CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

During the 18th century, the electro-optical distance meter’s development has evolved through
the techniques of determining the velocity of light. Fizeau, who determined the velocity of light
in 1840s, and a lot more inventions; E. Bergstrand was then inspired to design the first
“Geodimeter” in 1940s. This works has developed and evolved throughout the history by
aspiring Scientists. Moreover, recent scientists first patent application for an electromagnetic
distance meter, this was made by Löwy in 1923.The use of this ultrasonic distance measuring
device is useful in measuring the distance between two objects. Instead of using devices such as
a measuring tape, an ultrasonic device can determine the length between two points of up to 4
meters. The researchers have decided to conduct this study to create a prototype of an ultrasonic
distance measuring device and study and understand the basic concepts of using ultrasonic as a
method of measuring distance. The concepts on how coding works when using Arduino UNO,
ultrasonic distance measurement, Sonar, etc., This project will be useful in measuring two points;
this device uses the concept of a sonar to determine the distance of an object. Distance
measurement is a crucial aspect of science and technology, enabling us to determine the distance
between two points or objects. It plays a vital role in various fields such as astronomy, geodesy,
navigation, surveying, and many more. The concept of distance measurement has been around
for centuries, with early civilizations using primitive methods such as pacing, ropes, and sticks.
However, with the advancements in technology, we now have access to sophisticated
instruments that can measure distances with high precision and accuracy. Today's the developing
world shows various adventures in every field. In each field the small requirements are very
essential to develop big calculations. By using different sources, we can modify it as our
requirements and implement in various field. In earlier days the measurements are generally
occur through measuring devices. But now a day's digitalization as is on height. Therefore we
use a proper display unit for measurement of distance. We can use sources such as sound waves
which are known as ultrasonic waves using ultrasonic sensors and convert this sound wave for
the measurement of various units such as distance, speed. This technique of distance
measurement using ultrasonic in air includes continuous pulse echo method, a burst of pulse is
sent for transmission medium and is reflected by an object kept at specific distance. The time
taken for the sound wave to propagate from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance
of the object.
1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A low cost distance measurement system using ultrasonic sensor which works good in different
light condition and has the capability to detect the distance of the object. The hardware utilized
included the Arduino Uno on a bread board interfaced with LCD, LEDs, Buzzer and Ultrasonic
sensor. The program to run the circuit was developed using Arduino IDE and stored at the
memory of the Arduino microcontroller. The study demonstrated that the designed sensor could
be used to accurately determine the position of an approaching object and display the distance
reading on LCD display.

1.2 NECESSITY OF PROJECT

The main objective of the project is to provide useful and low cost measurement system that is
easy to configure and handle. In this method of distance sensing and measurement is efficient
and assures measurements of small distances precisely. This distance sensing and measurement
system can get wide applications where proximity detection is required e.g. in industries and
traffic department.
 CHAPTER 2
ABSTRACT

Nowadays, we have some difficulties in obtaining the distance that we want to measure. Even
though measuring tape is an easy option, this kind of tool will have a limitation of manual error.
The project is designed to measuring distance using ultrasonic waves and interfaced with
Arduino. We know that human audible range is 20hz to 20khz. We can utilize these frequency
range waves through ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04.The advantages of this sensor when interfaced
with Arduino which is a control and sensing system, a pro per distance measurement can be
made with new techniques. Ultrasonic sensors are first rate gear to degree distance without real
touch and used at several places like water degree measurement, distance dimension etc. this is
an efficient manner to measure small distances exactly. on this assignment we've got used
an Ultrasonic Sensor to determine the space of an obstacle from the sensor. In many applications
like vehicle control, medical applications, robotic movement control, etc.; distance measurement
of an object is used. This can be done using a variety of sensors- Ultrasonic, IR, radar,
laser, etc. Measurement using ultrasonic sensors is the cheapest and its reliability among
several others is very high. In this project distance measurement and location of an object by
using ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller is present.
 CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT USED

Ultrasonic sensors measure the distance to or presence of a target object or material through air
without touching it. The measured distance is provided as an output in a variety of standard
electrical interfaces compatible with displays, machinery, PLC's, computers and most electronic
or electrical machinery.

