Quidway NetEngine40E

Configuration Guide - IP Routing Contents

Contents

1 IP Routing Overview.................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Overview of IP Routing and the Routing Table ............................................................................................1-2
1.1.1 Route and Route Segments ..................................................................................................................1-2
1.1.2 Route Selection Through the Routing Table ........................................................................................1-3
1.2 Overview of Routing Protocols.....................................................................................................................1-4
1.2.1 Static Route and Dynamic Route .........................................................................................................1-4
1.2.2 Classification of Dynamic Routing Protocols......................................................................................1-5
1.2.3 Routing Protocols and Route Preferences............................................................................................1-5
1.2.4 Load Balancing and Route Backup......................................................................................................1-6
1.2.5 Sharing of Routing Information Between Protocols ............................................................................1-7
1.3 Routing Management ....................................................................................................................................1-7
1.3.1 Displaying of the Routing Table ..........................................................................................................1-7
1.3.2 Displaying and Debugging of the Routing Management Module........................................................1-8

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Figures

Figure 1-1 Route segments.................................................................................................................................1-2

Figure 1-2 Routing table.....................................................................................................................................1-4

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Configuration Guide - IP Routing Tables

Tables

Table 1-1 Routing protocols and their default preferences for the routes...........................................................1-6
Table 1-2 Displaying the routing table................................................................................................................1-7
Table 1-3 Displaying and Debugging the routing management module.............................................................1-8

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1 IP Routing Overview

About This Chapter

The following table shows the contents of this chapter.

Section Description

1.1 Overview of IP Routing This section describes the information of the IP routing
and the Routing Table and the routing table.
1.2 Overview of Routing This section describes the information of the routing
Protocols protocol.
1.3 Routing Management This section describes the information of the routing
management.

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1.1 Overview of IP Routing and the Routing Table

The section covers the following topics that you need to know before you configure IP routing
and routing table:
z Route and Route Segments
z Route Selection Through the Routing Table

1.1.1 Route and Route Segments

Routers are necessary for the selection of the route on the Internet. When a router receives an
IP packet, it selects an appropriate path (through a network) based on the destination address
of the packet. It then forwards the packet to the next router in the path. The packet is thus
transferred from one router to the next along the path. The last router delivers the packet to its
destination.
In Figure 1-1, from host A to host C, a packet should go through three networks and two
routers. Thus, if a node is connected to another node in a network, a route segment exists
between these two nodes. Hence, they are known as the adjacent nodes on the Internet. Based
on the same principle, adjacent routers are two routers connected to the same network. The
number of route segments between a router and hosts in the same network is counted as zero.
In Figure 1-1, the bold arrows represent these segments. A router is not concerned about the
physical links that constitute this route segment.

Figure 1-1 Route segments

Host A

Route Segment

Host C

Host B

When the size of the networks vary considerably, the length of the route segments may also
vary. So when the actual length of the path is measured, for different networks, the number of
route segments is multiplied by a weighted coefficient.
Consider a router in a network as a node in the network, and a route segment on the Internet
as a link. Then routing on the Internet is similar to the routing in a simple network.
Routing through a few routing segments may not be always the ideal way. For example,
routing through three LAN route segments may be much faster than routing through two
WAN route segments.

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1.1.2 Route Selection Through the Routing Table

Routing Table
The routing table is the key for a router to forward the packets. Each router maintains a
routing table in its memory. Each entry of this table specifies the physical interface of the
router through which a packet should be sent to a subnet or a host. The packet can thus reach
the next router in the path or the destination host if it is a directly connected network.
According to the sources, the routes in the routing table can be divided into the following
three categories:
z The route in the link layer protocol (also called interface route or direct route)
z The static route manually configured by the network manager
z The route in the dynamic route protocol

