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C++ Programming
Complete Guide to Learn the Basics of C++
Programming in 7 Days
By
Xavier S Martin
© Copyright 2020 by Xavier S Martin- All
rights reserved.
The content contained within this book may not be reproduced,
duplicated or transmitted without direct written permission from the
author or the publisher.
Under no circumstances will any blame or legal responsibility be held
against the publisher, or author, for any damages, reparation, or
monetary loss due to the information contained within this book,
either directly or indirectly.
Legal Notice:
This book is copyright protected. It is only for personal use. You
cannot amend, distribute, sell, use, quote or paraphrase any part, or
the content within this book, without the consent of the author or
publisher.
Disclaimer Notice:
Please note the information contained within this document is for
educational and entertainment purposes only. All effort has been
executed to present accurate, up to date, reliable, complete
information. No warranties of any kind are declared or implied.
Readers acknowledge that the author is not engaged in the
rendering of legal, financial, medical or professional advice. The
content within this book has been derived from various sources.
Please consult a licensed professional before attempting any
techniques outlined in this book.
By reading this document, the reader agrees that under no
circumstances is the author responsible for any losses, direct or
indirect, that are incurred as a result of the use of the information
contained within this document, including, but not limited to, errors,
omissions, or inaccuracies.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
1.3 Constants
● Integer Constants
● Character Constants
● Float Constants
● Boolean Constants
● Programming Constants
1.5 Variables
● Variable Initialization
● Variable Declaration
2.2 Statements
● Expression Statement
● Compound Statement
CHAPTER 4: SELECTION-MAKING
4.1 Logical Data and Operators
● Logical Data in C++
● Logical Operators
● Evaluating Logical Expressions
● Relation Operators
5.4 Sorting
● Selection Sort
● Insertion Sort
● Bubble Sort
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Introduction
C++ is a computer programming language widely used for general-
purpose programming. It is an extension of C-language. The basic
understanding of C++ can be acquired from C. That’s why both
computer languages are represented as C/C++. Bjarne Stroustrup
developed this multi-paradigm language in 1979.
In today’s world, many operating systems use C++ as their basic
language. Some system drivers, browsers, and games are based on
C++ programs. It is a free-form, compiled, and statically-typed
programming language. Many professionals believe that C++ is the
most efficient language to achieve the desired results.
In the “Complete guide to learn the basics of C++ programming in 7
days”, I have covered all the essential basic concepts for beginners.
It is a step by step guide, which makes sure the understanding of
C++ programming. First of all, there is a need to know the structure
and syntax of C++, along with the basic expressions. Then, it guides
the major “Functions” such as mathematical manipulation and
Standard Library. Moreover, there are complete guidance about the
selection making of operators and logical data, concepts of Arrays,
Pointers, Classes and Strings in C++.
While there are so many great programming languages, but C++ is
the most favorite owing to have the privilege of the first Object-
Oriented Programming language. Nowadays, there are several high-
level languages with simple syntax and user-friendly options. Still,
programmers can’t deny the importance of C++ because of its huge
number of open-source libraries, wide applications, and highly fast
run-time performance.
This guide is designed for beginners who want to learn C++ in 7
days. You will discover this language by making your programs while
reading this book.
Chapter 1: Introduction to C++
In the following chapter, we will discuss about the evolution of
computer programming languages and their evolution from machine
languages.
As we know C++ is a high-level language. We’ll discuss the concepts
of C++, in this chapter. Moreover, you will be able to write your first
program, after going through this chapter, i.e. “Hello World”.
Furthermore, you’ll understand the concepts of Constants, Variables,
Data types and some of the operators that may help you writing and
understanding a C++ program.
Now, when you know about the background of C++, i guess, you’ll
be eager to write your first program. This section will let you know
the basic parts of a C++ program, so that you’ll be able to write
your very first program.
● Simple Program
We know that C++ allow us to make declarations and statements at
the same time, but, every time, we should write a program, which
should be well organized so that any other programmer or even the
machine could understand it fast. This is the reason, we follow the
language C’s concepts of organization. The concept states that one
should perform declaration first and statements second. Moreover,
most of the times, one should use comments for the identification of
the sections; Declarations and Statements.