Components
 Arduino uno
 Ultrasonic sensor
 Jumper wire
 16*2 LCD Display
 Switch
3.1 Arduino uno

Arduino is an open source microcontroller which can be easily programmed, erased and
reprogrammed at any instant of time. Introduced in 2005 the Arduino platform was designed to
provide an inexpensive and easy way for hobbyists, students and professionals to create devices
that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Based on simple microcontroller
boards, it is an open source computing platform that is used for constructing and programming
electronic devices. It is also capable of acting as a mini computer just like other microcontrollers
by taking inputs and controlling the outputs for a variety of electronics devices. It is also capable
of receiving and sending information over the internet with the help of various Arduino shields,
which are discussed in this paper. Arduino uses a hardware known as the Arduino development
board and software for developing the code known as the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment). Built up with the 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers that are manufactured by
Atmel or a 32-bit Atmel ARM, these microcontrollers can be programmed easily using the C or
C++ language in the Arduino IDE. Unlike the other microcontroller boards in India, the Arduino
boards entered the electronic market only a couple of years ago, and were restricted to small
scale projects only. People associated with electronics are now gradually coming up and
accepting the role of Arduino for their own projects. This development board can also be used to
burn (upload) a new code to the board by simply using a USB cable to upload. The Arduino IDE
provides a simplified integrated platform which can run on regular personal computers and
allows users to write programs for Arduino using C or C++. International Journal of Control,
Automation, Communication and Systems (IJCACS), Vol.1, No.2, April 2016 22 With so many
Arduino boards available in the market, selecting a particular development board needs a variety
of survey done with respect to their specifications and capabilities, which can be used for the
project execution according to its specified application
 .
NEED FOR ARDUINO
Why is there a need to use Arduino in specific? or What makes it different from others?
Massimo Banzi, a Co-founder of Arduino mentions some very important reasons for this
question.
1) Active User Community: A group of people using a similar product can hold posted
message conversations and share their experiences or solve the problems of the
other users in the communities with their own experiences . “If you start charging for
everything, everything dies very quickly.” says Banzi, Arduino Cofounder.

2) Growth of Arduino: Arduino was developed with intent to provide an economical and
trouble-free way for hobbyists, students and professionals to build devices that
interact with their situation using sensors and actuators. This makes it perfect for
newcomers to get started quickly.

3) Inexpensive Hardware: Since Arduino is an open source platform the software

is not purchased and only the cost of buying the board or its parts is incurred, thus
making it very cheap. The hardware designs are also available online for free from its
official website .

4) Arduino Board as a Programmer: To make Arduino board function easy and also
making it available everywhere these boards come with a USB cable for power
requirements as well as functioning as a programmer .
5) Multi-platform Environment: The Arduino IDE is capable of running on a
number of platforms including Microsoft, Linux and Mac OS X making the user
community even larger.

WORKING

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.

APPLICATION

Arduino has endless applications as it has been used extensively for creating projects by
hobbyist, amateurs and professional in various fields of engineering. Here are some of
those amazing projects that have been developed on aurdino platform.

3.2 ULRASONIC SENSOR HC – SR04

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic Distance Sensor is an inexpensive device that is very
useful for robotics and test equipment projects. This tiny sensor is capable of
measuring the distance between itself and the nearest solid object. The HC-SR04 can be
hooked directly to an Arduino or other microcontroller and it operates on 5 volts. This
ultrasonic distance sensor is capable of measuring distances between 2 cm to 400 cm. It’s
a low current device so it’s suitable for battery powered devices.

