CE-416

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-II

SPRING 2021
Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET Peshawar, Bannu Campus
 LECTURE NO. 2

DESIGN OF AN INDUSTRIAL
BUILDING
Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET Peshawar, Bannu Campus

Some content courtesy of Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali, UET Peshawar.

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75 X 45 FT.)
• Configuration.
• Loading.
• Design of slabs.
• Design of beams for flexure.
• Design of beams for shear.
 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 3
 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF
CONTINUOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

 PHILOSOPHY
• Design of continuous structural elements essentially follows the same mechanics as
those discussed in design of simply supported elements. However, there are certain
actions that are new as compared to design of simply supported members such as:
• Negative moments at the supports.

• Different moment-coefficients as compared to the simply supported elements.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 5
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

 PHILOSOPHY
• In order to understand the design procedure, an industrial building will be designed
having dimensions of 75 ft. x 45 ft. and a height of 16 ft.

• This lecture will adopt a configuration such that the design is carried out by targeting a
one-way slab system.

• It is pertinent to briefly discuss the various types of concrete floor systems.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 6
CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS
CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS

 GENERAL
• Various types of flooring systems are adopted in reinforced concrete buildings.
• Each flooring type has certain advantages and disadvantages in terms of its construction,
behavior and cost.
• The most common flooring types in reinforced concrete buildings are.
1) Beam supported slabs.
2) Flat plate.
3) Flat slab.
4) One-way joist.
5) Two-way joist (or Waffle slabs)

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 8
 CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS
 BEAM SUPPORTED SLABS
• These are the most common and most simple type of RC floor systems where the slab is
supported directly by the beams which in turn transfer the load to the columns.
• The beams are cast monolithically with the slab and the two behave as an integrated unit
to resist loading.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 9
 CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS
 FLAT PLATE
• These types of slabs rest directly over the column thus saving the cost of beams.
• However, the punching shear is critical in such type of slabs which can lead to increased
depth and consequently have repercussions on economy.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 10
 CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS
 FLAT SLAB
• This type of slabs are a variation to the flat plate slabs but with improved behavior
against punching shear by:
• Drop panel (increased thickness of slab in areas of slab prone to punching shear).
• Column capital (Increase in column head size for better load distribution at the column-slab joint).

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 11
 CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS
 ONE-WAY JOISTS
• One-way joist slab systems consist of a series of beams cast in one direction with a
relatively thin top slab.
• These can be adopted for long spans. These result in reduced loading and the voids can
be used to carry concealed electrical and plumbing installations.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 12
 CONCRETE FLOORING SYSTEMS
 TWO-WAY JOISTS (WAFFLE SLABS)
• It is a modular slab type with ribs extending in both directions.
• These are generally light weight as compared to flat slabs or flat plates.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 13
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
OPTION-1
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 The slabs and beams of a hall, 75’ x 45’, are to be designed. The hall has a
height of 20 ft. Compressive strength of concrete is 3000 psi and steel has a
yield strength of 40,000 psi.

Brick masonry wall

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 15
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 Configuration
• Assume any suitable configuration based on the requirements of the client and structural
elements.
• It always pays off to consider several alternatives in order to arrive at the most suitable
configuration. Experience helps!
• In the design of this hall, several alternatives are available.
• We’ll explore and design two alternatives for the design of this hall.
• Since the hall is 16 ft. tall, stiffer walls will be required to control lateral drifts, hence 18
inch thick masonry walls will be considered in this design.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 16
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 Configuration

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 17
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Behavior of the Slabs

• Primary bending moment in the one way slabs is in the

shorter direction and main reinforcement is provided to
resist this bending.

• One way slabs are designed as a foot wide beam in the

shorter direction.

• Shrinkage/Temperature reinforcement is provided in the

longer direction to cater for the shrinkage of concrete
upon drying.
ln
• No shear reinforcement is provided in slabs and the shear
is purely resisted by the thickness of the slab.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 18
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Behavior of the Slabs

• Two way slabs bend in both the longer and shorter

directions.

• The bending intensity in both directions is a function of

the span length and boundary conditions. However, the
larger share of bending is in the shorter direction.

• Discussion on design of two way slabs will come later in

the course.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 19
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Behavior of the Slabs

• The slabs in the flooring system can be named as exterior and interior slabs.