The Contents of the Routing Table

A routing table has the following key entries:
z Destination address: it is used to identify the destination IP address or the destination
network address of the IP packet.
z Network mask: it is combined with the destination address to give the address of the
network segment where the destination host or router is located. Thus, they are used to
identify the network address of the destination host or the router. For example, if the
destination address is 129.102.8.10 and the mask is 255.255.0.0, then the address of the
network where the host or the router is located is 129.102.0.0. The mask is made up of
several consecutive "1"s. These "1"s can be expressed either in the dotted decimal format
or in a number of consecutive "1"s in the mask.
z Outgoing interface: it indicates the interface through which an IP packet should be
forwarded.
z Next hop IP address: it indicates the next router that an IP packet passes through.
z Preference added to the IP routing table for a route: there may be different next hops to
the same destination. These routes may be discovered by different routing protocols, or
they can just be the manually configured static routes. The route with the highest
preference (the smallest value) is selected as the current optimal route.
According to different destinations, the routes can be divided into the following categories:
z Subnet route: the destination is a subnet.
z Host route: the destination is a host.
In addition, based on whether the destination location is directly connected to the router or not,
routes fall into the following types:
z Direct route: the router is directly connected to the network in which the destination is
located.
z Indirect route: the router is not directly connected to the network in which the destination
is located.
Set a default route to prevent the routing table from having a large number of entries. All the
packets that fail to match a suitable entry in the routing table are forwarded through this
default route.

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As shown in Figure 1-2, Router A is connected with three networks. Thus it has three IP
addresses and three physical interfaces. Figure 1-2 shows the routing table.

Figure 1-2 Routing table

11.0.0.0/8

Routing Table
RouterB
Destination Nexthop Interface
11.0.0.0/8 1.1.1.2 Eth1/0/0 1.1.1.2/24
12.0.0.0/8 2.2.2.2 Eth2/0/0
13.0.0.0/8 3.3.3.2 Eth3/0/0 Eth1/0/0
1.1.1.1/24

Eth2/0/0 Eth3/0/0
2.2.2.1/24 3.3.3.1/24
RouterA
RouterC RouterD
2.2.2.2/24 3.3.3.2/24

12.0.0.0/8 13.0.0.0/8

1.2 Overview of Routing Protocols

This section covers the following routing protocols:
z Static Route and Dynamic Route
z Classification of Dynamic Routing Protocols
z Routing Protocols and Route Preferences
z Load Balancing and Route Backup
z Sharing of Routing Information Between Protocols

1.2.1 Static Route and Dynamic Route

Besides static routes, the NE40E supports dynamic routing protocols, such as RIP, OSPF,
IS-IS, and BGP.
Static routes can be easily configured on a system. They have lower system requirements.
They are applicable to simple, stable, and small-scale networks. Static routes cannot
automatically adapt to the changes in the network topology. Thus they must be manually
configured.
With their routing algorithms, dynamic routing protocols can automatically adapt to the
changes of network topology. So they are applicable to the network equipped with a certain

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quantity of Layer 3 devices. However, dynamic routes are quite complicated and difficult to
configure. They have higher system requirements. They also occupy certain network
resources.

1.2.2 Classification of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Dynamic routing protocols can be classified on the following conditions:

According to the Range of Functions

According to the range of functions, the routing protocols can be divided into:
z Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP): runs inside an AS, such as RIP, OSPF and IS-IS.
z Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP): runs between different ASs, such as BGP.

According to the Algorithm

According to the Algorithm, the routing protocols can be divided into:
z Distance-Vector Routing Protocol: includes RIP and BGP (BGP is also called
Path-Vector).
z Link-State Routing Protocol: includes OSPF and IS-IS.
The above algorithms mainly differ in the method for route discovery and calculation.

According to the Types of Destination Addresses

According to the types of destination addresses, the routing protocols can be divided into:
z Unicast Routing Protocol: includes RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
z Multicast Routing Protocol: includes DVMRP, PIM-SM, and PIM-DM.
This manual mainly describes the Unicast Routing Protocol. For details of the Multicast
Routing Protocol, refer to the Quidway NetEngine40EUniversal Service Router
Configuration Guide - IP Multicast.
Static routes are managed in the router together with the dynamic routes discovered by
routing protocols. All these routes can be shared between different routing protocols.

1.2.3 Routing Protocols and Route Preferences

Different routing protocols (as well as the static route) may learn different routes to the same
destination, but not all these routes are optimal. At a certain moment, only one routing
protocol determines the current route to a specific destination. Each of these routing protocols
(including the static route) is set to a preference. When there are multiple routing information
sources, the route learned by the routing protocol with the highest preference becomes the
current route.
Routing protocols and the default preferences (the smaller is the value, the higher is the
preference) of the routes learned by them are shown in Table 1-1.
In Table 1-1, 0 indicates the direct route and 255 indicates any route learnt from unreliable
sources. The smaller is the value, the higher is the preference.