Working

Ultrasonic sensors use sound to determine the distance between the sensor and the closest
object in its path. How do ultrasonic sensors do this? Ultrasonic sensors are essentially
sound sensors, but they operate at frequency above human hearing.
The sensor keeps track of the time between sending the sound wave and the sound
wave returning. If you know how fast something is going and how long it is traveling you
can find the distance traveled with equation 1.
Equation 1. d = v × t
The speed of sound can be calculated based on the a variety of atmospheric conditions,
including temperature, humidity and pressure. Actually calculating the distance will be
shown later on in this document. It should be noted that ultrasonic sensors have a cone of
detection, the angle of this cone varies with distance, show this relation. The ability of a
sensor to an object also depends on the objects orientation to the sensor. If an object
doesn’t present a flat surface to the sensor then it is possible the sound wave will
bounce off the object in a way that it does not return to the sensor.
Operation

Ultrasonic distance sensors use pulses of ultrasonic sound (sound above the range of
human hearing) to detect the distance between them and nearby solid objects.
The device operates as follows:

1. A 5 volt pulse of at least 10 uS (10 microseconds) in duration is applied to the Trigger

pin.
2. The HC-SR04 responds by transmitting a burst of eight pulses at 40 KHz. This 8-
pulse pattern makes the “ultrasonic signature” from the device unique, allowing
the receiver to discriminate between the transmitted pattern and the ultrasonic
background noise.

3. The eight ultrasonic pulses travel through the air away from the transmitter.
Meanwhile the Echo pin goes high to start forming the beginning of the echo-back
signal.

4. If the pulse in NOT reflected back then the Echo signal will timeout after 38
mS (38 milliseconds) and return low. This produces a 38 mS pulse that indicates no
obstruction within the range of the sensor.
5. If the pulse IS reflected back the Echo pin goes low when the signal is
received. This produces a pulse whose width varies between 150 uS to 25 mS,
depending upon the time it took for the signal to be received.

6. The width of the received pulse is used to calculate the distance to the reflected
object. Remember that the pulse indicates the time it took for the signal to be sent out
and reflected back so to get the distance you’ll need to divide your result.

3.3 JUMPER WIRE

Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be
used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are
typically used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy
to change a circuit as needed. Fairly simple. In fact, it doesn’t get much more basic
than jumper

Though jumper wires come in a variety of colors, the colors don’t actually mean
anything. This means that a red jumper wire is technically the same as a black one. But
the colors can be used to your advantage in order to differentiate between types of
connections, such as ground or power. While jumper wires are easy and inexpensive to
purchase, it can also be a fun task to challenge students to make their own. Doing so
requires insulated wire and wire strippers. However, beware that it is important not to
nick the wire when stripping of the insulation.

Types of jumper wire

Jumper wires typically come in three versions: male-to-male, male-to-female and

female-to-female. The difference between each is in the end point of the wire. Male
ends have a pin protruding and can plug into things, while female ends do not and are
used to plug things into. Male-to-male jumper wires are the most common and what you
likely will use most often. When connecting two parts on a breadboard, a male-to-male
wire is what you will need.

Application of jumper wire

Jumper wires are electrical components that connect two different electrical circuits.
They are suitable for various electrical applications, such as automotive ignition systems,
power distribution centers, and other electrical appliances. The core wire of jumper wires
is manufactured according to JIS C 3101, a standard for hard electrical wires. The
thickness of jumper wires is determined according to their finished outside diameter and
core wire diameter. X-ray measuring instruments measure their thickness.
3.4 16*2 LCD DISPLAY
An electronic device that is used to display data and the message is known as LCD 16×2. As the
name suggests, it includes 16 Columns & 2 Rows so it can display 32 characters (16×2=32) in
total & every character will be made with 5×8 (40) Pixel Dots. So the total pixels within this
LCD can be calculated as 32 x 40 otherwise 1280 pixels.
16 X2 displays mostly depend on multi-segment LEDs. There are different types of displays
available in the market with different combinations such as 8×2, 8×1, 16×1, and 10×2, however,
the LCD 16×2 is broadly used in devices, DIY circuits, electronic projects due to less
cost, programmable friendly and simple to access

Working

The basic working principle of LCD is passing the light from layer to layer through modules.
These modules will vibrate & line up their position on 90o that permits the polarized sheet to
allow the light to pass through it. These molecules are accountable for viewing the data on every
pixel. Every pixel utilizes the method of absorbing light to illustrate the digit. To display the
value, the position of molecules must be changed to the angle of light. So this light deflection
will make the human eye notice the data that will be the ingredient wherever the light gets
absorbed. Here, this data will supply to the molecules & will be there till they get changed.At
present, LCDs are used frequently in CD/DVD players, digital watches, computers, etc. In
screen industries, LCDs have replaced the CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes) because these
displays use more power as compared to LCD, heavier & larger. The displays of LCDs are
thinner as compared to CRTs. As compared to LED screens, LCD has less power consumption
because it functions on the fundamental principle of blocking light instead of dissipating.

