OVERVIEW

OF
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

Presentation
By
Sanjib ghosh
Jto/nscbttc/kalyani
bsnl/ctd
 INTRODUCTION

With the introduction of PCM technology in the 1960s,

communications networks were gradually converted to
digital technology over the next few years. To meet the
demand of growing needs of customers different
multiplexing technique involved in communication and at
the same time evolution of transmission technology
becomes necessary to deal growing traffic scenario.
 MULTIPLEXING

Now a days it has become imperative to think of new technical

innovations which could exploit the available bandwidth of
transmission media such as open wire lines or underground cables
to provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used
to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is
called Multiplexing.

MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

The FDM techniques is the process of translating individual speech circuits (300-
3400 Hz) into pre-assigned frequency slots within the bandwidth of the
transmission medium. The frequency translation is done by amplitude modulation
of the audio frequency with an appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of the
modulator a filter network is connected to select either a lower or an upper side
band. FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission
systems
 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Tx Rx
CH1 CH1
CH2 CH2

CH3 . CH3
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
OFC .
.
. .
.
.
CH31 CH31

CH32 CH32

Each channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed

duration. All channels are sampled one by, the cycle is repeated again and
again. The channels are connected to individual gates which are opened one
by one in a fixed sequence. At the receiving end also similar gates are opened
in synchronous manner with the gates at the transmitting end.
 PULSE CODE MODULATION

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system transmit the spoken word in digital form. Since
then digital speech transmission has become an alternative to the analogue
systems. PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the
same transmission medium.

STEPS FOR PCM TECHNIQUE :

Filtering
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
Line Coding
 FILTERING

Voice Signal + Noise Signal Low Pass Filter (LPF) Band Limited Voice Signal

(0-4 KHz )

Filters are used to limit the speech signal to the frequency band 300-3400 Hz.
 SAMPLING

Sampling Theorem::

"If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at

a rate equal to or more than twice the highest signal frequency in
the band, then the sample contains all the information of the original
signal."
Mathematically, if fH is the highest frequency in the signal to be sampled
then the sampling frequency Fs needs to be greater than 2 fH.
i.e. Fs>2fH

We know after filtering voice signals are band limited to 4 KHz and let
sampling frequency be 8 KHz.

Time period of sampling Ts = 1/8000 second

= 125 micro seconds

If we have just one channel, then this can be sampled every 125
microseconds and the resultant samples will represent the original signal. But,
if we are to sample N channels one by one at the rate specified by the sampling
theorem, then the time available for sampling each channel would be equal to
Ts/N microseconds.
 QUANTIZATION

Suppose we have a signal as shown in Fig which is sampled at instants a, b, c, d

and e. For the sake of explanation, let us suppose that the signal has maximum
amplitude of 8 volts.

In order to quantize these five samples taken of the signal, let us say the total
amplitude is divided into eight ranges or intervals as shown in Fig. Sample (a) lies
in the 5th range. Accordingly, the quantizing process will assign a binary code
corresponding to this i.e. 101, Similarly codes are assigned for other samples also.
Here the quantizing intervals are of the same size. This is called Linear Quantizing.
 QUANTIZING - SIGNAL WITH + Ve & - Ve VALUES

Because the quantized samples are coded in binary form, the quantization
intervals will be in powers of 2. If we have a 4 bit code, then we can have 2" = 16
levels. Practical PCM systems use an eight bit code with the first bit as sign bit. It
means we can have 2" = 256 (128 levels in the positive direction and 128 levels in
the negative direction) intervals for quantizing.
 QUANTIZATION DISTORTION

Analogue Signal Quantizing Interval Quantizing Level Binary Code

Amplitude Range
(mid value)

0-10 mv 5 mv 0 1000
10-20mv 15mv 1 1001
20-30 mv 25 mv 2 1010
30-40 mv 35 mv 3 1011
40-50 mv 45 mv 4 1100

If a sample has an amplitude of say 23 mv or 28 mv, in either case it will be assigned

as "2". This Is represented in binary code 1010. When this is decoded at the receiving
end, the decoder circuit on receiving a 1010 code will convert this into an analogue
signal of amplitude 25 mv only. Thus the process' of quantization leads to an
approximation of the input signal with the detected signal having some deviations in
amplitude from the actual values. This deviation between the amplitude of samples at
the transmitter and receiving ends (i.e. the difference between the actual value & the
reconstructed value) gives rise to quantization distortion.
 NON LINEAR QUANTIZATION

To reduce Quantization error, we, therefore, need to reduce step size or in other
words, increase the number of steps in the given amplitude range. This would
however, increase the transmission bandwidth because bandwidth B = fm log
L. where L is the number of quantum steps and fm is the highest signal frequency.
But as we knows from speech statistics that the probability of occurrence of a small
amplitude is much greater than large one, it seems appropriate to provide more
quantum levels (V = low value) in the small amplitude region and only a few (V =
high value) in the region of higher amplitudes. In this case, provided the total
number of specified levels remains unchanged, no increase in transmission
bandwidth will be required. This will also try to bring about uniformity in signal to
noise ratio at all levels of input signal. This type of quantization is called non-
uniform quantization or companding.
 ENCODING

Conversion of quantized analogue levels to 8 bits binary signal is called

encoding.

