University of Gondar

Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering

Applied Electronics II (EEng3082)

Chapter Three
By:
Mersha K.
 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

 Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:

 Describe, what is Operational Amplifiers (OP Amps)?
 Identify the basic characteristics of ideal & practical OP
Amps
 Know the configuration/mode of OP Amps
 Explain the Applications of OP Amps

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

What is an Operational Amplifier?

 An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify weak
electric signals.
 An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high gain differential
amplifier with high input impedance and low output impedance.
 Typical uses of the OP-Amps are to provide voltage amplitude or
Polarity changes, filter, and many types of instrumentation circuits.
 OP-Amp a circuit can perform mathematical operations

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

What is an Operational Amplifier?

 An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier stages to achieve
a very high voltage gain.
 Input stage: The differential amplifier stage provides most of the
voltage gain, high input resistance, and high CMRR.
 Intermediate stage: This stage provides gain to achieve the overall
high gain for the op-amp.
 Output stage: A push-pull class B amplifier is typically used for the
output stage.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

What is an Operational Amplifier?

 The performance of an op-amp can be affected by many factors,
including:
 Frequency,
 Temperature,
 Supply voltage,
 Saturation,
 Power supply value, and
 Load resistance

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Op Amp terminals:
 The basic Op Amp circuit having two inputs and one output terminal.
 Each input results in either same or an opposite polarity output, depending
on whether the signal is applied to the plus or the minus input.

5 Fig3.1 Basic op-amp

 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

OP AMP IC 741 Pin Diagram/Pinout:

The operational amplifier (op-amp) IC 741 is a widely used integrated circuit in
electronics. It has eight pins, each serving a specific purpose:

o Pin 1and Pin 5: Offset Null (NC): For offset nullity.

o Pin 2: Inverting Input (-): This pin used as inverting
input terminal of the op-amp.
o Pin 3: Non-Inverting Input (+): This pin is used as the
non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp.
o Pin 4: V-(Negative Power Supply): This pin is
connected to the negative power supply terminal.
Fig3.a: OP AMP IC 741 Pin Diagram o Pin 6: Output: Output terminal of the op-amp.
o Pin 7: V+(Positive Power Supply): This pin is
connected to the positive power supply terminal.
5 o Pin 8: NC: This pin is typically not connected (unused).
 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Equivalent Circuit of Operational Amplifier:

Fig3.2 Equivalent Circuit of OP Amp

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers
Ideal voltage transfer curve operational amplifiers:
 Is the ideal voltage unlimited?
 The output voltage is limited by the supply voltage of, typically, a few volts.
 When an output should exceed the possible voltage range, the output remains
at either the maximum or minimum supply voltage. This is called saturation.
 Outputs between limiting voltages are referred to as the linear region.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Characteristics of Ideal Operational Amplifiers

✓ It should have infinite differential voltage gain.

✓ It should have infinite input impedance.
✓ It should have zero output impedance.
✓ It should have zero noise contribution.
✓ It should have zero output offset voltage.
✓ It should have infinite Bandwidth.
✓ It should have infinite CMRR.
✓ It should have same input voltage that stick together.
✓ It should have infinite Slew Rate.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Fig3.4 OP Amp circuit for Example 3.1 (Q-1) Fig3.5 OP Amp circuit for Example 3.1 (Q-2)
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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Op Amp Configurations:
The basic operational amplifier configurations are:
o Inverting mode
o Non-Inverting mode
o Differential mode

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Inverting Operational Amplifiers:

Fig 3.6 A basic inverting amplifier circuit.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Key facts:
 Gain factor not even depends on Op-Amp itself. Only depends on a
scalable ratio of resistor values.
 With negative feedback, the two input terminals are forced to the same
potential as it makes circuits stable and self-correcting.
 If v+ is grounded, v- is also forced to ground. v- terminal is referred as a
“virtual ground”.
 If v+ is not grounded, v- is still forced to the same voltage that is applied to
v+.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Non-Inverting Operational Amplifiers:

The virtual ground assumption does not hold in this case, however, the
difference of potential is kept near zero/minimum.
This means that, approx. Vin = v- if A goes to infinity.

Fig 3.8 The basic noninverting amplifier circuit

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Key facts:
 Again, close-loop gain factor does not depend on Op-Amp itself, Only
depends on a scalable ratio of resistor values.
 With negative feedback, the two input terminals are forced to the same
potential by the feedback.
 If v+ is grounded, v- is also forced to ground. v- terminal is referred as
a “virtual ground”.
 If v+ is not grounded, v- is still forced to the same voltage that is
applied to v+.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Example 3.2: Determine the range of voltage gain of the given

circuit.

