LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Creative Technologies 8
Quarter 3/Week 1 & 2
Name: __________________ Grade & Section: _________ Score: __________________
Subject: ________________ Teacher: ________________ Date: ___________________
Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Individual Formative Others
Laboratory Pair/Group Summative ______________

Lesson/Topic: Algorithm and Programming – Intro to Algorithm

Learning Target(s): Describe algorithms through varied examples. / Develop a set of algorithms to solve a
problem. / Recognize that alternative algorithm in solving a given problem.
Reference(s): Christodoulou, M., Szczygieł, E., Kłapa, L., Kolarz, W., (2018). Algorithmic and Programming –
Training materials for Teachers. Krosno, 2018. / What's a Program Flowchart? - Definition & Examples
(edrawsoft.com)
DISCUSSION:
An algorithm is a description of how a specific problem should be solved.
If you have ever baked brownies, you know that first you have to gather ingredients, then measure them, mix
them together then prepare the pan, heat the oven and cook them. If you forget the sugar, they do not taste
good and you have to start over. Determining the right steps, following them correctly and completely and
learning from mistakes are all part of the process of algorithm design.
Computer Programs
In order to be executed by computers, algorithms need to be in the form of a ‘program’. A program is
written in a programming language, and the activity of expressing an algorithm as a program is called
programming.
In algorithms, steps are expressed in the form of an instruction or statement. As a consequence, a
computer program comprises a series of statements which indicate to the computer which operation to
perform. The programming language used will dictate the nature of the statements in a program.
Algorithms and their importance
To use a computer for the purpose of executing processes, it is necessary to:
 design the algorithm to describe how the process will be performed;
 use a programming language to express the algorithm into a program;
 run the program on the computer.
To this end, it is important to understand that algorithms are independent of the programming language
used and each algorithm can be expressed in different programming languages and executed on different
computers. This is the reason why the design of algorithms is a fundamental aspect of computer science. The
design of an algorithm is a demanding intellectual activity, significantly more difficult than expressing the
algorithm as a program. Among the skills needed to design algorithms are creativity and insight
(Goldschlager and Lister, 1988) while there is no general rule, meaning there is no algorithm for algorithm
design!
Algorithmic Design
Algorithm Design:
 comprises a set of instructions for completing a task,
 moves the problem from the modelling phase to the operation stage,
 the set of instructions should be sequential, complete, accurate and have a clear end point,
 if intended for a computer the algorithm must comprise a series of tasks written in a way that the
computer is able to perform.
FLOWCHARTING
A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and decisions needed to perform a process.
Each step in the sequence is noted within a diagram shape. Steps are linked by connecting lines and
directional arrows. This allows anyone to view the flowchart and logically follow the process from beginning to
end.
There are 21 different types of flowcharts, and a programming flowchart is one of them.
Program Flowchart
The program flowchart is a data flow that shows the data flow while writing a program or algorithm. It allows
the user to explain the process quickly as they collaborate with others. These programming flowcharts also
analyze the logic behind the program to process the code of the programming. The programming flowcharts
can serve in different ways. For example, they can analyze the codes, visualize and work on them. They can
also help figure out the application's structure to realize how a user navigates in a tool.
The programming flowcharts improve the condition and efficiency of work. The tool has four basic symbols that
have code written on them for programming. They give commands like start, process, decision, and end, and
these symbols are the crucial part of the programming flowcharts. They help in forming a relationship between
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various elements to describe the data flow.
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 Flowchart Symbols
For creating a programming flowchart, the user needs programming flowchart examples. The flowcharts use
diagrams to express an algorithm, and hence flow charts are very helpful in creating and analyzing the details
of a program. The flow charts use some symbols that can explain the logic of programming connected with the
flowchart elements. Here are some widely-used programming flowchart symbols.
 Flow Line: This symbol works as a connector in a programming flowchart. This line shows the logical
flow and relationship among the various steps or elements of the programming flowchart. The flow lines
run between each step starting from the two terminals to denote the flow of logic.
 Terminal (Start/ Stop): The terminal symbols present in every programming flowchart as the process
starts with a "start" command, and a "stop" command shows the end of the whole process on the
flowchart. The example also has both the start and end symbols represented by a rectangular sign with
curved edges to signify the beginning and end of a programming flowchart procedure.
 Input/ Output: The commands of Input and Output in operation are most crucial. To get a logical flow
to go through the processing, the user needs to give input. The system reads the inputs to give an
output. The symbols for inputs and outputs are parallelograms.
 Processing: For a process to complete successfully, the method must include the function of
processing. The processing part occurs between the input and the output. The rectangle shapes
represent the processing work.
 On-page connector: When there is a need to connect different flowlines, on-page connectors are
present at the junction.
 Off-page connector: The off-page connectors connect different flowlines when they are present on
separate pages.
 Decision: When there is a need to decide between true or false, this function gets used. The diamond-
shaped symbols are useful when the function is taking a series of decisions to get the result.
 Predefined process/ function: When a group of some statements performs a predefined work, its
representation occurs with this symbol.
 Document: This symbol denotes the printout or report.

