MATTER AND ENERGY IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Producers/Autotrophs--organisms that can make their own food from inorganic substances

Examples: -Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (glucose) and use it
carry out cell processes

-Energy is stored in the chemical bonds that make the sugar

Consumers/Heterotrophs--organisms that must eat other organisms to get the energy

necessary for life

Examples: -Eats plant matter and during digestion breaks the chemical bonds inside the
food to release the energy stored in those bonds

-uses the energy for cell processes

Photosynthesis--process of capturing and transforming light energy into a high energy sugar
molecule (glucose)

-Helps to produce sugar for plants/animals to use as an energy source

-Regulates Earth’s environment by producing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere

MATTER AND ENERGY IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Plants can only absorb portions of the visible light to photosynthesize.

Light Wavelengths Used for

photosynthesis: 425-450 and 600-700
MATTER AND ENERGY IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Chloroplast--cell organelle where

photosynthesis occurs

Thylakoid--inner membrane of chloroplast, shaped like discs contain the pigment chlorophyll

Stroma—Jelly-like substance inside Chloroplast around the thylakoids

A few types of organisms do not need/can’t get sunlight

Chemosynthesis--chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.

–similar to photosynthesis
–uses chemical energy instead of light energy
Chemosynthesis Equation

TRANSFORMING LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL

ENERGY
Chloroplasts work like a solar-powered chemical factory

Transfer light energy to energy carrying molecules (ATP/NADPH)

Cells use these molecules (ATP/NADPH) as energy currency for cell processes

STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reactions--take place within and across membrane of thylakoid

-harness light energy to make ATP/NADPH

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)--takes place in stroma (outside thylakoids)

-Use ATP/NADPH and CO2 to make Glucose

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

MAIN FUNCTION: CAPTURE LIGHT AND TRANSFORM INTO ENERGY MOLECULE

1. Energy absorbed from sunlight

a. chlorophyll/other pigments electrons become excited from the sunlight
(photosystem II)
b. Excited Electrons leave chlorophyll and enter electron transport chain {ETC}
(proteins in thylakoid membrane)
2. Water molecule splits

a. Enzyme breaks apart water molecule

b. Electron from water replaces electron lost in chlorophyll
c. Oxygen released as waste product through leaves of plant
3. Hydrogen ions transport

a. Excited electrons move from protein to protein in thylakoid membrane (ETC)

b. Their excited energy pumps hydrogen ions across thylakoid membrane
c. Hydrogen ions build-up inside thylakoid
d. Stored energy now in thylakoid
4. Energy absorbed from Sunlight

a. Photosystem I chlorophyll/other pigment molecules absorb sunlight

b. Energized electrons leave pigment molecules

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

5. NADPH produced

a. Photosystem I chlorophyll/other pigment molecules absorb sunlight

b. Energized electrons leave pigment molecules

6. Hydrogen ion diffusion

a. Hydrogen ions diffuse out of the thylakoid through ATP synthase protein and
MAKE ATP

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (AKA CALVIN

CYCLE)
MAIN FUNCTION: Make glucose (sugar) for energy usage later

1. Carbon Dioxide Added

a. Carbon Dioxide is added to a 5-carbon molecule that is already there to make a

6-carbon molecule
2.Three-carbon molecule formed

a. 6-carbon splits into two 3-carbon molecules

b. ATP and NADPH provide energy to rearrange the molecules into HIGH ENERGY
3-carbon molecules
3.Three-carbon molecule exit

a. One 3-carbon molecule exits

 b. One 6-carbon molecule is made from two 3-carbon molecules that exit the cycle
(GLUCOSE IS MADE)
4.Three-carbon molecule recycled

a. Energy from ATP is used to make the original 5-carbon molecule to restart the
Calvin Cycle

ENERGY IN LIVING SYSTEMS

Plants can take the sun’s light and convert it to a sugar to use later for energy.

**We cannot! Instead...

Cellular respiration--process of taking carbon-based molecules (food) breaking them down to

release chemical energy (ATP) to power our cells (ONLY WHEN OXYGEN IS PRESENT)

PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Glucose and other carbon-based molecules are broken down into ATP by releasing the energy
in their chemical bonds!

Cellular respiration--is an AEROBIC PROCESS (requires oxygen to occur)

Fermentation--is an ANAEROBIC PROCESS (requires no oxygen to occur)--done by

bacteria or when oxygen is low
Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria

-Mitochondria release chemical energy required to make ATP

-Found in plant/animal cells

CELLULAR RESPIRATION VS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND HOMEOSTASIS

Cells need energy to survive!