Fig 3.9 Inverting Op Amp circuit for Example 3.2

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Example 3.3: Consider the given Op Amp circuit in Fig. 3.10 for an input of
120 µV. Determine:

a) Gain
b) The output voltage
c) The current pass through 240kΩ
d) CMRR, assume Op Amp is
ideal.

Fig3.10 OP Amp circuit for Example 3.3

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Fig3.11 OP Amp circuit for Exercise

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Applications of Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifier can perform the following operations.

 Voltage Follower (Buffer)  Signal Differentiation

 Voltage Inverter (Inversion of  Instrumentation
input signal)  Voltage Comparator
 Voltage Subtraction  Voltage Regulation
(Difference)  Analogue to Digital
 Voltage Summation (Adder) convertor (ADC)
 Average of input signals  Filter
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Signal Integration
 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers
Voltage Follower (Buffer)
A voltage follower, also known as a buffer amplifier or unity-gain
amplifier.
It is an op-amp circuit that transfers a voltage from one circuit to
another while maintaining the same voltage at the output.

Fig 3.12 A basic voltage follower circuit

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Fig 3.13 A basic voltage inverter circuit

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Voltage Subtraction (Difference)
Two signals can be subtracted from one another in a number of ways.
Fig3.7 shows a differential amplifier used to provide subtraction of
input signals.

Fig 3.14 Op Amp Circuit for Voltage Subtraction

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Voltage Subtraction (Difference)

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers
Voltage Subtraction (Difference)

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers
Voltage Summation (Adder)

 Why we need that?

Add multiple input signals together for combined output.

Scale the contribution of incoming signals in the final output signal (e.g.,
mixing music is a common example)
Audio Mixer: Inputs are voltages from several microphones (connected to
different instruments). Input resistors are varied to control the individual
channel gains.
Averaging the input signals

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Voltage Summation (Adder)
Desire to scale the contribution of different inputs

Fig 3.17 Op Amp Circuit for summing n-voltage signals

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Example 3.4:
1. Design an operational amplifier circuit that will produce an output equal
to −(4𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 0.1𝑉3 ). Use feedback resistor 𝑅𝑓 = 60𝑘Ω.
2. Design an operational amplifier circuit using two inverting configurations
to produce the output 𝑉𝑜 = −10𝑉1 + 5𝑉2 + 0.5𝑉3 − 20𝑉4 . Choose
feedback resistor 𝑅𝑓 = 100𝑘Ω.

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Figure 3.aa

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Op-Amp Integrators
An op-amp integrator is an electronic circuit that performs mathematical
integration by producing an output voltage.
Output is proportional to the area of input waveform over a period of time.
An op-amp integrator can convert a square wave to a triangle wave, a
triangle wave to a sine wave, or a sine wave to a cosine wave.

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Op-Amp Integrators
An op-amp integrator is created by placing a capacitor in the feedback path
and a resistor at the inverting input.

Fig 3.18 Op Amp Circuit for integrator

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Op-Amp differentiators
Differentiator amplifier, also known as a differentiating amplifier or a
differentiator circuit.
An Op-Amp differentiator circuit produces an output proportional to the
rate of change of its input signal.
In ideal cases, a differentiator reverses the effects of an integrator on a
waveform, and conversely.
If applied a constant value of DC voltage the output will be zero.

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Op-Amp differentiators
The basic operational amplifier differentiator circuit produces an output
signal which is the first derivative of the input signal.
If applied a constant value of DC voltage the output will be zero.

Fig 3.19 Op Amp Circuit for differentiator

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Example 3.5: The input signal to the Operational Amplifier circuit is a

sinusoidal voltage of peak value of 5 mV and frequency 1 kHz, for which R
= 1000 KΩ and C = 1 μF.
i. Find out the output voltage if OP-Amp as a differentiator.
ii. Find out the output voltage if OP-Amp as a integrator.

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Instrumentation Amplifiers
An instrumentation amplifier (INA) is a type of operational amplifier that
provides a large amount of gain for low-level signals, even in the presence
of high noise levels.
INAs are often used to amplify weak signals from sensors, transducers, or
a Wheatstone bridge.

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 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers
Instrumentation Amplifiers
INAs circuit is one using three op-amps. This circuit provides high input
resistance for accurate measurement of signals from transducers.
In this circuit, a non-inverting amplifier is added to each of the basic
difference amplifier inputs.

36 Fig 3.20 Three Op-Amp instrumentation amplifier

 Chapter Three: Operational Amplifiers

Some key features of INAs include:

 The instrumentation amplifier is designed to achieve the following:
Very high input impedance and very low output impedance.
Very high common-mode rejection ratio
INAs have low offset and low noise.
INAs have low power consumption.
INAs have high slew rate.
Adjust gain without changing many resistors: INAs allow to adjust the
gain resistor without having to change other resistor value.

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 circuits

End of Chapter Three:

Operational Amplifiers