Steps to Create
Though it may seem complicated to create a programming flowchart, online flowchart maker tools can quickly
help the designs create a programming flowchart. Here are some easy steps that the designers and engineers
can follow to create their flowcharts.
1. Find Out the Purpose of the Programming Flowchart
At first, the designers need to find out the purpose of the programming flowchart they are creating. When they
decide the topic, they need to check the symbols useful for the programming flowchart. Since a flowchart
analyses a logical connection, the engineers' symbols for making programming flowcharts can vary. Once the
designers have finished deciding their theme, they can drag the library's symbols to their picture.
2. Pick Proper Symbols
As for the symbols, an engineer can pick several symbols as per their choice. They need to know the meaning
of the symbols properly as they are working. Without the proper symbol, the engineer may fail to produce the
whole programming flowchart. They also need to decide the chronological order of the working process by
reviewing any pre-existing documentation of the step. They can also make a rough estimation of the tasks
before creating an actual programming flowchart.
3. Plan the Shapes
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 The program design can include shorter texts and single keywords to make the flowchart look more concise
and efficient. Moreover, it added a sense and preciseness while stylistically improving the programming
flowchart's quality. They also need to sort the shapes by their type and use. For example, they can use
symbols of input/ output or process, and for that, they need to plan the shapes.
4. Place of the Shapes and Symbols
The designer can now place the shapes and symbols while working on the logic flow in a programming
flowchart. There are some specific symbols to express a particular thing or function. Once the designer has
finished lining out the program or applying the symbols, they must place the arrows to connect the shapes. To
save time while preparing for programming software, the user can also click on the floating button.
5. Check the Logical Structure of the Flowchart
After finishing the whole flowchart, the designer must carefully go through the programming flowchart to
determine if they have skipped any step that can disturb the programming flowchart's overall logic. The
designer must check their work thoroughly as soon as they finish the logical structure of the flowchart. They
must look for the bugs present in it so that when they will use it in the future for debugging, analysis or
modification, the flaunty structure may not hinder the process.

Examples
Here is an example of the programming flowchart that explains how the logic flow works in programming
flowcharts. For example, a designer can record the process of adding two numbers to an application.
Finding the most significant number among the three numbers:
Programming flowchart: With the help of a programming flowchart, determining the most significant number
becomes easy. The flow chart starts with a terminal name "start" and then gradually proceeds through the
stage "declare variable a, b & c." The input for the program is "Read a, b & c." The process of decision-making
takes on from this part. First, the logic flow determines if a is greater than b. If this is false, then it goes on to
determine if b is greater than c. If it is true, then the given command is "print b." If b>c ends with the decision
false, then "print c." If a>b is true on the first stage, then the command furthers with a>C. If the decision is true,
then the command is "print c," and if it is false, then "print a." The whole process ends with the stop terminal.

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 ACTIVITY
Directions: Read the given problem properly and on the space provided or separate sheet of paper, draw a
flowchart that is based on the given problem.

Make a flowchart that explains the process of making your breakfast.

Algorithm
- Initialize breakfast = 0 (process)
- Enter the ingredients (egg, sandwich) (input/data)
- Add them and store the result in breakfast (process)
- Print breakfast (output/data)

IMPORTANT NOTE:
 Never forget the start and end in every flowchart. Will automatically grade you zero without this.
 Use the proper shapes. Wrong shapes, wrong.
 Take note of the red texts. These are clues that’ll help you choose the correct shapes in every
step.

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