3.5 SWITCH
A Switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit. In simple words,
a Switch can make or break an electrical circuit. Every electrical and electronics application uses
at least one switch to perform ON and OFF operation of the device. So, switches are a part of the
control system and without it, control operation cannot be achieved. A switch can perform two
functions, namely fully ON (by closing its contacts) or fully OFF (by opening its contacts).
When the contacts of a switch are closed, the switch creates a closed path for the current to flow
and hence load consume the power from source.

Characteristics of switch
Before proceeding further and looking at different types of switches, let us see some important
point on the characteristics of switch.

 The two important characteristics of a switch are its Poles and Throws. A pole represents
a contact and a throw represents a contact-to-contact connection. Number of poles and
throws are used to describe a switch.

 Some standard numbers of poles and throws are Single (1 pole or 1 throw) and Double (2
poles or 2 switches).

 If the number of poles or throws are greater than 2, then the number is often directly
used. For example, a three pole six throw switch is often represented as 3P6T.

 Another important characteristic of a switch is its action i.e., whether it is a Momentary

or Latched action. Momentary Switches (like push buttons, for example) are used to
make momentary contact (for a brief time or as long the button is pressed).

 Latched Switches on the hand, maintain the contact until it is forced to the other position

Types of switch
Basically, Switches can be of two types. They are:
* Mechanical
* Electronic

Mechanical Switches
Mechanical Switches are physical switches, which must be activated physically, by moving,
pressing, releasing, or touching its contacts.Electronic Switches, on the other hand, do not
require any physical contact in order to control a circuit. These are activated by semiconductor
action.

Mechanical switches can be classified into different types based on several factors such
as method of actuation (manual, limit and process switches), number of contacts (single contact
and multi contact switches), number of poles and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, etc.), operation
and construction (push button, toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), based on state (momentary and
locked switches)etc.

Based on the number of poles and throws, switches are classified into following types. The pole
represents the number of individual power circuits that can be switched. Most of the switches are
designed have one, two or three poles and are designated as single pole, double pole and triple
pole. The number of throws represents the number of states to which current can pass through
the switch. Most of the switches are designed to have either one or two throws, which are
designated as single throw and double throw switches.

Electronic switches
The electronic switches are generally called as Solid State switches because there are no physical
moving parts and hence no physical contacts. Most of the appliances are controlled by
semiconductor switches such as motor drives and HVAC equipment.

There are different types of solid state switches are available in todays consumer, industrial and
automotive market with different sizes and ratings. Some of these solid state switches include
transistors, SCRs, MOSFETs, TRIACs and IGBTs.

Bipolar Transistor

A transistor either allows the current to pass or it blocks the current as similar to working of
normal switch. In switching circuits, transistor operates in cut-off mode for OFF or current
blocking condition and in saturation mode for ON condition. The active region of the transistor
is not used for switching application

Both NPN and PNP transistors are operated or switched ON when a sufficient base current is
supplied to it. When a small current flows though the base terminal supplied by a driving circuit
(connected between the base and emitter), it causes the transistor to turn ON the collector-emitter
path. And it is turned OFF when the base current is removed and base voltage is reduced to a
slight negative value. Even though it utilizes small base current, it is capable of carrying much
higher currents through the collector- emitter path.

CHAPTER 4
METHODLOGY
1.Wireless distance measurement system is used to measure the distance between two object
precisely. In this particular project we are using an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance and
we placed the ultrasonic sensor on the top of a servo motor to rotate it at a range of 15
degree to 165 degree. So by this angle range upto 400cm distance the ultrasonic senses can
locate and measure the distance of any object .