• Since the slab dimensions are similar (the boundary conditions are different though),
only two slabs will be required to be designed.

• The slabs are supported on all four edges hence the span ratio in the longer and shorter
directions need to be computed in order to evaluate the behavior of the slabs.
• Let la = shorter span and lb = longer span

• Span ratio, R = lb/la = 45/15 = 3.0 > 2.0

• Hence both the exterior and interior slabs are one-way slabs.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 20
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Minimum thickness of slab (ACI 9.5.2)
Read Section 12.8, Nilson 14th Ed.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 21
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Span Length

Assuming a slab thickness (hf) equal to 6 inch.

• For Exterior span: i. Clear span + depth of member = 14.25+0.5 = 14.75’
ii. c/c distance b/w supports = 15.75’
• For Interior span: c/c distance b/w supports = 15.00’
Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 22
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Minimum thickness of slab (ACI 9.5.2)
• ℎ .( .) = (0.4 + ) = 14.75/24*(0.4+40,000/100,000)*12 = 5.9”
,

• ℎ .( .) = (0.4 + ,
) = 15/28 *(0.4+40,000/100,000)*12 = 5.14”

• So the assumed thickness of slab (hf = 6”) is sufficient for deflection control.
• Effective depth, d = h-1” = 5” (Estimated)

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 23
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Loading
• The dead load includes self weight of the slab, plus a superimposed dead load in the form of a 3 inch mud
layer and 1.5” brick tile.
• Live load is considered to be 40 psf

Loads on Slab
Material Thickness (inch) Unit Wt. γ (kcf) Load = γ x thickness (ksf)
Slab 6 0.15 = 0.15*(6/12)= 0.075
Mud 3 0.12 = 0.12*(3/12) = 0.03
Brick tile 1.5 0.12 = 0.12*(1.5/12) = 0.015

• Total Dead Load = 0.075+0.03+0.015 = 0.12 kip/ft2

• Factored (Design) load = Wu = 1.2*D.L+1.6*L.L = 1.2*0.12+1.6*0.04 = 0.208 ksf.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 24
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Analysis
• Analysis of the continuous (indeterminate) system of slabs can be carried out in three
possible ways.
1. Exact Analysis (The classical methods like slope deflection method, conjugate beam method, three-
moment equation method etc.)
2. Approximate Analysis (Using any Finite Element-based solution. SAP2000, for example, employs the
same technique)
3. Simplified Analysis (Provided by the code in the form of moment coefficients)

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 25
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Analysis
• Simplified Codal Analysis using ACI Moment Coefficients (ACI 8.3.3)

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 26
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Analysis

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 27
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Analysis
• [Table 12.1, Nilson]

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 28
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Analysis

Positive Moments:
+Muext. = (1/11).(Wu.ln2) = 1/11*0.208*14.252*12 = 46.08 in-kip/ft.
+Muint. = (1/16). (Wu.ln2) = 1/16*0.208*13.502*12 = 28.43 in-kip/ft.

Negative Moments:
-Muext. = (1/10). (Wu.ln2) = 1/10*0.208*13.8752*12 = 48.05 in-kip/ft.
-Muint. = (1/11). (Wu.ln2) = 1/11*0.208*13.502*12 = 41.35 in-kip/ft.
Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 29
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Design
• As already discussed, one way slabs are modeled as series of inter-connected beams and
designed accordingly.
• Reinforcement is provided in two directions.
• Main reinforcement
• Shrinkage reinforcement

15’

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 30
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Design
• Minimum Reinforcement (Also Shrinkage Reinforcement):
• According to ACI 10.5.4, for fy = 40 ksi,
• Asmin. = 0.002.b.hf Selection of Reinforcement
Try #3 bars, A#3 = 0.11 in2
• Asmin. = 0.002*12*6 = 0.144 in2 Spacing, S = Ab/As*12 = 0.11/0.144*12 = 9.17 in.