The 8 bit word appears in the form

P ABC WXYZ

Polarity bit ‘1‘ for + ve Segment code Sub-segment

code
'O' for - ve.

The first bit gives the sign of the voltage to be coded. Next 3 bits gives the
segment number. There are 8 segments for the positive voltages and 8
for negative voltages. Last 4 bits give the position in the segment. Each
segment contains 16 positions.
 LINE CODING

THIS IS LAST STEP OF PCM TECHNIQUE.. AFTER CONVERSION OF ANALOG SIGNAL

TO DIGITAL SIGNAL BY PCM TECHNIQUE, THIS DIGITAL SIGNAL NEED TO BE
CONVERTED INTO DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF LINE CODED SIGNAL LIKE
RZ,NRZ,AMI,CMI ETC.

 THE TECHNIQUE OF CONVERSION TO LINE CODED SIGNAL IS CALLED LINE

CODING.

THIS IS DONE TO MAKE THE DIGITAL SIGNAL COMPATIBLE WITH THE EQUIPMENT
WHICH IS DEALING WITH THE SIGNAL
 2 Mbps STREAM CALCULATION

NOW IF WE REMEMBER BASIC TDM CIRCUIT, THERE WILL BE 32 CHANNELS

TRANSMITTED IN 125 microseconds(As per Sampling Theorem).

So, IN 125 microseconds, NO OF BITS TRANSMITTED = 32 X 8 bits

IN 1 microsecond, NO OF BITS TRANSMITTED = 32 X 8 /125 bits

IN 1 sec/1000000 microsecond, NO OF BITS TRANSMITTED = 32 X 8 X 1000000/125 bits

= 2.048 Mbits

So, Basic bit rate of PCM is 2.048 Mbps

The Evaluation of Transmission Technology

PDH SDH NGSDH DWDM

 PDH TECHNOLOGY

To cope up with the demand for ever higher bit

rates, a multiplex hierarchy called the
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) evolved.
The bit rates start with the basic multiplex rate of
2 Mbps with further stages of 8, 34 and 140 Mbps.
In North America and Japan, the primary rate is
1.5 Mbps.
 HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE

2.048 Mb/s 8.448 Mb/s 34.368Mb/s 139.264 Mb/s

30 chl 120 chl 480 chl 1920 chl

1 1 T1 T1 T1 4 5
2 3 T1
S N R T T 565.148
2 T. T2 D. T2 D. H. H.
T2 T2 Mb/s
7680 chl
3 O T3 O O O O
T3 T3
R R R R T3 R
4 D D D D D
E T4 T4 T4 E E
E E T4
R R R R R
5
.
. M M M M M
. U U U U U
30 X X X X X

VARIATION OF BIT RATES OF PDH SYSTEMS :- G.811

1) 2.048 Mb/s+-50 p.p.m , 2) 8.448 Mb/s+-30 p.p.m, 3) 34.368+-20 p.p.m, 4) 139.264 Mb/s+- 15 p.p.m
 SDH TECHNOLOGY
Plesiochronous Signal Synchronous Signal

63 Nos 2.048 Mb/s

3 Nos 34.368 Mb/s

1 No 139.264 Mb/s S
21(2 Mb/s)+2(34 Mb/s) D
H STM-1
42(2 Mb/s)+1(34 Mb/s)

155.52 Mb/s
84 Nos 1.544 Mb/s
SYSTEM 125 microsecond

21 Nos 6.312 Mb/s

3 Nos 44.736 Mb/s
 BIT RATES OF DIFFERENT STM’S

SDH LEVEL BIT RATE Number of Maxm.

channels
STM-0 51.84 Mb/s 630

STM-1 155.52 Mb/s 1890

STM-4 622.08 Mb/s 7680

STM-16 2488.32 Mb/s (2.5 Gb/s) 30720

STM-64 9953.28 Mb/s (10 Gb/s) 122880

STM-256 39813.12 Mb/s (40 Gb/s) 491520

 NGSDH TECHNOLOGY

WHY NEXT GENERATION SDH?

Following major issues that exist in the legacy SDH:

Difficulty of mapping newer (Ethernet, ESCON, FICON,

Fiber Channel etc) services to the existing SDH Transport
Network.

Inefficient use of the transport network in delivering data

services.

Inability to increase or decrease available bandwidth to

meet the needs of data services without impacting traffic.
 How to Overcome Legacy SDH Issues

By adopting three technologies at edge nodes :

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)-Integrated Data

Transport i.e. Ethernet tributaries in addition to 2Mb, 140 Mb,
STM-1,4,16

Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)-Integrated non

blocking, wide-band cross connect (2Mb granularity) making
the efficient use of the transport network in delivering data
services

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)-Dynamic

Bandwidth allocation
Next Generation SDH = Classic SDH + [GFP+VCAT+LCAS]
 DWDM TECHNOLOGY

The emergence of DWDM is one of the recent and

important phenomena in the development of fiber optic
transmission technology.

Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)

revolutionized transmission technology by increasing the
capacity signal of embedded fiber.
Evolution of DWDM
DWDM Components
 Conclusion

Since Transmission network is the core pillar of

communication, so every time we need to think of
increasing its capacity to meet growing traffic need .
That’s why evoluation of transmission technology came in
front us from PDH to DWDM in last few years and this
up gradation is continuing.
Thank you!