Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

EE238

Sheet 9
Average & Effective Value
1-b:-

Solution

OR
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ = ,
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 ⟹ 0, 0 & (4, 20)
𝑦 − 0 20 − 0
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⟹ = ⟹ 𝑦 = 5𝑥 ⟹ 𝑖 𝑡 = 5𝑡
𝑥−0 4−0
4
1 𝑇 1 4 6 8
1 𝑡2 6
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝑖 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 = න 5𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 + න −8. 𝑑𝑡 + න 0. 𝑑𝑡 = 5 + −8𝑡 4
𝑇 0 8 0 4 6 8 2 0
1 5 2 1
= 4 − 02 − 8(6 − 4) = ∗ 24 = 3 𝑚𝐴
8 2 8
2:-

Solution

𝑦 − 0 10 − 0 10
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ① 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 1, 0 & 4, 10 ⟹ = ⟹𝑦= 𝑥−1
𝑥−1 4−1 3
10
⟹𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡−1
3
 𝑦 − 10 0 − 10
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ② 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 4, 10 & 6, 0 ⟹ = ⟹ 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 30
𝑥−4 6−4
⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = −5𝑡 + 30
𝑦 + 10 0 + 10
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ③ 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 6, −10 & 8, 0 ⟹ = ⟹ 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 40
𝑥−6 8−6
⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 5𝑡 − 40
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
1 4 2 6 8
1 10
= න 0. 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑡−1 . 𝑑𝑡 + න −5𝑡 + 30 2. 𝑑𝑡 + න 5𝑡 − 40 2. 𝑑𝑡
8 0 1 3 4 6

1 4 100 2 6
= ቈන (𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 1). 𝑑𝑡 + න 25𝑡 2 − 300𝑡 + 900 . 𝑑𝑡
8 1 9 4
8
+ න 25𝑡 2 − 400𝑡 + 1600 . 𝑑𝑡቉
6

4 6
1 100 𝑡 3 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡2
= ൥ −2 +𝑡 + 25 − 300 + 900𝑡
8 9 3 2 1
3 2 4
8
𝑡3 𝑡2 1 200 200 176
+ 25 − 400 + 1600𝑡 ൩= 100 + + =
3 2 8 3 3 6
6
3:-

Solution

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 ± 𝜶 , 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 ± 𝜶

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = , 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐 𝟐

20
𝑎) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 𝑉 ⟹ 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 14.14 𝑉
2

16 ∗ 10−3
𝑑) 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 16 ∗ 10−3 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.0113 𝐴 = 11.3 𝑚𝐴
2
4:-

Solution

𝛚 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇, 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝟐, 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 ∗ 𝟐

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 ± 𝜶 , 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 ± 𝜶

𝑓 = 60 𝑐/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 60 𝐻𝑧 ⟹ 𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 60 = 377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑎) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1.414 𝑉 ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 1.414 2 sin(377𝑡) 𝑉

𝑑) 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 24 𝜇𝐴 ⟹ 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 24 2 sin 377𝑡 𝜇𝐴

5:-

Solution

𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ① ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 2 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ② ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 0 𝑉

𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ③ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = −2 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ④ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 0 𝑉
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⑤ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 3 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⑥ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 0 𝑉
 4 6 7 10 10.5 12
2
1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 22. 𝑑𝑡 + න 0. 𝑑𝑡 + න −22 . 𝑑𝑡 + න 0. 𝑑𝑡 + න 32 . 𝑑𝑡 + න 0. 𝑑𝑡
12 0 4 6 7 10 10.5
4 7 10.5
1
= න 4. 𝑑𝑡 + න 4. 𝑑𝑡 + න 9. 𝑑𝑡
12 0 6 10
1
= 4𝑡 40 + 4𝑡 76 + 9𝑡 10
10.5
12
1
= 4(4 − 0) + 4(7 − 6) + 9(10.5 − 10)
12
1 9 1 49 49
= 16 + 4 + = ∗ =
12 2 12 2 24
6-a:-

Solution

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑇
3 ∗ 2 + 2 ∗ 2 + 1 ∗ 2 + −1 ∗ 2 + −2 ∗ 2 + (−1 ∗ 2) 4 1
= = 𝑉= 𝑉
12 12 3
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ① ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 3 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ② ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 2 𝑉
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ③ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 1 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ④ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = −1 𝑉
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⑤ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = −2 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⑥ ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = −1 𝑉

2 4 6 8 10 12
2
1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 32. 𝑑𝑡 + න 22. 𝑑𝑡 + න 12 . 𝑑𝑡 + න −12. 𝑑𝑡 + න −22. 𝑑𝑡 + න −12 . 𝑑𝑡
12 0 2 4 6 8 10
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
= න 9. 𝑑𝑡 + න 4. 𝑑𝑡 + න 1. 𝑑𝑡 + න 1. 𝑑𝑡 + න 4. 𝑑𝑡 + න 1. 𝑑𝑡
12 0 2 4 6 8 10
1 2 4 6 8 10 12
= 9 𝑡 0 +4 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 + 𝑡 6 +4 𝑡 8 + 𝑡 10
12
1
= 9 2 − 0 + 4 4 − 2 + 6 − 4 + 8 − 6 + 4 10 − 8 + (12 − 10)
12
1 40 10
= 40 = =
12 12 3
6-b:-

Solution

10 ∗ 4 + −10 ∗ 4
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =0
8
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ① ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = 10 𝑉, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ② ⟹ 𝑣 𝑡 = −10 𝑉
4 8 4 8
2 1 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 102. 𝑑𝑡 + න −102. 𝑑𝑡 = න 100. 𝑑𝑡 + න 100. 𝑑𝑡
8 0 4 8 0 4
1 1
= 100 𝑡 40 + 100 𝑡 84 = 100(4 − 0) + 100(8 − 4)
8 8
1 1
= 100 ∗ 4 ∗ 2 = ∗ 800 = 100
8 8
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑽
Extra Problem (Very Important):-

Solution

𝜋 𝑦 − 10 0 − 10
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ① 𝑝𝑡𝑠. 0, 10 & ,0 ⟹ = 𝜋
2 𝑥−0 −0
2
−20 −20
⟹𝑦= 𝑥 + 10 ⟹ 𝑖 𝛼 = 𝛼 + 10
𝜋 𝜋
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ⟹ 𝑖 𝛼 = 15 cos 𝛼
𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ② ⟹ 𝑖 𝛼 = −5 𝑚𝐴
 1 −20 𝜋 2 𝜋 −20 3𝜋 𝜋
= ቈ + 10 − 0 2 − 10 0 + 15 sin − sin
2𝜋 2𝜋 2 2 2𝜋 2 2
3𝜋
− 5 2𝜋 − ቉
2
1 −5𝜋 5𝜋
= + 5𝜋 − 0 − 0 + 15 sin 270 − sin 90 −
2𝜋 2 2
1 −15
= ∗ −30 = 𝑚𝐴 = −4.77 𝑚𝐴
2𝜋 𝜋
 1 50 225 25 1 425 425
= 𝜋+ 𝜋+ 𝜋 = 𝜋 =
2𝜋 3 2 2 2𝜋 3 6