. Maximum Spacing (ACI 7.6.5):

𝑎 . = = 0.144*40/(0.85*3*12) = 0.19 in.
. Smax. Is the least of:
i. 5hf = 5*6 = 30 in.
φMnmin. = φAsmin.fy (d-a/2)
ii. 18 in.
governs
= 0.9*0.144*40*(5-0.19/2)
So we will use #3 bars @ 9 inch c/c for shrinkage reinforcement
= 25.43 in-kip/ft.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 31
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Design
• The four demands are greater than the flexural resistance that the slab can develop with
the minimum allowed reinforcement.
• We will employ trial and success procedure to arrive at the optimal reinforcement area to
cater for each demand with the adopted geometry.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 32
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Design
• Trial & Success for +Mext. = 46.08 in-kip/ft.
Selection of Reinforcement
Try #3 bars, A#3 = 0.11 in2
Spacing, S = Ab/As*12 = 0.11/0.27*12 = 4.88 in.
Try #4 bars, A#4 = 0.20 in2
Spacing, S = Ab/As*12 = 0.20/0.27*12 = 8.88 in.

Maximum Spacing (ACI 7.6.5):

Smax. Is the least of:
i. 3hf = 3*6 = 18 in.
ii. 18 in.

So we will use #4 bars @ 8.5 inch c/c for +Muext.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 33
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Design
• Capacity Validation:
• We will validate the capacity of the designed section with dactual and spacing selected.
• dactual = hf-3/4-1/2.φb
• For #4 bar,
• dactual = 6-3/4-1/2(4/8) = 5 in.
• As = Ab/S*12 = 0.20/8.5*12 = 0.28 in2
• a = As.fy/(0.85f’cb) = (0.28*40)/(0.85*3*12) = 0.37 in.
• φMn = φAs.fy (d-a/2) = 0.9*0.28*40*(5-0.37/2) = 48.53 in-kip/ft.
φMn (= 48.53) > +Muext.(= 46.08)
Hence the design is OK.
Capacity-to-demand ratio = (48.53-46.08)/48.53*100 = 5.05%

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 34
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Design
• The same process can be repeated for the other bending moments.
Design Summary

+Muext. 46.08 #4 bars @ 8.5” c/c #4 bars @ 7.5” c/c 55.18 16.49%
+Muint. 28.43 #4 bars @ 15” c/c #4 bars @ 15” c/c 29.42 3.40%
-Muext. 48.05 #4 bars @ 8.5” c/c #4 bars @ 8.5” c/c 48.53 0.99%
-Muint. 41.35 #4 bars @ 10” c/c #4 bars @ 10” c/c 41.82 1.12%

Shrinkage Reinf. #3 bars @ 9” c/c #3 bars @ 9” c/c

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 35
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Drafting

A A

Top bars

Bottom bars

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 36
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 SLAB DESIGN
• Drafting

SECTION A-A

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 37
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
• This configuration consists of similar, single-span, simply supported beams.
• Geometry
• hmin. = l/16 (0.4+fy/100000)
• Where l = clear span + depth of member < c/c distance between supports.
• Consider the depth of the beam to be 45 inch.
• l = 45+45/12 = 48.75’ [clear span + depth]
• l = 45+9/12+9/12 = 46.5’ [c/c distance]

• hmin. = 46.5/16 (0.4+40,000/100,000) x 12 = 27.9”

• So the adopted depth of 45” is OK for deflection control.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 38
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Geometry

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 39
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Loading
 The load on the beam will be a combination of the contribution from the slab and the self weight of the
web of the beam.
 Service dead load of the slab = 0.12 kip/ft2.
 Contribution from the slab = 0.12*15 = 1.8 kip/ft.
 Self weight of the beam’s web = 39*18/144*0.15 = 0.73 kip/ft.
 Total service dead load = 2.53 kip/ft.
 Service live load = 0.04 kip/ft2.
 Service live load contribution from the slab = 0.04*15 = 0.6 kip/ft.
 Design Load, Wu = 1.2 x D.L + 1.6 x L.L
= 1.2*2.53+1.6*0.6
Wu = 4.00 kip/ft.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 40
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Analysis
 Since the beam is simply supported, the shear force and bending moment distribution is as under.

Vmax. = Wu.l/2 = 4*46.5/2 = 93.0 kip

Mu = Wu.l2/8 = 4*46.52/8*12
Mu = 12973.5 in-kip

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 41
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 The beam is a simply supported T-beam.
 Evaluation of the behavior of the beam (whether T-beam or rectangular beam behavior) is necessary.

