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑔2 𝑥 & 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑔 𝑥 ≥ 0

● The inequation 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑔 𝑥 , is equivalent to the following system

𝑔 𝑥 < 0 & 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 OR 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑔 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑔2 𝑥

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 The solution set of the inequation 5 − 𝑥 > 𝑥 + 1 is:

Solution:

5−𝑥 >𝑥+1 ● 𝑓 𝑥 >𝑔 𝑥 ,

Case 1: 5 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 5 ⋯ 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑔 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑔2 𝑥
𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ −1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 OR
On squaring, 𝑔 𝑥 <0& 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0
2
5−𝑥 > 𝑥+1

⇒ 5 − 𝑥 > 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 < 0
+ − +
⇒ 𝑥+4 𝑥−1 <0
−4 1
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −4,1 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

From 𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1)

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 The solution set of the inequation 5 − 𝑥 > 𝑥 + 1 is:

Solution:

5−𝑥 >𝑥+1 Case 1: 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1)

Case 2: 𝑥 + 1 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 < −1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣

5 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 5⋯ 𝑣

From (𝑖𝑣) and 𝑣

5−𝑥 >𝑥+1

+𝑣𝑒 > −𝑣𝑒 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1)

∴ From Case 1 ∪ Case 2: 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 1

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 Session 7
Transformations of Graphs

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 Key Takeaways

Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0:
Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to left side by 𝑘 units (Horizontal shift)

(0, 𝑐) (−𝑘, 𝑐)

0, 0 0, 0
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0) (−𝑎 − 𝑘, 0) (−𝑘, 0) (𝑏 − 𝑘, 0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3

𝑦 = |𝑥| 𝑦 = 𝑥+3

0, 0 −3, 0 (0, 0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 3

Solution: 𝑦= 𝑥+2 3

3
𝑦 𝑦==𝑥𝑥33 𝑦= 𝑥+2

−2, 0
(0,
0, 00) 0, 0

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 Graphical Transformation

For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to right side by 𝑘 units (horizontal shift)

(0, 𝑐) (0, 𝑐) (𝑘, 𝑐)

(−𝑎, 0) (0,0) (𝑏, 0) (−𝑎 + 𝑘, 0) (𝑘, 0) (𝑏 + 𝑘, 0)

(−𝑎, 0) (0,0) (𝑏, 0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥 − 2)
3

Solution: 𝑦 = log 1(𝑥 − 2)

3

𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = log 1 𝑥 3
3

(1,0)
(2,0) (3,0)

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 Key Takeaways

Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑦-axis up by 𝑘 units (Vertical shift)

0, 𝑐 + 𝑘

(0, 𝑐)

(−𝑎, 0) (0,0) (𝑏, 0) (−𝑎, 0) (0,0) (𝑏, 0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2

2
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2

𝑦 = 𝑥2

0, 2

0, 0 0, 0

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 Graphical Transformation

For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑦-axis down by 𝑘 units (vertical shift)

(0, 𝑐)
0, 𝑐 − 𝑘
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0)

(−𝑎, 0) (0,0) (𝑏, 0) (0,0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1

(0, 𝑒)

(0, 1) (0, 1)

(0, 0) (−1, 0) (0, 0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 1

(0, 𝑒)
(0, 1) 0, 𝑒 − 1
(−1, 0)
(−1, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
𝑦 = −1

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 Key Takeaways

Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 :

in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , divide every point on 𝑥-axis by 𝑘 units (Horizontal Shrink or stretch)

Case 1: 𝑘 > 1

(0, 𝑐) (0, 𝑐)

(0,0) (0,0)
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0) 𝑎 𝑏
,0
−𝑘,0 𝑘

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 Key Takeaways

Graphical Transformation
For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 :

in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , divide every point on 𝑥-axis by 𝑘 units (Horizontal Shrink or stretch)

Case 2: 0 < 𝑘 < 1

(0, 𝑐) (0, 𝑐)

(0,0)
(−𝑎, 0) (𝑏, 0) 𝑎 (0,0) 𝑏
− ,0 ,0
𝑘 𝑘

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = [2𝑥], where [. ] denotes G.I.F

Solution: 𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3
2 2
1 1
𝑋 𝑋
0 0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

−2 −2
−3 −3

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 𝑥
Plot the graph of 𝑦 = , where [. ] denotes G.I.F
2

𝑥
Solution: 𝑦 = 2

𝑌 𝑥 𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 3 𝑦= 3
2

2 2

1 1

𝑋 𝑋
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1

−2 −2

−3 −3

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 Graphical Transformation

For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 :

in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , multiply 𝑦-axis by 𝑘 units (Vertical shrink or stretch)

Case 1: 𝑘 > 1

(0, 𝑘𝑐)
(0, 𝑐)

(0, 0) (𝑏, 0) (0, 0) (𝑏, 0)

(−𝑎, 0) (−𝑎, 0)

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 Graphical Transformation

For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 :

in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , multiply 𝑦-axis by 𝑘 units (Vertical shrink or stretch)

Case 2: 0 < 𝑘 < 1

(0, 𝑐)
(0, 𝑐)

(0, 0) (𝑏, 0) (0,0) (𝑏, 0)

(−𝑎, 0) (−𝑎, 0)

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 𝑥
Plot the graphs of: 𝑖 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ,
3
where . denotes fractional part function

Solution:

𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥

1 0, 1

𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 , where . denotes fractional part function

Solution:
𝑖 𝑦=3 𝑥

𝑌 𝑦=3 𝑥
0, 3

𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
 𝑥
Plot the graphs of: 𝑖 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ,
3
where . denotes fractional part function
Solution:
𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑦 =
3

𝑌 𝑥
𝑦=
3

1
0,
3
𝑋
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3

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 Key Takeaways

Graphical Transformation
(0, 𝑐)
● If graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is as shown

𝑏, 0 (𝑑, 0)
(−𝑎, 0) (0,0)

(0, 𝑐)
● For graph of 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 :

Take image of graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 (−𝑎, 0) 𝑏,𝑏,0 0 (𝑑, 0)

(0,0)
about 𝑥-axis (−𝑎, 0)

(0, −𝑐)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥

Solution:

𝑌 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑌 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥

𝑋 𝑋
0 1,0 0 1,0

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 Graphical Transformation

● If graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is as shown (0, 𝑐)

𝑏, 0 (𝑑, 0)
(−𝑎, 0) (0,0)

(0, 𝑐)
● For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 :

Part of graph in the negative (𝑏, 0)

(−𝑎, 0) (0,0) (𝑑, 0)
𝑦-axis is reflected about 𝑥-axis

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

3
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = 𝑥3

(0, 0) (0, 0)

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 Plot the graph of 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 − 3

Solution: 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 − 3

𝑦=− 𝑥−3 𝑦 =1− 𝑥−3

𝑦 = 𝑥−3

0, 3 (0,1)
(−3,0)
(−3,0) (0, −2)
−3, 0 (0, −3)

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 Find the number of solutions 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

Solution:

𝑌 𝑌
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥

𝑋
𝑂 1, 0

𝑋
𝑂 1, 0

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 Find the number of solutions 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

Solution:

𝑌
𝑒𝑥

ln 𝑥
0, 1

𝑋
𝑂 1, 0

There is one point of intersection

∴ No. of solution is 1

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