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10 views4 pages

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engysaad573new
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 Polymorphism: Subclasses can override methods and properties

of the superclass to provide specific behavior.


 Identity: Class instances have identity, and you can use the ===
operator to check if two variables refer to the same instance.
 Deinitialization: Classes support a deinit method, which is called
before an instance is deallocated.
 Mutability: Instances can modify their properties even if
declared as a constant (let), as long as the properties are
mutable (var).
 Automatic Reference Counting (ARC): Classes are managed by
ARC, which tracks and releases memory for instances no longer
in use.
 Use Cases: Best suited for scenarios involving shared references,
object identity, inheritance, or lifecycle management.
 Thread Safety Issues: Race conditions can occur if multiple
threads modify shared resources without proper
synchronization. For example:
o Thread 1 reads a value.
o Thread 2 reads the same value.
o Both threads modify it independently, leading to incorrect
results.
o To prevent this, use locks or queues to synchronize access
to the shared resource.
Structures:
 Value Type: Structures are value types, meaning each instance is
unique. Changes to one instance do not affect others.
 No Inheritance: Structures do not support inheritance, making
them lightweight and straightforward.
 Automatic Memberwise Initializers: Structures automatically
generate a memberwise initializer if no custom initializer is
provided.
 Immutable with let: When declared as a constant (let), the entire
structure becomes immutable, even if its properties are declared
as var.
 Stack Allocation: Structures are stored in the stack, making them
faster for small, lightweight data.
 Copy-on-Write Behavior: When assigned to a new variable or
passed to a function, they are copied, ensuring each instance is
independent.
 Thread Safety: Structures are safer for concurrency because they
do not share references between instances, reducing the risk of
race conditions.
 No ARC Overhead: Structures do not rely on ARC for memory
management, reducing performance overhead.
 Use Cases: Ideal for lightweight data models, immutable data, or
objects that should be copied rather than shared.

Q: What are actors in Swift?


 Actors:
 Concurrency-Safe Reference Type: Actors are a reference type introduced in Swift
to provide thread-safety for mutable state. They prevent race conditions by ensuring that
only one thread can access an actor’s mutable state at a time.
 Automatic Synchronization: Swift automatically handles the synchronization of access
to an actor’s properties and methods, reducing the need for manual locking mechanisms
(e.g., using NSLock or DispatchQueue).

 Q: How are enums different?


   Enums allow you to group related values and create flexible, type-safe types.
  Associated values enable you to store additional custom data with each enum case.
  Enums make code more manageable by enforcing type safety and facilitating pattern
matching with switch.

Properties, Methods, and Initializers


Q: What are properties and methods in Swift?
 Properties: Variables or constants inside a type (var, let).
 Methods: Functions inside a type.
Q: What are initializers?
 Special methods that set up initial property values when an
instance is created.

Inheritance, Encapsulation, and Polymorphism


Q: What is inheritance?
 Allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another
class.
Q: What is encapsulation?
 Hiding implementation details by controlling access levels.
Q: What is polymorphism?
 Using a parent class reference to call overridden methods in child
classes.
Example:
class Animal {
func sound() -> String { return "Some sound" }
}

class Dog: Animal {


override func sound() -> String { return "Bark" }
}

let animal: Animal = Dog()


print(animal.sound()) // Outputs: Bark

Generic Functions, Types, and Protocols


Q: What are generics in Swift?
 Generics allow you to write flexible and reusable code by letting
types be parameters.
Q: What are generic protocols?
 Protocols that use associated types for flexibility.
Example:
func swapValues<T>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) {
let temp = a
a=b
b = temp
}

protocol Container {
associatedtype Item
func addItem(_ item: Item)
func getItem() -> Item
}

Property Observers and Computed Properties


Q: What are property observers?

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