 According to ACI 8.10, for T-beam, beff. is the minimum of:

i. 16.hf + bw = 16*6+18 = 114”
ii. c/c span of beam/4 = 46.5/4*12 = 139.5”
iii. c/c spacing between beams = 15*12 = 180”
 So beff. = 114”

 Now we can evaluate whether the beam acts as a T-beam or a rectangular beam.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 42
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Evaluation of Behavior
 Assuming a = hf = 6” and d = h-3.5” = 45-3.5 = 41.5” [Considering two rows of reinforcement]

As = Mu/(φfy(d-a/2) = 12973.5/(0.9*40*(41.5-6/2) = 9.36 in2.

a = As.fy/(0.85f’c.beff.) = (9.36*40)/0.85*3*114) = 1.29 in. < hf

 Since the depth of the compression block is less than the depth of the flange, the beam will behave as a
rectangular beam.

 Check the ductility requirement, ρmax. = 0.0203 and ρmin. = 0.005 [Table A4, Nilson 14th Ed.]

Asmax. = ρmax. b.d = 0.0203*18*41.5 = 15.16 in2.

amax. = Asmax.fy/(0.85f’c.beff.) = (15.16*40)/(0.85*3*114) = 2.09 in.
φMnmax. = φAsmax..fy (d-amax./2) = 0.9*15.16*40*(41.5-2.09/2) = 22078.72 in-kip > Mu (= 12973.5 in-kip)

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 43
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Optimization of Reinforcement
 We will employ trial and success to optimize the reinforcement.
 Trial No. 1: Let a = 0.2d = 0.2*41.5 = 8.3 in.
As = Mu/(φfy(d-a/2) = 12973.5/(0.9*40*(41.5-8.3/2) = 9.65 in2.
a = As.fy/(0.85f’c.beff.) = (9.65*40)/(0.85*3*114) = 1.33 in.

 Trial No. 2:
As = Mu/(φfy(d-a/2) = 12973.5/(0.9*40*(41.5-1.33/2) = 8.83 in2.
a = As.fy/(0.85f’c.beff.) = (8.83*40)/(0.85*3*114) = 1.21 in.

 Trial No. 3:
As = Mu/(φfy(d-a/2) = 12973.5/(0.9*40*(41.5-1.21/2) = 8.81 in2. As = 8.81 in2.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 44
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Selection of Reinforcement
 Try # 8 bars, A#8 = 0.79 in2.
 No. of bars, N = As/A#8 = 8.81/0.79 = 11.15 so we can provide 12, #8 bars in two rows with As = 9.48 in2.

 Checking the fitting

 Width required = 2*1.5+2*4/8+6*8/8+5*1 = 15 in. < bw (=18 in.) so OK [considering #4 stirrups]

 Checking the actual capacity

 As = 9.48 in2.
dactual = 45-1.5-4/8-8/8-1-1/2*8/8 = 40.5 in.
a = As.fy/(0.85f’c.beff.) = (9.48*40)/(0.85*3*114) = 1.31 in.
φMn = φAs.fy (d-a/2) = 0.9*9.48*40*(40.5-1.31/2) = 13598.3 in-kip
φMn > Mu
Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 45
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Ductility Check
ρ = As/bd = 9.48/(18*40.5) = 0.013
ρmax. = 0.0203
ρmin. = 0.005

Ρmin. < ρ < ρmax.

Hence ductility is ensured

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 46
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Bar Cut-off
 It is desirable to design so that the steel everywhere in the beam as nearly “fully stressed” as possible, it
follow that the required steel area is very nearly proportional to the bending moment.
 At the location of maximum bending moment, 100 percent of the steel is required.
 Some percentage of the reinforcement can be discontinued as the bending moment decreases while
moving from mid-point towards the supports.
 Cut-off or bend points are determined using the bending moment diagram.
 Graph A2 and A3 in “Appendix A” of Nilson 13th Ed can be used to find cutoff points in simply supported
and continuous beams respectively.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 47
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Bar Cut-off
 Figure 5.15 of chapter 5 in Nilson 14th Ed can be used to find cutoff or bend points for bars in continuous
beams with approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed loads.
 Positive steel can be curtailed 50 % at a distance (l/8) from face of the support.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 48
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Skin Reinforcement
ACI 10.6.7