Cellular Respiration helps the cells maintain homeostasis by breaking down food-->which helps
maintain body temperature-->which helps keep enzymes working properly-->etc

GLYCOLYSIS
● Before cellular respiration, a process called glycolysis must occur to split a glucose
molecule into (2) pyruvate molecules so it can enter the mitochondria.
● Occurs in cytoplasm of a cell
● Anaerobic process (no oxygen)
● All cell types can do this process (including bacteria/prokaryotes)
● Gives 2-ATP and 2-NADH molecules for energy
● Evidence: Provide evidence from the diagram that bonds are broken and and new bonds
are made.

KREBS CYCLE (BEGINNING OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION)--NEEDS

OXYGEN
MAIN FUNCTION: Complete the breakdown of glucose (pyruvates) to produce ATP

1. Pyruvate is broken down

a. Pyruvate (3-carbon) is broken down into a 2-carbon and a CO2 molecule
 (released into atmosphere as waste)
b. NADH is formed from energy release when breaking bonds of pyruvate
(transferred to electron transport chain (ETC) to be converted to ATP)
2. Coenzyme A is added
a. Coenzyme A is bonded to 2-carbon molecule

3. Citric Acid is formed

a. 2-carbon is added to a 4-carbon to make a 6-carbon called citric acid

4. Citric Acid is broken down

a. Citric acid is broken down by an enzyme, 5 carbon formed

b. NADH made (transferred to ETC to make ATP)
c. CO2 released as waste
5. 5-carbon broken down

a. 5-carbon made in step 4 is broken down by enzyme, 4-carbon made

b. NADH made (transferred to ETC to make ATP)
c. ATP made
d. CO2 released as waste
KREBS CYCLE (BEGINNING OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION)--NEEDS
OXYGEN
6. 4-carbon is rearranged

a. Enzyme rearranges 4-carbon, releases high energy electrons

b. NADH made (transferred to ETC to make ATP)
c. FADH2 made (transferred to ETC to make ATP)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN--NEEDS OXYGEN

MAIN FUNCTION: To convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP (convert energy currency)

1.Electrons are transferred

a. Proteins in the cristae of mitochondria accept electron from NADH and FADH2
2. Hydrogen ions are transported
 a. Electrons are passed from protein to protein in cristae used to pump ions across
membrane.
b. Hydrogen ions build up inside the matrix
3. ATP is produced
a. Hydrogen ions diffuse out and this causes ATP synthase to take ADP and make ATP
4. Water is formed

a. Oxygen gets electrons and hydrogen ions to make water molecule

b. Water is given off as a waste product
FERMENTATION--NO OXYGEN/LITTLE OXYGEN
Sometimes cells can’t enough oxygen to do Cellular Respiration, so……

They go a process called FERMENTATION

-anaerobic (no oxygen/little oxygen in cells)

-makes only a few ATP

-recycles NAD+ by removing the hydrogen from NADH

INTRODUCTION TO ECOSYSTEMS
Population--a group of the same species that lives in the same area

Community--multiple populations (different species of organisms) living

in an area

Biome--a major regional/global distribution of organisms adapted to living

in that area
Classified by: climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there
● Desert Tropical Grassland
● Temperate Grassland Tropical Rainforest
● Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Rainforest
● Taiga Tundra
Biodiversity--measure of the number of different species within a specific area

Factors affecting biodiversity:

Moisture Temperature

● Changes in biotic/abiotic factors can have major consequences on the biodiversity

Biodiversity--measure of the number of different species within a specific area

Factors affecting biodiversity:

Moisture Temperature

● Changes in biotic/abiotic factors can have major consequences on the biodiversity

Aquatic Ecosystems

Marine Ecosystems--open ocean/coral reef/kelp forests/estuaries

Freshwater Ecosystems--rivers/streams/ lakes/ponds/wetlands

ENERGY AND MATTER FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
Food Chain--a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships
Producers/Autotrophs start the chain since they are the organisms who are able to take the
sun’s light and make glucose

Consumers/Heterotrophs are the next species in the chain since they must consume others to
get energy.

Types of Consumers/Heterotrophs Herbivores--organisms that eat plant material only

Carnivores--organisms that eat meat material only

Omnivores--organisms that eat both plant/meat material

Other Types of Consumers/Heterotrophs Detritivores--organisms that eat dead organic
material (worms)

Decomposers--organisms that breakdown organic matter into simpler compounds Usually in

soil-(fungi, worms, bacterial)

**Both are vital to helping ecosystems retain their vital nutrients for other organisms to use.
Trophic Levels--Energy Flow

Energy flows from the bottom to the top levels

Energy is lost as it is transferred to the next level, usually lost as heat. Only about 10% transfers
up!
Food Web--models the complex network of feeding relationships between trophic levels
in an ecosystem

Food chains are linked together to form food webs

Each organism in an ecosystem MAY FEED on or BE EATEN by other organisms

ENERGY AND MATTER DISTRIBUTION IN ECOSYSTEMS

At each level energy is lost as HEAT.

This energy is UNUSABLE!

Less and less energy is available at each level!