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Table 1-1 Routing protocols and their default preferences for the routes

Routing Protocol or Route Type Preference of the Corresponding Route

DIRECT 0
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
STATIC 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
OSPF NSSA 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
UNKNOWN 255

Except for direct route, the preferences of various routing protocols can be manually
configured to meet the user's requirements. In addition, the preferences for each static route
can be different.

1.2.4 Load Balancing and Route Backup

Load Balancing:
The NE40E supports the multi-route mode. That is, the NE40E permits the configuration of
multiple routes with the same destination and the same preference. If no route with higher
preference reaches the destination, all routes with the same preference are adopted. Routers at
the IP layer send packets to the destination through various paths. Thus the load balancing is
realized.
For the same destination, a specified routing protocol may find multiple routes. If the routing
protocol has the highest preference among all active routing protocols, these multiple routes
are regarded as currently valid routes. Thus, load balancing of the IP traffic is ensured at the
routing protocols layer.
So far, the routing protocols that support load balancing are RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS. Static
route also supports load balancing.

Route Backup:
The NE40E supports the route backup to improve the network reliability. You can configure
multiple routes to the same destination based on the actual situation. The route with the
highest preference is called the active route. The other routes with descending preferences are
called backup routes.
Generally, the main route forwards packets. When the link has some faults, the route becomes
inactive, and the router chooses a backup route to forward the data. The process realizes the
switch from the main route to the backup route. When the main route is recovered, the router
recovers its corresponding route and chooses the route again. Because the route has the

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highest preference, the router chooses the main route to send the data. That is the switch from
the backup route to the main route.

1.2.5 Sharing of Routing Information Between Protocols

The algorithms of various routing protocols are different. Thus they may discover different
routes. This brings about the problem of sharing the learned routes between the routing
protocols.
A router can import the information of another routing protocol. Each protocol has its own
route import mechanism. For the details, refer to the description "Importing an External
Route" in the configuration guide of the corresponding routing protocol.

1.3 Routing Management

The section covers the following topics:
z Displaying of the Routing Table
z Displaying and Debugging of the Routing Management Module

1.3.1 Displaying of the Routing Table

To locate the routing problems, you should first view the information in the routing table.
Some commands for displaying routing information are shown in Table 1-2.
The display command can be used in all views.

Table 1-2 Displaying the routing table

Action Command

View the brief information of the display ip routing-table

current active routes.
View the details of routing tables. display ip routing-table verbose
View the route to a specified display ip routing-table ip-address [ mask |
destination address. mask-length ] [ longer-match ] [ verbose ]
View the routes within specified range display ip routing-table ip-address1 { mask1 |
of destination addresses. mask-length1 } ip-address2 { mask2 |
mask-length2 } [ verbose ]
View the routes filtered by a specified display ip routing-table acl acl-number
basic ACL. [ verbose ]
View the route filtered by specified IP display ip routing-table ip-prefix
prefix list. ip-prefix-name [ verbose ]
View the route discovered by the display ip routing-table protocol protocol
specified protocol. [ inactive | verbose ]
View the statistics in a routing table. display ip routing-table statistics
View the brief of the private network display ip routing-table vpn-instance
routing table. vpn-instance-name [ filter-option ]

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Action Command

View the private network routing table display ip routing-table vpn-instance

details (in the user view). vpn-instance-name [ filter-option ] verbose

1.3.2 Displaying and Debugging of the Routing Management

Module
As shown in Table 1-3, to use the display and the debugging commands in the routing
management module is one method to settle the routing problem.
The display command can be used in all views, while the debugging command can be used
only in the user view.

Table 1-3 Displaying and Debugging the routing management module

Action Command

Check the information about the display rm interface [ interface-type

routing management on the interface. interface-number ]
Check the information about the display rm interface vpn-instance
routing management on the private vpn-instance-name
network interface.
Enable the debugging of all routing debugging rm all
management.
Enable the debugging of all backup debugging rm backup
routing management.
Enable the IPv4 debugging of all debugging rm ipv4 { bfd | im | urt | usr | msr |
routing management. rcom [ ip-prefix ip-prefix-name ] | rr }
Enable the Job debugging of all routing debugging rm job
management.
Enable the routing policy debugging of debugging rm policy [ ip-prefix
all routing management. ip-prefix-name ]
Enable the system debugging of all debugging rm system
routing management.
Enable the task debugging of all debugging rm task
routing management.
Enable the timer debugging of all debugging rm timer
routing management.

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