“If the effective depth d of a beam or joist exceeds 36 in., longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for a distance d/2 nearest the flexural tension reinforcement.
The spacing Ssk between longitudinal bars or wires of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the least of d/6,
12 in., and 1000Ab/(d – 30). It shall be permitted to include such reinforcement in strength computations if a
strain compatibility analysis is made to determine stress in the individual bars or wires. The total area of
longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed one-half of the required flexural tensile
reinforcement”.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 49
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Skin Reinforcement
ACI 10.6.7

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 50
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Skin Reinforcement
Maximum area of skin reinforcement allowed by ACI:
Askin, max. = Main flexural reinforcement/2 = 9.48/2 = 4.74 in2

Range up to which skin reinforcement is provided:

d/2 = 40.5/2 = 20.25″ With this spacing, 3 bars on each face are
required.
For #6 bar used in skin reinforcement,
Ssk is least of: And for #6 bar, the total area of skin
reinforcement is:
i. d/6 = 40.5/6 = 6.75″ Askin = 6 × 0.44 = 2.64 in2 < Askin, max = 4.74 in2
ii. 12″ Hence O.K
iii. 1000Ab/(d – 30) = 1000×0.44/(56.625 – 30) = 41.90″

Ssk= 6 in.
Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 51
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Flexure
 Skin Reinforcement

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 52
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Demand

Vu /(23.25 - 3.375) = Vmax./23.25

Vu =79.50 kip

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 53
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Capacity of concrete section (without reinforcement)
• Capacity of the concrete section is defined by ACI 318-02 (11.2.1) as φVc and is equal to:
∅𝑉 = 2∅ 𝑓 𝑏. 𝑑

φVc = 2 x 0.75 x (3000)0.5 x 18 x 40.5 = 59839.46 lbs.

φVc = 59.84 kips

• We can see that φVc (=59.84) < Vu (=79.50), hence shear reinforcement will be required.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 54
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Selection of reinforcement
Considering #3, two-legged vertical stirrups, Av = 0.11 x 2 = 0.22 in2.
∅ . .
Spacing required, 𝑆 = ( ∅ )
. . .
𝑆= ( . . )
= 13.6 inch; say #3 stirrups @12 inch c/c.

 Reinforcement in other regions

• When ΦVc/2 ≥ Vu, no web reinforcement is required.
• When ΦVc ≥ Vu, theoretically no web reinforcement is required. However as long as ΦVc/2 is not greater
than Vu, ACI 11.5.5.1 recommends minimum web reinforcement [Criteria on next slide].

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 55
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Limiting value of stirrup spacing
Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as permitted by ACI 11.5.4 and 11.5.5.3 shall
be minimum of:

• Smax. = 0.22*40000/(0.75*(3000)0.5*18) = 11.90 in. ≤ 0.22*40000/(50*18) = 9.78 in.

governs
• Smax. = 40.5/2 = 20.25 in.
• Smax. = 24 in. • Provide # 3, 2-legged vertical stirrups at 9 in. c/c or
• Provide # 4, 2-legged vertical stirrups at 15 in. c/c
Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 56
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Depth Check
Two additional checks are required for the depth of the designed section.
• ΦVs ≤ 4Φ √f′c bwd (ACI 11.5.4.3) = 119.68 kips
• If not satisfied, reduce maximum spacing requirement by one half.

• ΦVs ≤ 8Φ √f′c bwd (ACI 11.5.6.9) = 236.39 kips

• If not satisfied, increase depth of beam.

• ΦVs = Vu – ΦVc = 79.50 – 59.84 = 19.66 kips.

• This is less than both the requirements so no change in the shear design already carried out.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 57
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Reinforcement Distribution
φVc / (23.25-x1) = 93.00/23.25
x1 = 8.29’

(φVc /2) / x3 = 93.00/23.25

x3 = 7.48’
x2 = 7.48’
#4 @ 15” c/c #4 @ 15” c/c #4 @ 24” c/c

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 58
 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING (HALL 75’X45’)
 BEAM DESIGN
 Design for Shear
 Drafting

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 59
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Supporting chairs for slab reinforcement.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 60
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Reinforcement in slab.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 61
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Flexure and shear reinforcement in a beam.

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 62
OTHER CONFIGURATIONS FOR THE SAME HALL

Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 63
Lecture No. 2 CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi
64