Scribd
Upload
1 views

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Amanuel Yohannes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Amanuel Yohannes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Chapter Three

Lecture 6
Forced Vibrations Of Single Degree
of Freedom Systems

Mechanical Vibration 1
Specific Objectives
At the end of the chapter everyone of you are expected
to understand the following:
Find the responses of undamped and viscously
damped single-degree-of-freedom systems
subjected to different types of harmonic force,
including base excitation and rotating unbalance.
The variations of magnification factor and phase
angles with the frequency of excitation and the
phenomena of resonance
Solve harmonically excited single-degree-of-
freedom vibration problems using Laplace
transforms.
Mechanical Vibration 2
What is Forced Vibration?
A mechanical or structural system is said to undergo
forced vibration whenever external energy is supplied
to the system during vibration.
External energy can be supplied through either an
applied force or an imposed displacement excitation.
The applied force or displacement excitation may be
harmonic, nonharmonic but periodic, nonperiodic, or
random in nature.
The response of a system to a harmonic excitation is
called harmonic response.
Mechanical Vibration 3
Equation of Motion
If a force F(t) acts on a viscously damped spring-mass
system as shown in Fig.

The equation of motion can be obtained using Newton


s second law:
Mechanical Vibration 4
General Solution
Since this equation is nonhomogeneous, its general
solution x(t) is given by the sum of the homogeneous
solution, and the particular solution,
The homogeneous solution, which is the solution of
the homogeneous equation

represents the free vibration of the system and was


discussed in Chapter 2.
This free vibration dies out with time under each of
the three possible conditions of damping and under all
possible initial conditions.
Mechanical Vibration 5
Forced Response
Thus the general solution eventually reduces to the
particular solution which represents the steady-state
vibration. The steady-state motion is present as long as
the forcing function is present.
The variations of homogeneous, particular, and general
solutions with time for a typical case are

Mechanical Vibration 6
Undamped System Under
Harmonic Force
Consider an undamped system subjected to a harmonic
force, for the sake of simplicity
If a force acts on the mass m of an
undamped system, the equation of motion becomes,

The homogeneous solution of this equation is given by

where is the natural frequency of the system.


Because the exciting force F(t) is harmonic, the
particular solution is also harmonic and has the same
frequency Mechanical Vibration 7
Undamped System Continued…
Thus we assume a solution in the form

The maximum amplitude X can be expressed as

Mechanical Vibration 8
Undamped System Continued…
The quantity represents the ratio of the dynamic to
the static amplitude of motion and is called the
magnification factor, amplification factor, or
amplitude ratio.
Case 1. When the denominator is positive
and the response is given without change. The
harmonic response of the system is said to be in
phase with the external force

Mechanical Vibration 9
Magnification factor of an
undamped system

Mechanical Vibration 10
Undamped System Continued…
Case 2. When the denominator is negative, and
the steady-state solution can be expressed as

where the amplitude of motion X is redefined to be a


positive quantity as

Mechanical Vibration 11
Undamped System Continued…
Since xp(t) and F(t) have opposite signs, the response
is said to be 180° out of phase with the external force.
Further, as
Thus the response of the system to a harmonic force of
very high frequency is close to zero.
Case 3. When the amplitude X becomes infinite.
This condition, for which the forcing frequency is
equal to the natural frequency of the system is called
resonance.

Mechanical Vibration 12
Undamped System Continued…
To find the response for resonance condition

Since the last term of this equation takes an indefinite


form for we apply L’Hospital’s rule to evaluate
the limit of this term:

Mechanical Vibration 13
Undamped System Continued…
Thus the response of the system at resonance becomes

It can be seen from the above equation that at


resonance, x(t) increases indefinitely. The last term of
the Eq. from which the amplitude of the response can
be seen to increase linearly with time.

Mechanical Vibration 14
Damped System Under Harmonic
Force
If the forcing function is given by the
equation of motion becomes

The particular solution of Equation is also expected to


be harmonic; we assume it in the form

By substituting

Using the trigonometric relations

Mechanical Vibration 15
Damped System Continued…
Equating the coefficients of on both
sides of the resulting equation, we obtain

Solution of the above equation gives

And

Mechanical Vibration 16
Damped System Continued…
Dividing both the numerator and denominator of
Equation by k and making the following substitutions

Then

Mechanical Vibration 17
Damped System Continued…
And

Graphical representation

Vectorial representation

Mechanical Vibration 18

You might also like