A C++ program is a mixture of two components main (Main) and
fun (function). In other words, function is called or used by main.
Usually, we write the code for the “main”, first. After that, we’ll code
the function and sub functions, in their order.
Moving forward, there is another concept; concept of preprocessor
directives or precompiler directives. These are some statements
which give instructions to a compiler or processor to execute the
program in a unique pattern.
A statement which is globally used as a preprocessor directive is,
“include”. This statement allows the compiler to extract some data
from global libraries, known as header files. Without these header
files or libraries, you will not be able to write even a single program,
because it’ll be so complex to write the commands even for your
input or output. Even, you will need an “include” command, to write
your very first program. This will be used to instruct C++ that you
will be in need for the input and output libraries, so that you may
print your desired data to the console screen.
● Hello World
int main()
{
cout << "Hello to the world of C++!";
return 0;
}
When you’ll execute this program, there will be a console screen
popping up with the text:
Hello to the world of C++!
● Integer Constants
First thing first, integers are stored in binary formation. You’ll code
integers, as you use them in your daily routine, for example you will
code eight simply as 8.
The following table will show you different integers, their values in
programming and their data types
● Character Constants
newline ‘\n’
backspace ‘\b’
backslash ‘\\’
● Float Constants
.0 0.00 double
0. 0.00 double
● Boolean Constants
These constants are predefined keywords and they can not be
defined or declared by the programmer. It has two predefined
constants, “True” and “False”. In programming, we represent this
kind of constant as “bool”.
● Programming Constants
Values Type
‘C’ Character Literal
7 Numeric Literal 7
A data type defines a set of operations and values that have the
ability to apply on the concerned values. For example, a switch of a
light bulb can be compared to a computer system as it has two
different values; True as On, and False as off. Since the bulb switch
contain just these two values, we can consider its size as two. There
are just two operations that can be done with a bulb switch:
● We can turn it On
● We can turn it Off
In a C++ program, functions have their own unique types. Usually, a
function's type is specified by the data it returns. C++ usually
contains five standard data types:
● void (Void)
● Int (Integer)
● char (Character)
● bool (Boolean)
● float (Floating Point)
● void (Void)
In C++, void has no operations or no functions. In simpler words,
both the set of operations and the set of values are empty. It is a
very useful data type in programming although it seem unusual.
Typically, it is a generic data type that can represent any other
standard data types.
● int (Integer)
In C++, integer is a number without having a fraction part, we
usually call it an integral number. Our concerned language supports
three types of integers as its data types:
● short (Short Integer)
● Int (Integer)
● long (Long Integer)
C++ allows us to use an operator “size of”, that may tell us the size
of our data types. Whenever, we are coding in C++, we should keep
this statement in mind:
sizeof (long int) => sizeof (int) => sizeof (short int)
● char (Character)
Boolean data types has two functions, True and False. Traditionally, a
zero is considered as false and any non-zero part is considered as
true.
Character char
Boolean bool
1.5 Variables
● Variable Initialization
● Variable Declaration
Every variable, in a program, must be defined and declared. In C++,
we use Definition to create different objects and we use Declaration
to name those objects. Whenever a programmer creates a variable,
definition reserves memory for it and definition assigns it a symbolic
name. Variables, when assigned, hold data that is required by the
program to fulfil its task.
In C++, multiple variable of the similar types can be declared in a
single statement. Many programmers use this technique but we
won’t be recommending this as this is not a good programming
technique. This reduces the efficiency of program and the efficiency
for the execution process of compiler.
1.6 Programming Examples
Problem 1
We read about the ASCII character set, print your desired character
ASCII values from A to Z.
Solution :
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
char a;
cout << "Enter your desired character to print its value: ";
cin >> a;
cout << "According to ASCII character set, value of " << a <<"
is : " << (int)a;
return 0;
}
Output :
When you will execute this program, a console screen will pop up
with this text:
Enter your desired character to print its value:
You simply have to type your desired alphabet to print its value. Let's
say you want to print the value of “G”. Simply type “G” and press
“Enter” key. Your program will print the value of “G” according to
ASCII character set. It will, somehow, look like this:
According to ASCII character set, value of "G" is : 71
Problem 2
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