2. Now for the hardware port first we take a male to male jumper wire and connect it with 5V
pin and connect the other end to the positive rail of breadboard. Next we take another male to
male jumper wire and connect it to the ‘GND’ pin of Arduino and we connect the other port to
negative rail of the breadboard. After that we connect ‘Vcc’ and ‘GND’ pin of both
ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to the positive and negative rail of the breadboard
respectively. Next we connect the trigger pin of ultrasonic sensor to ‘pin 9’ of Arduino board
and we connect pin of ultrasonic sensor to ‘pin 11’ of Arduino board and we connect the data
pin of servo motor to ’pin 12’ of Arduino board. And hence the connection of Arduino is
complete.Next we write the code on Arduino IDE and burn it to the Arduino board.

3. We use ‘processing 3.3.7’ software. It is mainly programming language and

environment built for the electronics art and graphics used design. We use this software to locate
the object on the computer screen. And print the distance of the object measured by the
ultrasonic sensor.
4. We use ‘processing IDE’ to write the code processing IDE similar to the ‘Arduino IDE’. And
the ‘processing IDE’ communicate through serial communication with the ’Arduino IDE’.

5.For the communication process we send the data received from ultrasonic sensor to the serial
monitor with the same additional characters. These data in the serial monitor will be later
received by the ‘processing IDE’ and hence the communication between Arduino IDE
and processing IDE is completed.

6.Now we can see the distance of the object at which angle it is located as well as the location of
the object in the mirror.

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION

Ultrasonic sensors are great tools to measure distance and detect objects without any actual
contact with the physical world. It is used in several applications, like in measuring liquid level,
checking proximity and even more popularly in automobiles to assist in self-parking or anti-
collision systems.
Here are some applications of distance measuring devices using ultrasonic sensors:

1. Obstacle detection and avoidance in robotics

2. Parking sensors in vehicles
3. Level measurement in liquids or solids
4. Proximity sensing in security systems
5. Distance measurement in industrial automation
6. Object detection in autonomous vehicles
7. People counting and tracking in public spaces
8. Gesture recognition and control in interactive systems
9. Height measurement in warehousing and inventory management
10. Collision avoidance in drones and UAVs
11. Water level measurement in tanks and reservoirs
12. Snow level measurement in winter sports and avalanche prevention
13. Parking guidance systems in smart cities
14. Object detection in medical devices and equipment
15. Distance measurement in surveying and mapping Here are some applications of distance
measuring devices using ultrasonic sensors:

1. Obstacle detection and avoidance in robotics

2. Parking sensors in vehicles
3. Level measurement in liquids or solids
4. Proximity sensing in security systems
5. Distance measurement in industrial automation
6. Object detection in autonomous vehicles
7. People counting and tracking in public spaces
8. Gesture recognition and control in interactive systems
9. Height measurement in warehousing and inventory management
10. Collision avoidance in drones and UAVs
11. Water level measurement in tanks and reservoirs
12. Snow level measurement in winter sports and avalanche prevention
13. Parking guidance systems in smart cities
14. Object detection in medical devices and equipment
15. Distance measurement in surveying and mapping

CHAPTE 6
RESULT

The working model of the proposed distance measurement system using ultrasonic sensor was
successfully designed and implemented. The circuit was able to measure distance upto
400cm.The circuit was also able to locate the object. Circuit was tested to measure various
distance. It has a fast response. The ultrasonic module works good.
By using ultrasonic sensor we were able to reduce cost and increase efficiency. This
implementation has been the readily used in the fast growing electronic industry.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion
The objective of this project was to design and implement an wireless distance measurement
device using ultrasonic sensor. By using the system we can not only calculate the distance of the
object but we can also locate the object. The following can be concluded from the above
project-:
1. The system can calculate the distance of the object without errors.
2. The system can locate the object.
3. The system provide low cost and efficient solution

FUTURE SCOPE

The range can be improved by:

1.Using temperature adjustable devices, it can be used over wide
temperature range.
2. Using High Range Ultrasonic sensors to extend the range of distance
measurement.